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Este trabajo es resultado del proyecto nacional de investigación «ODS, derechos humanos y derecho internacional» (PGC2018-095805-B-I00). El desarrollo sostenible es un objetivo para la Unión Europea en su acción exterior. La política comercial no ha sido ajena a la realización de este objetivo, de manera que ha desarrollado diferentes técnicas con el fin de implementarlo en sus relaciones con terceros Estados, como son la inclusión de los capítulos sobre desarrollo sostenible en los tratados de libre comercio, las evaluaciones de impacto o mecanismos preferenciales de carácter condicional. Asimismo, la Agenda 2030 establece un marco relacional de carácter finalista que tiene por objeto la consecución del desarrollo sostenible. Más concretamente, el ODS17 presta atención a cómo las relaciones comerciales deben tener en cuenta el desarrollo sostenible. Este trabajo analiza la adecuación de la labor desarrollada por la Unión Europea en este ámbito a la Agenda 2030, la conveniencia de los instrumentos establecidos y la naturaleza jurídica del desarrollo sostenible, tanto en el derecho internacional como en el ámbito de la Política Comercial Común Sustainable development is a goal for the European Union in its external action. Trade policy has not been unconnected to the achievement of this objective, so it has developed different techniques in order to implement it in its relations with third States, such as the inclusion of the chapters on sustainable development in free trade agreements, impact assessments, or unilateral preferences. Likewise, the Sustainable Development Agenda establishes a relational framework that aims to achieve sustainable development. More specifically, SDG17 pays attention to how trade relations should take into account sustainable development. This paper analyzes the adequacy of the work carried out by the European Union in this area to the Sustainable Development Agenda, the convenience of the established instruments, and the legal nature of sustainable development both in International Law and in the field of the Common Commercial Policy. Le développement durable est un objectif de l’Union Européenne dans son action extérieure. La politique commerciale n’a pas été étrangère à la réalisation de cet objectif, elle a donc développé différentes techniques pour la mettre en oeuvre dans ses relations avec les États tiers, comme l’inclusion des chapitres sur le développement durable dans les accords de libre-échange, évaluations d’impact ou mécanismes préférentiels conditionnels. De même, le Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 établit un cadre relationnel qui vise à réaliser le développement durable. Plus précisément, l’ODD 17 s’intéresse à la manière dont les relations commerciales devraient prendre en compte le développement durable. Cet article analyse l’adéquation des travaux menés par l’Union européenne dans ce domaine du Programme 2030, les instruments développés et la nature juridique du développement durable tant en droit international qu’en matière de politique commerciale commune.

International audience; Our paper aims to provide elements of reflection on the spatial and territorial dimensions in circular economy processes and to question their contribution to a sustainable territorial development. We start by examining the territorial roots of the major circular economy strategies defined by the French public authorities and devote a special place to industrial and territorial ecology, which shows a stronger interest in the spatial dimensions of circular processes. In the second part, we question the circular economy’s actual capacity to contribute to the sustainable development of society as a whole and to its implementation at the local level: after proposing a definition of sustainable territorial development, we assess the various existing strategies based on the principles thus defined.; L’objectif de cet article est de fournir des éléments de réflexion sur la place de l’espace et la dimension territoriale dans les processus d’économie circulaire ainsi que d’interroger leur contribution au développement durable des territoires. Nous commençons par examiner les racines territoriales des grandes stratégies d’économie circulaire définies par les pouvoirs publics français en faisant une place particulière à l’écologie industrielle et territoriale, qui manifeste un intérêt plus fort pour les dimensions spatiales des processus circulaires. Dans une seconde partie, nous interrogeons la capacité réelle de l’économie circulaire à contribuer au développement durable de la société dans son ensemble et à sa mise en action au niveau local : après avoir proposé une définition du développement territorial durable, nous procédons à un examen des différentes stratégies en cours fondées sur les principes ainsi définis.

International audience; In an industrial symbiosis initiative (IS-I), an initiating actor faced with a situation aims to enroll other actors in a collective action, or response, to address the situation. The rational myth theory embeds this “situation-response” pair. This paper explores the relevance of rational myth, along with that of plausible promise, to understand the emergence and development of IS-Is. We adapt the definition of these two concepts to IS and illustrate how they take shape with real case studies, by conducting the qualitative analysis of 14 French IS-Is. We demonstrate the potential of this framework to shed new light on IS-Is, and address a new range of questions for the dynamic analysis of initiatives. This paves the way to study the role of plausible promises in the initiation and development of IS-Is, and the design of discourses that enhance initiatives in situations of high potential of synergy.

Dans un environnement hautement compétitif, la question de la logistique verte suscite une attention considérable. La gestion verte de la chaîne d'approvisionnement est devenue une philosophie organisationnelle importante pour réduire risque environnemental, ainsi elle joue un rôle important dans l'amélioration de la performance des entreprises. En 1991, le conseil américain en logistique , une organisation commerciale basée aux États-Unis, a défini la logistique comme suit : « le processus de planification, de mise en œuvre et de contrôle du flux et du stockage efficaces des biens, des services et des informations connexes d’un point d’origine à un autre »(Council of Logistics Management | Trade Organization, s. d.) Étant donné que l'application de la logistique a généralement un effet positif sur l'efficacité du système de la chaine logistique, Il est suggéré que la logistique doit être respectueuse de l'environnement, c'est d’où vient donc le concept de «logistique verte». Il existe de nombreux obstacles ainsi que des facteurs qui affectent directement et indirectement la mise en œuvre des pratiques vertes dans une organisation (à différents niveaux et en fonction du niveau de développement de l’organisation). Dans cet article, un nombre total de 27 obstacles et 41 moteurs sont identifiés de la littérature. Ces Barrières et moteurs sont presque communs dans divers secteurs pour l'adoption et la mise en œuvre de la GSCM dans les entreprises., In a highly competitive environment, the issue of green logistics is receiving considerable attention. Green supply chain management has become an important organizational philosophy for reducing environmental risk, so it plays an important role in improving business performance. In 1991, the American Logistics Council, a U.S.-based trade organization, defined logistics as: "the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from one point of origin to another" (Council of Logistics Management | Trade Organization, n.d.) Since the application of logistics generally has a positive effect on the efficiency of the supply chain system, it is suggested that logistics should be environmentally friendly, hence the concept of "green logistics". There are many barriers and factors that directly and indirectly affect the implementation of green practices in an organization (at different levels and depending on the level of development of the organization). In this paper, a total number of 27 barriers and 41 drivers are identified from the literature. These Barriers and Drivers are almost common in various sectors for the adoption and implementation of GSCM in companies.

This paper proposes a methodology to optimize the longitudinal profile of roads according to either an energy consumption or Global Warming Potential (GWP) criterion calculated for both construction and operation phases. For the construction phase assessment, this methodology is based on a earthworks model that computes the geometric differences between the natural terrain and the longitudinal road profile and moreover uses environmental data validated with real experiments. The operation phase is assessed by simulating traffic over a ten-years period. Traffic simulations are based on vehicle dynamic models, also validated with real experiments. The optimization problem is set up in a finite dimensional optimization. A case study illustrates this methodology. By taking into account actual traffic measurements, the optimized profile decreases by 6% the total primary energy consumption and by 8% the GWP.

International audience; This paper proposes a discussion on developmental intervention mobilized within the context of Sustainable Development. Based on the description of two research-interventions – one concerns the prevention of occupational risks within the sector of household waste sorting; the other one concerns the design of a sustainable neighborhood – we discuss the values embedded in the operators (or users) activity. We argue that such values drive both the development of people, groups and organizations and the Sustainable Development (economic, environmental, social). But taking values into account involves collective debates and questions the scale of action to transform situations. We finally discuss what values-based debates imply in comparison with debates on other dimensions of activity.; Cette communication propose une réflexion sur l’intervention à visée développementale mobilisée dans le cadre du développement durable. À partir de deux recherche-interventions – l’une pour la prévention des risques professionnels dans le secteur du tri des déchets ménagers ; l’autre pour la conception d’un espace d’habitat durable – nous discutons des valeurs investies dans l’activité des opérateurs ou des usagers, soutenant que ces valeurs peuvent être un vecteur de développement des sujets, des collectifs et des organisations, et un support au développement durable (économique, environnemental et social). Mais leur prise en compte suppose des débats collectifs et interroge l’échelle d’action pour la transformation. Nous discutons alors ce qu’impliquent les débats fondés sur les valeurs en parallèle des débats sur les autres dimensions de l’activité.

International audience; This paper proposes a discussion on developmental intervention mobilized within the context of Sustainable Development. Based on the description of two research-interventions – one concerns the prevention of occupational risks within the sector of household waste sorting; the other one concerns the design of a sustainable neighborhood – we discuss the values embedded in the operators (or users) activity. We argue that such values drive both the development of people, groups and organizations and the Sustainable Development (economic, environmental, social). But taking values into account involves collective debates and questions the scale of action to transform situations. We finally discuss what values-based debates imply in comparison with debates on other dimensions of activity.; Cette communication propose une réflexion sur l’intervention à visée développementale mobilisée dans le cadre du développement durable. À partir de deux recherche-interventions – l’une pour la prévention des risques professionnels dans le secteur du tri des déchets ménagers ; l’autre pour la conception d’un espace d’habitat durable – nous discutons des valeurs investies dans l’activité des opérateurs ou des usagers, soutenant que ces valeurs peuvent être un vecteur de développement des sujets, des collectifs et des organisations, et un support au développement durable (économique, environnemental et social). Mais leur prise en compte suppose des débats collectifs et interroge l’échelle d’action pour la transformation. Nous discutons alors ce qu’impliquent les débats fondés sur les valeurs en parallèle des débats sur les autres dimensions de l’activité.

This paper analyzes the social media debate on sustainable fashion on the basis of a multilingual dataset of Instagram posts and tweets. We focus on how women are discursively represented in terms of agentivity and how this is associated to different argumentative strategies. Our findings reveal a clear link between an argumentation denouncing the “ill” of the fashion system and women represented as victims; and between arguments proposing a “cure” to the problem and women represented either as recipients of a positive action or as agents bringing about change. Positive representation of women as agents is often made through arguments based on concrete examples, which show that change is already happening.

In a highly competitive environment, the issue of green logistics is receiving considerable attention. Green supply chain management has become an important organizational philosophy for reducing environmental risk, so it plays an important role in improving business performance. In 1991, the American Logistics Council, a U.S.-based trade organization, defined logistics as: "the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from one point of origin to another" (Council of Logistics Management | Trade Organization, n.d.) Since the application of logistics generally has a positive effect on the efficiency of the supply chain system, it is suggested that logistics should be environmentally friendly, hence the concept of "green logistics". There are many barriers and factors that directly and indirectly affect the implementation of green practices in an organization (at different levels and depending on the level of development of the organization). In this paper, a total number of 27 barriers and 41 drivers are identified from the literature. These Barriers and Drivers are almost common in various sectors for the adoption and implementation of GSCM in companies., Dans un environnement hautement compétitif, la question de la logistique verte suscite une attention considérable. La gestion verte de la chaîne d'approvisionnement est devenue une philosophie organisationnelle importante pour réduire risque environnemental, ainsi elle joue un rôle important dans l'amélioration de la performance des entreprises. En 1991, le conseil américain en logistique , une organisation commerciale basée aux États-Unis, a défini la logistique comme suit : « le processus de planification, de mise en œuvre et de contrôle du flux et du stockage efficaces des biens, des services et des informations connexes d’un point d’origine à un autre»(Council of Logistics Management | Trade Organization, s.d.) Étant donné que l'application de la logistique a généralement un effet positif sur l'efficacité du système de la chaine logistique, Il est suggéré que la logistique doit être respectueuse de l'environnement, c'est d’où vient donc le concept de «logistique verte». Il existe de nombreux obstacles ainsi que des facteurs qui affectent directement et indirectement la mise en œuvre des pratiques vertes dans une organisation (à différents niveaux et en fonction du niveau de développement de l’organisation). Dans cet article, un nombre total de 27 obstacles et 41 moteurs sont identifiés de la littérature. Ces Barrières et moteurs sont presque communs dans divers secteurs pour l'adoption et la mise en œuvre de la GSCM dans les entreprises.

This paper proposes a discussion on developmental intervention mobilized within the context of Sustainable Development. Based on the description of two research-interventions – one concerns the prevention of occupational risks within the sector of household waste sorting; the other one concerns the design of a sustainable neighborhood – we discuss the values embedded in the operators (or users) activity. We argue that such values drive both the development of people, groups and organizations and the Sustainable Development (economic, environmental, social). But taking values into account involves collective debates and questions the scale of action to transform situations. We finally discuss what values-based debates imply in comparison with debates on other dimensions of activity., Cette communication propose une réflexion sur l’intervention à visée développementale mobilisée dans le cadre du développement durable. À partir de deux recherche-interventions – l’une pour la prévention des risques professionnels dans le secteur du tri des déchets ménagers ; l’autre pour la conception d’un espace d’habitat durable – nous discutons des valeurs investies dans l’activité des opérateurs ou des usagers, soutenant que ces valeurs peuvent être un vecteur de développement des sujets, des collectifs et des organisations, et un support au développement durable (économique, environnemental et social). Mais leur prise en compte suppose des débats collectifs et interroge l’échelle d’action pour la transformation. Nous discutons alors ce qu’impliquent les débats fondés sur les valeurs en parallèle des débats sur les autres dimensions de l’activité.

The need for a vast quantity of new buildings to address the increase in population and living standards is opposed to the need for tackling global warming and the decline in biodiversity. To overcome this twofold challenge, there is a need to move towards a more circular economy by widely using a combination of alternative low-carbon construction materials, alternative technologies and practices. Soils or earth were widely used by builders before World War II, as a primary resource to manufacture materials and structures of vernacular architecture. Centuries of empirical practices have led to a variety of techniques to implement earth, known as rammed earth, cob and adobe masonry among others. Earth refers to local soil with a variable composition but at least containing a small percentage of clay that would simply solidify by drying without any baking. This paper discusses why and how earth naturally embeds high-tech properties for sustainable construction. Then the potential of earth to contribute to addressing the global challenge of modern architecture and the need to re-think building practices is also explored. The current obstacles against the development of earthen architecture are examined through a survey of current earth building practitioners in Western Europe. A literature review revealed that, surprisingly, only technical barriers are being addressed by the scientific community; two-thirds of the actual barriers identified by the interviewees are not within the technical field and are almost entirely neglected in the scientific literature, which may explain why earthen architecture is still a niche market despite embodying all the attributes of the best construction material to tackle the current climate and economic crisis. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People’.

In this paper, we analyze who is represented as having to take action to reach fashion sustainability in a corpus of tweets containing the hashtag #FashionRevolution. The corpus contains messages produced by experts, companies, NGOs and consumers in Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish. We focus on tweets that contain a concrete call for action through the use of a deontic form. First, we look into the type of action that is presented (e.g. changing consuming behavior, changing production, getting informed,…) and its link with sustainability. Furthermore, we analyze which actors are being presented as having to take action (consumers, producers, governments,…), establishing the connection with the action type and the deontic strategy used. Through a combination of this analysis with an argumentative perspective, we will analyze whether these deontic forms appear in the expression of a standpoint or an argument, thus showing how the use of deontic contributes to creating an online campaign. Finally, we will analyze which type of justification (if any) is given for this call for action towards more sustainability in fashion. In addition to this analysis of the content of the tweet itself, we also look into the production of the tweet by analyzing the types of account owners who post (fair fashion brands, fast fashion brands, NGOs, specific media outlets…). The combined analysis of the content of the tweets and the account owners will allow us to discuss how community building is realized through tweets with #FashionRevolution, creating joint values related to fair fashion and sustainability. By analyzing a multilingual corpus, we wish to show how this community building is realized at the European level aim and which differences may occur across linguistic communities.

Cet article analyse le r��le de l���engagement des managers pour l���adoption de certifications environnementales et durables dans la fili��re vitivinicole. Une analyse th��orique, bas��e sur une revue de la litt��rature et une approche par les parties prenantes, fournit le cadre conceptuel permettant d���estimer la probabilit�� d���adopter de telles certifications. Les r��gressions logistiques montrent que la d��cision est motiv��e en premier lieu par les convictions et l���engagement des managers., This paper explores the role of the manager in the sustainable development (SD) certification decision in wine firms. A theoretical analysis, based on a literature review and a stakeholder approach, provides a conceptual framework for estimating the probability of adopting a SD certification. The logistical regressions show that SD certification adoption first relies on the managers��� convictions and their personal involvement in SD.

No Brasil, onde os cotidianos impactos ambientais da industrialização e da urbanização em seu território têm se intensificado, a ecologia política se revela um importante campo do pensamento crítico e da ação política sobre as relações sociedade-natureza. Desde a década de 1970, o processo de reestruturação territorial-produtiva tem promovido mudanças nos estoques e no tempo das mercadorias, a flexibilidade do trabalho fabril e o espraiamento das indústrias para além dos centros metropolitanos. Além da progressiva adequação ao neoliberalismo econômico, uma importante mudança do novo modelo produtivo é a adoção da concepção de desenvolvimento sustentável, ainda que de forma seletiva e com resultados insuficientes. O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a dimensão ambiental do processo de reestruturação territorial-produtiva no Brasil contemporâneo com foco no Extremo Oeste Metropolitano Fluminense, partindo-se do pressuposto que as mudanças industriais merecem um exame minucioso da adoção dos fundamentos do desenvolvimento sustentável. In Brazil, where the daily environmental impacts of industrialization and urbanization in its territory have intensified, political ecology is an important field of critical thinking and political action on society-nature relations. Since the 1970s, the territorial-productive restructuring process has promoted changes in stocks and time for production, the flexibility of manufacturing work and the spread of industries beyond metropolitan centers. In addition to the progressive adaptation to economic neoliberalism, an important change in the new productive model is the adoption of the concept of sustainable development, albeit in a selective way and with insufficient results. The objective of this paper is to verify the environmental dimension of the territorial-productive restructuring process in contemporary Brazil focusing on the Metropolitan far West of Rio de Janeiro, based on the assumption that these industrial changes deserve a thorough examination of the sustainable development fundamentals. Reflecting on the political ecology of industrialization, the geopolitical and geoeconomic debate on the concept of sustainable development and the political agenda about the environment in Brazil are also objectives of this investigation. En Brasil, dónde los impactos ambientales diarios oriundos de la industrialización y urbanización en su territorio se han intensificado, la ecología política es un importante campo de pensamiento crítico y acción política sobre las relaciones sociedad-naturaleza. Desde la década de 1970, el proceso de reestructuración territorial-productiva ha fomentado cambios en los inventarios y tiempos de las mercancías, la flexibilidad del trabajo manufacturero y la instalación de industrias más allá de los centros metropolitanos. Además de la progresiva adaptación al neoliberalismo económico, un cambio importante en el nuevo modelo productivo es la adopción del concepto de desarrollo sostenible, aunque de forma selectiva y con resultados insuficientes. El objetivo de este artículo es verificar la dimensión ambiental del proceso de reestructuración territorial-productiva en Brasil contemporáneo centrándose en el Extremo Oeste Metropolitano Fluminense –, asumiendo que los cambios industriales merecen un examen detenido de la adopción de los fundamentos del desarrollo sostenible. Au Brésil, où les impacts environnementaux quotidiens de l’industrialisation et de l’urbanisation de son territoire se sont intensifiés, l’écologie politique apparaît comme un important domaine de réflexion critique et d’action politique sur les relations société-nature. Depuis les années 1970, le processus de restructuration territoriale-productive a favorisé des changements dans les stocks et le temps des marchandises, la flexibilité du travail en usine et la diffusion des industries au-delà des centres métropolitains. Outre l’adaptation progressive au néolibéralisme économique, un changement important dans le nouveau modèle productif est l’adoption du concept de développement durable, même si sélectivement et avec des résultats insuffisants. L’objectif de cet article est de vérifier la dimension environnementale du processus de restructuration territoriale-productive au Brésil contemporain en mettant l’accent sur le Extrême Ouest Métropolitain du Rio de Janeiro, en partant du principe que les changements industriels méritent un examen approfondi de l’adoption des fondements du développement durable.

The Legal Regime of ‘Land Ownership' (propriété foncière) in Cameroon. The French and British legal systems inherited by Cameroon from the colonial period have greatly influenced its land law. This legal pluralism places Cameroon's land property law between traditional and modern law. In fact, there are two conceptions of land property in the contemporary context. The pre-colonial concept, based on customs and traditions, is drawn from the African conception, which is particularly based on the relationship between human beings and the soil and which invests collectivities with land ownership. Then, the post-colonial conception gives land rights to individuals. Cameroon's legal rights are therefore torn between these two conceptions that hardly co-exist and that are impossible to apply, in spite of all the legal reforms that have been made since 1960. There are two mains causes: the incoherence of the actual normative dispositions and the inability of the authorities to elaborate consensual land policies. The objective of this paper is to analyse the government's land property policy, its seizure of land ownership. It is also an attempt to present some of the causes and to propose an alternative to the state's land property vision. It is concerned with the problematic and basic question: How to give an account of the question of access to land and secure land property in Cameroon? With this in mind, this dialectic study then covers three main aspects: - the uncertainty of rules granting the right to acquire land, and the determination to dispose of the traditional manner of land acquisition. - the contestation of all legal categories of land property - the difficulty for women to have access to land. The opposition between customary law and the written law in Cameroon is clearly illustrated in the various conceptions of land ownership, as well as in the authorities’ concept of land distribution and in the modalities thereof. Land property legislation in Cameroon, while investing individuals with land ownership, also communities with the possibility to own land. The concept of national estate, which has replaced the former notions of ‘vacant land with no owner’ or the ‘national collective estate’, has only one objective: to give the control over the land in Cameroon to the state. This notion concretizes the objective of economic and social development adopted by the great reform in 1974. The national estate is then the government’s legal instrument for intervention in land property. However, the government and the local communities have not been able to agree and the conflict is heading towards an impasse. This is characterised by the situation of many women, mostly in the rural sector, who find themselves deprived of their legal right to acquire land, despite the constitutional and legislative regulations giving equal rights to both sexes.

Non-Wood Forest Products and Forest Management in Kerala: Rights of Use and Rights of Control. The mountains of the Western Ghats of Kerala (South India) are renowned for their rich biodiversity. Kerala is the birthplace of the traditional system of medicine Ayurveda, which is based on medicinal plants. The Ayurvedic industry has been booming since 1980, with an increasing demand on national and international levels. Cultivation of medicinal plants is still very low and 93% of the raw materials used in Ayurvedic drugs come from the natural environment, mostly from forest areas. The question of the supply capacity of the forest ecosystem is crucial in a context in which economic interests and biodiversity conservation are confronted. This opposition also exists between the policies for the protection of forest resources and the realities of its use. The challenge of balancing the economic interests, environmental concerns and social welfare of local forest-dependent populations is at the basis of thinking about sustainable development for forest areas. From national institutions to local populations, different actors are involved on the local level in the collection and marketing of non-wood forest products, including medicinal plants. They are developing management strategies that are described in this paper as logics of space, use and power. An analysis of the legal documents related to forest management shows an evolution from a view focusing on the productivity of forest resources to a conservationist perspective. The place of the local populations in these policies has been ambiguous. Only the National Forest Policy, 1988, finally recognised their user rights to the forest and advised the development of ‘participatory management’. The state system of marketing of forest products created in Kerala in 1978 is based on cooperative societies, the members of which are exclusively adivasi (‘tribal’). The federation of these societies has the monopoly on the supply and marketing of forest products. While the collection activity relies on a network of cooperatives, the final marketing of forest products is therefore centralised. The system is based on collaboration between state institutions, from the fixing of the prices to the transport of the products. However, the cooperative system is in competition with a strong private sector, which is the real power in the market. In order to reduce the gap between the cooperative system and local realities, some societies unofficially take products from non-adivasi collectors. The collectors themselves also collaborate to have all of them included in the system, despite their status. The private sector attracts both allowed and non-allowed collectors. The control of the activity is creating competition between state institutions (VSS v. Society) and within the same state institution (among societies for the forest ranges). The collectors adapt themselves to changing structures, as far as they have an outlet for their products, but the VSS (Vana Samrakshana Samithi - Committee for Forest Conservation), a creation of Joint Forest Management policy, is seldom seen as a way of participating in the decision-making process. Participatory management, linked to the idea of ‘good governance’, also modifies the sharing of responsibilities for forest protection as well as degradation. Currently, the transfer of power between authorities and local populations deals more with the idea of ‘responsibility for misconduct’ than of ‘responsibility for a project’, which alone could lead to real empowerment. Finally, the collectors are in the centre of a rivalry game between state institutions and between the federation and the private sector. Despite the idea of participative management, the forest continues to be controlled by outsiders. Adivasi collectors enjoy a right of use of resources, but not a right of control over their activity. The effort of collection compared to the price obtained on the market makes this activity one of the least remunerated. This, added to competition by other collectors who are not recognised by the authorities, makes the long-term management of forest resources a difficult challenge.

Rules, Strategies and Contracts in the Field of Land Law: A Reflexion on Theory and Practices through Field Works in Maghreb, Black Africa and Madagascar. The aim of this paper, written by an economist, is to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on selected land tenure issues in the African continent. During the 1980s, land tenure issues were considered as one of the main stumbling blocks for the promotion of rural development, and have thus become a matter of new interest for rural economists, especially for ‘new institutional economists', who emphasize the role of institutions in minimising transaction costs. The cases presented in this text show that, although such a conceptual framework provides a useful key for analysis, the researcher is still confronted with the risk of ‘over-interpreting’ the social practices so that they correspond with the theory used as the interpretative framework. Such an intellectual bias was already observed and conceptualised by Bourdieu in the 1970s, but it is still recurrent in social science fieldwork. The first case study deals with ‘collective lands’ in north-west Morocco. The absence of individual land ownership was seen as a key feature of so-called ‘local communities', which were supposed to be ruled by a collective land tenure system. The periodic (generally on an annual basis) re-allocation of fields among shareholders seemed to be, for many social scientists, one of the main characteristics of such lands. It was explained as a means to avoid the risk of overly pronounced social differences within the local group. This point has also sometimes been highlighted to ‘explain’ African behaviour concerning low investment and accumulation (in-)ability. Fieldwork coupled with historical inquiries has shown that egalitarian and recurrent land redistribution had been instituted by administrators during the French Protectorate. This redistribution was based on biased and selective observations made by colonial jurists in the early twentieth century, and was perpetuated for political objectives until after independence. Such ‘invention of tradition’ illustrates the risk of confusion between the intellectual pattern, developed to give an understanding of the practices, and the practices themselves, which follow their own specific dynamics. It also underscores the fact that what is presented to the external observer as ‘rules’ is subject to many exceptions that sometimes reveal more about the social dynamics of the local society than about the ‘traditional rule’ considered as immoveable. A well-known conceptual framework derived from the public choice theory distinguishes between private, public, ‘club/toll’ and ‘common’ goods, and suggests that the intrinsic characteristic of the goods should be the basis for designing its property and management regime. Such a framework is not fully suitable for analysing land tenure in Africa, since the land is often characterised by several layers of tenure, the features of which can vary with time and according to the identity of the holder. The role of collective representations is critical here in order to assess what is acceptable or not, beyond the hypothesis of the ‘intrinsic nature’ of the land, and also to evaluate the choices made by societies regarding what should be private and what should be common or public. In addition, the nature of the tenure itself cannot be assessed without a comprehensive view of what is at stake among actors in the field and vis-à-vis the government. The ‘Rural Land Tenure Plan’, supported by foreign donors and tentatively implemented in certain West African countries, was designed to ‘record the local rights’ as they were declared by stakeholders. But the process failed to capture the real nature of the land rights because the technicians in charge of the operation were unable to elaborate tenure categories that would have been able to reflect the diversity of the local situations. Thus, the operation, far from providing a neutral picture of the land tenure situations, produced a new layer of interpretation of the local realities which, in its turn, will be appropriated and used in the individual strategies of local actors. One of the shortcomings of the new institutional economics is its tendency to see the evolution of institutions through the exclusive prism of the minimisation of the transaction costs to achieve economic efficiency. Boserup’s theory linking agricultural intensification, enclosure and demographic growth can be read as a verification of such a narrative of ‘the emergence of institutions according to historical necessity'. Studies carried out in northern Burkina Faso, where demographic growth has been accompanied by ‘extensification’ and by natural resource degradation, suggest a less straightforward picture. Socio-economic evolution has led to individualism, and the will to avoid social conflicts within the different parts of the population motivated the upholding of land access rules and the blocking of possibilities of intensification. A comparable analysis can be made regarding agrarian contracts in Madagascar. According to the literature influenced by new institutional economics, the choice of a given type of contract (land lease, sharecropping, etc.) was directly determined by market failures and risk aversion, and the persistence of sharecropping in many developing countries was typical of hazardous contexts, with priority given to economic security over efficiency. Madagascar, an island frequently crossed by hurricanes, would have been typical of such a situation. However, a field study showed how peasants managed to remove the risk entailed in annual payment associated with land lease thanks to their social capital and the common acquaintance between landlords and tenants. Here, too, economics is embedded in social relations and practices. Thus, the theory seems to be more effective in categorizing and explaining the rationale behind the choice of contract a posteriori, than in predicting the contract pattern one will find in the field.

Access to Land and to Natural Resources Management in Madagascar's Highlands. Customary Practices and the Logic of ‘Securization' of Rights. Land management in Madagascar is characterized by insecurity. This situation is due to a gap between official and customary law. Over the last decades, the lack of recognition of the informal practices of peasants and other traditional actors has exacerbated insecurity and has reduced the State to a mere producer of ever-increasing articles of laws, which are mostly not applied and which are ignored by rural populations. The latter thus turn to social mechanisms for land management, especially as concerns the recognition of rights to land and conflict regulation. In this context, we propose a sociological analysis of peasant land management in terms of intergenerational land transfer. This work is a result of research in the Programme 4D (Institut de recherche pour le développement) and is based on a qualitative survey with thirty heads of households (mostly men). The questions of the directive and semi-directive interviews concerned the modes of land transmission and of land management. We also tried to understand the social mechanisms for the securing of land tenure rights in the rural population. In the highlands of Madagascar, land exchanges through marketization are increasing rapidly. Our research on these practices reflects the socio-economic living situation of the rural community, which is characterized by extensive poverty. In the village under inquiry, the number of transactions registered with the village head rose from ten in 2001 to thirty-nine in 2005. It is interesting to understand the reasons for the increasing transactions in this area, especially in the local context of land scarcity. In order to promote a better distribution of farmlands among the rural households, one of the major issues of policies aiming at securing land rights would consist in facilitating a fluid exchange of land rights through marketization. Today, the need of the rural communities for a ‘securization’ of rights is urgent. Nevertheless, these rights gain reality only through local socio-institutional practices and not through the very unsatisfactory system of land registration at the state level. To address the current political will to institute an ambitious land reform in the country, attention must be drawn to these customary practices, which must be analyzed and taken into account in order to provide a basis for a sustainable policy of land management. After presenting the methodology of the research, the paper approaches the modes of land transmission before detailing the status and the role of the actors in customary land management. Finally, the practice of land marketization, in spite of the scarcity of arable land in a context of rapid population growth and of extensive poverty, is addressed. In conclusion, we show how all these practices are combined in an initiative to secure the rights to land on a local basis for lower costs.

Cet article présente l’analyse de représentations des relations entre environnement et développement en se basant sur les discours de trois grands groupes de personnes : des Peuls ruraux du Fouta Djallon en Guinée, des lycéens et étudiants de deux villes burkinabées (Bobo Dioulasso et Ouagadougou) et des lycéens de Niort en Poitou-Charentes (France). Ces corpus, traités par un logiciel d’analyse textuelle, montrent que les représentations des jeunes citadins burkinabés et celles des jeunes Français sont très voisines et s’opposent à celles des ruraux Guinéens. Si ces représentations traduisent des différences culturelles, il faut conclure qu’elles n’opposent plus, sur le thème traité, les populations du Nord et du Sud, mais qu’au contraire les ruraux Africains forment un ilot culturel face à une culture urbaine mondialisée à laquelle participent les grands thèmes environnementaux actuels. L’auteur s’interroge dans quelles conditions l’éducation à l’environnement peut œuvrer de façon à être mieux en prise avec les cultures locales. This paper presents the analysis of the social representations associated with the environment and development of three groups of people : rural Peuls of the Fouta Djallon region in Guinea, urban students of Bobo Dioulasso and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and students of Niort in the French Poitou-Charentes region. The multivariate analysis of their discourses shows that the representations of the young urban students of Burkina Faso and those of the young French students are similar, while they are in opposition with those of the rural Peuls of Guinea. If these representations are a translation of cultural differences then one must conclude that the populations of the North and of the South are not in opposition, instead the rural Africans represent cultural remnants in face of a globalized urban culture that is associated with major contemporary environmental matters. The author reflects on the pre-requisites for an environmental education that would be better in tune with local cultures.

L’impulsion fournie par les conférences et les documents de l’UNESCO-PNUE pour légitimer, institutionnaliser et développer l’éducation relative à l’environnement (ERE) est certes remarquable. Les propositions qui en émanent agissent encore en tant que balises pour concevoir et mettre en œuvre des programmes et des projets dans les différentes régions du monde. En raison de l’importance d’un tel appui et d’une telle influence internationale, il convient d’examiner la teneur de ce discours formel et d’engager une discussion critique à cet effet. Les principaux résultats de notre analyse montrent que dans les propositions internationales liées à l’ERE, l’éducation est généralement considérée comme un instrument au service de la protection de l’environnement, qui à son tour, est généralement associé à un ensemble de problèmes de gestion des ressources, que le développement permettra de résoudre ; quant au développement lui-même, il est mal défini ou encore il est principalement associé à une croissance économique soutenue. Outre une discussion sur les principaux aspects de ce discours, cet article met en lumière certains éléments qui sont généralement négligés dans les propositions internationales : il s’agit de points de vue complémentaires ou divergents. L’étude que nous avons menée s’avère particulièrement pertinente au regard des réformes éducatives qui s’opèrent actuellement dans de très nombreux pays. The great impetus provided by the UNESCO-UNEP meetings and documents for spreading, legitimising and institutionalising environmental education (EE) is incalculable. Their proposals have acted and still act as real beacons for conceiving and implementing educational reforms and programs throughout the world. While wholly acknowledging the critical importance of this kind of international support, and precisely because of its importance, it is necessary to analyse the content of the associated ruling discourse. The main findings of our analytical and critical research on international proposals related to EE are that education is generally seen as an instrument for the environment, itself being generally subsumed to problems of resource management to be solved through development, and development itself being ill-defined or mainly associated with sustained economic growth. Aside from identifying and discussing these main assertions, focusing on their underlying epistemological and ethical foundations, this paper also addresses elements that are generally neglected in the international proposals, as complementary or divergent viewpoints. Such an analysis is particularly relevant considering the educational reforms that are now underway in many countries.

This paper deals with how the energy transition, required to address climate change, is linguistically represented in a corporate sector with a heavy carbon footprint. So far, little research with a point of departure in linguistics has been undertaken on how companies perceive the changes in business practices required to achieve a sustainable future. We investigate this issue through a quantitative/qualitative case study of recent sustainability disclosure by two large fossil fuel companies, Total and Equinor. Our aim is to show, through a mainly lexico-semantic analysis, how micro level linguistic features contribute to expressing the companies’ perspectives on the transition, including the nature of the transition, their motivation for implementing it and the timeframe they envisage for this process. We find that the energy transition is linguistically represented as an ongoing process rather than a dramatic transformation, that this process is not primarily motivated by climate concerns, but rather by business-related considerations, and, importantly, that the transition to a low-carbon society will take time. Cet article explore comment la transition énergétique, exigée pour adresser le changement climatique, est représentée linguistiquement dans le secteur ayant une empreinte carbone élevée. Jusqu’ici, peu de recherches linguistiques se sont intéressées à la manière dont les compagnies de ce secteur perçoivent les efforts à entreprendre afin d’atteindre un avenir durable. Nous examinons cette question de manière quantitative et qualitative à travers une étude de cas des communications récentes faites par deux grandes compagnies pétrolières, Total et Equinor. Notre but est de montrer comment des traits micro-linguistiques, principalement de nature lexicale, contribuent à exprimer leurs perspectives sur la transition énergétique, incluant la nature de la transition, leur motivation de la réaliser et la période de temps envisagée pour ce procès Nos résultats montrent que les compagnies représentent linguistiquement la transition énergétique comme un développement en cours plutôt que comme une transformation dramatique, que ce procès n’est pas principalement motivé par des préoccupations climatiques, mais plutôt par des considérations économiques, et, notamment, que la transition vers une société à faibles émissions prendra du temps.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la "modernisation" du secteur agricole dans la région andine a favorisé le développement du modèle agro-industriel et la généralisation de pratiques agricoles polluantes. Cependant, on observe dans le même temps que les paysans et la population urbaine se mobilisent de plus en plus en faveur d’une alimentation saine, diversifiée et peu chère. C’est dans ce contexte que des projets de circuits courts de commercialisation de produits "bios" ou agroécologiques ont vu le jour ces dernières années. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser la mise en oeuvre de ces projets de circuits courts. On s’attache à évaluer dans quelle mesure ceux-ci contribuent à la transition des territoires andins en favorisant le développement de pratiques agricoles innovantes et durables ainsi que l’établissement de nouvelles formes de solidarité, entre agriculteurs d’une part, et entre agriculteurs et consommateurs d’autre part. Pour cela, le texte propose une analyse comparée de plusieurs recherches menées sur les relations ville-campagne dans les Andes péruviennes et équatoriennes durant lesquelles des entretiens et des enquêtes ont été conduits auprès d’une grande variété d’acteurs. For several decades, the "modernization" of the agricultural sector in the Andean region has favoured the development of the agro-industrial model and the spread of polluting agricultural practices. However, at the same time, farmers and the urban population are increasingly mobilizing for a healthy, diversified and affordable diet. In this context, projects for short supply chains of "organic" or agro-ecological products have emerged in recent years. This article addresses the implementation of these short supply chains. It aims to assess the extent to which these supply chains contribute to the transition of the Andean territories by promoting the development of innovative and sustainable agricultural practices and the establishment of new forms of solidarity, both between farmers and between farmers and consumers. To this end, the paper offers a comparative analysis of several studies conducted on rural-urban relations in the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes, during which interviews and surveys were led with a wide variety of actors. Desde hace varias décadas, la "modernización" del sector agrícola en la región andina ha favorecido el desarrollo del modelo agro-industrial y la generalización de prácticas agrícolas contaminantes. Sin embargo, se observa al mismo tiempo que los campesinos y la población urbana se movilizan cada vez más a favor de una alimentación sana, diversificada y a menor costo. Es en este contexto que proyectos de circuitos cortos de comercialización de productos "orgánicos" o agroecológicos aparecieron en los últimos años. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la puesta en marcha de dichos proyectos y evaluar en qué medida contribuyen a la transición de los territorios andinos, al favorecer el desarrollo de prácticas agrícolas innovadoras y sostenibles y también el establecimiento de nuevas formas de solidaridad entre agricultores, por un lado, y entre agricultores y consumidores, por el otro. Así, el texto propone un análisis comparado de varias investigaciones llevadas acerca de las relaciones campo-ciudad en los Andes peruanos y ecuatorianos durante las cuales entrevistas y encuestas fueron realizadas con una gran variedad de actores.

This paper examines the economic models described by the different approaches of the Functional Service Economy (FSE) and analyzes the innovation dynamics that these models generate. The theoretical framework of innovation in terms of characteristics is mobilized in order to explain the nature and dynamics of innovation of these models, as well as the scales of analysis (micro, meso, macro) that retrace the relevant levels of application of these models. This article suggests that a large number of practical developments of FSEs exists, depending on the number of actors and the spatial scale in which these models are embedded. Some of these models do not provide a real change with the intensive material growth model. Others are becoming more complex and require coordination at a broader systemic level. The dynamics of innovation, essentially of a service-oriented nature, depend on the complexity of the economic model.; Cet article examine les modèles économiques décrits par les différentes approches des économies de fonctionnalité (EF), puis analyse la dynamique de l’innovation que ces modèles génèrent. Nous mobilisons le cadre théorique de l’innovation en termes de caractéristiques afin de rendre compte de la nature et de la dynamique de l’innovation de ces modèles, ainsi que des échelles d’analyse (micro, méso, macro) retraçant les niveaux pertinents d’application de ces modèles. Cet article suggère qu’un grand nombre de développements pratiques des EF existe, en fonction du nombre d’acteurs et de l’échelle spatiale dans laquelle ces modèles s’inscrivent. Certains d’entre eux ne sont pas véritablement en rupture par rapport au modèle de croissance matérielle intensive, d’autres montent en complexité, et requièrent une coordination à un niveau systémique plus large. La dynamique d’innovation, essentiellement de nature servicielle, dépend de la complexité du modèle économique.

International audience; This paper aims to investigate the influencing factors of different types of innovation in Algerian strategic crops. In the framework of the Algerian policy for agriculture modernization, targeting production increase, import substitution, increased export volumes and a new socio-economic configuration of investors in agricultural activity, this research focuses on innovation by durum wheat and potato producers. To this end, we conducted a survey of a hundred farmers in high production areas and a qualitative survey of local stakeholders in development and agricultural support. The results show that the level of innovation in conventional farming techniques is appreciable: adoption of crop rotation, introduction of new plant protection products, weed-killers and fertilizers for durum wheat; adoption of new varieties of potato, introduction of new machines and planting techniques for potato growers. However, innovations in marketing and sustainable techniques are non-existent for durum wheat producers, while some organizational and marketing innovations are observed among potato producers. Overall, potato producers are financially self-sufficient, younger, more educated and exploit larger areas than durum wheat producers, which seems to explain their propensity to further innovate. Subsidies and marketing guarantee policies for wheat producers are limiting innovation in this sector, whereas strong competition between northern and southern areas of the country are stimulating innovation among potato producers. Conversely, the unsecured status of land in this sector would act as a brake on innovation and long-term investments.; Cet article tente de répondre à la question suivante : au-delà des caractéristiques de l’exploitation agricole, quels sont les autres facteurs qui influencent les différents types d’innovation dans les filières stratégiques de l’agriculture algérienne ? En effet, la politique algérienne actuelle ambitionne de moderniser les filières stratégiques pour accroître la production, substituer la production nationale à l’importation et augmenter le volume des exportations. Ce travail de recherche porte sur l’innovation agricole adoptée par les producteurs de blé dur et les producteurs de pomme de terre. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une enquête auprès d’une centaine d’agriculteurs et des entretiens qualitatifs auprès d’acteurs locaux du développement et de l’accompagnement agricoles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le niveau d’innovation dans les techniques agricoles conventionnelles est appréciable : adoption de la rotation des cultures, introduction de nouveaux produits phytosanitaires, de désherbants et de fertilisants pour le blé dur ; adoption de nouvelles variétés, introduction de nouvelles machines et techniques de plantation pour la pomme de terre. Par contre, les innovations en matière de marketing, de commercialisation ou de techniques durables sont inexistantes pour le blé dur, alors que certaines innovations en matière d’organisation et de marketing sont observées chez les producteurs de pomme de terre. Globalement, ces derniers présentent une autonomie financière, sont plus jeunes, plus instruits et exploitent de plus grandes superficies que les producteurs de blé dur, ce qui semble expliquer leur propension à innover davantage. Enfin, les résultats suggèrent que les politiques de subvention et de garantie de la commercialisation pour les producteurs de blé dur freineraient l’innovation dans cette filière, alors que la forte concurrence entre régions nord et sud stimulerait l’innovation chez les producteurs de pomme de terre. À l’inverse, le statut non sécurisé du foncier dans cette dernière filière agirait comme un frein à l’innovation et aux investissements de long terme.

Este trabajo es resultado del proyecto nacional de investigación «ODS, derechos humanos y derecho internacional» (PGC2018-095805-B-I00). El desarrollo sostenible es un objetivo para la Unión Europea en su acción exterior. La política comercial no ha sido ajena a la realización de este objetivo, de manera que ha desarrollado diferentes técnicas con el fin de implementarlo en sus relaciones con terceros Estados, como son la inclusión de los capítulos sobre desarrollo sostenible en los tratados de libre comercio, las evaluaciones de impacto o mecanismos preferenciales de carácter condicional. Asimismo, la Agenda 2030 establece un marco relacional de carácter finalista que tiene por objeto la consecución del desarrollo sostenible. Más concretamente, el ODS17 presta atención a cómo las relaciones comerciales deben tener en cuenta el desarrollo sostenible. Este trabajo analiza la adecuación de la labor desarrollada por la Unión Europea en este ámbito a la Agenda 2030, la conveniencia de los instrumentos establecidos y la naturaleza jurídica del desarrollo sostenible, tanto en el derecho internacional como en el ámbito de la Política Comercial Común Sustainable development is a goal for the European Union in its external action. Trade policy has not been unconnected to the achievement of this objective, so it has developed different techniques in order to implement it in its relations with third States, such as the inclusion of the chapters on sustainable development in free trade agreements, impact assessments, or unilateral preferences. Likewise, the Sustainable Development Agenda establishes a relational framework that aims to achieve sustainable development. More specifically, SDG17 pays attention to how trade relations should take into account sustainable development. This paper analyzes the adequacy of the work carried out by the European Union in this area to the Sustainable Development Agenda, the convenience of the established instruments, and the legal nature of sustainable development both in International Law and in the field of the Common Commercial Policy. Le développement durable est un objectif de l’Union Européenne dans son action extérieure. La politique commerciale n’a pas été étrangère à la réalisation de cet objectif, elle a donc développé différentes techniques pour la mettre en oeuvre dans ses relations avec les États tiers, comme l’inclusion des chapitres sur le développement durable dans les accords de libre-échange, évaluations d’impact ou mécanismes préférentiels conditionnels. De même, le Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 établit un cadre relationnel qui vise à réaliser le développement durable. Plus précisément, l’ODD 17 s’intéresse à la manière dont les relations commerciales devraient prendre en compte le développement durable. Cet article analyse l’adéquation des travaux menés par l’Union européenne dans ce domaine du Programme 2030, les instruments développés et la nature juridique du développement durable tant en droit international qu’en matière de politique commerciale commune.

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a means for Information and Communication Technologies to help facing the climate-change challenge. Researchers have conducted work on this way for two decades. They followed the track of progressive change through persuasion for individual consumption reduction. This track is however seriously discussed, what leads the community to retarget coming research. This paper reviews the main criticisms of the controversy that takes place in the community, and considers a possible track to overcome the problems: a radical change through new social practices., Un des moyens par lesquels les Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication peuvent contribuer à faire face au défi du changement climatique est par l’Interaction Homme-Machine. Des travaux de recherche ont déjà été conduits en ce sens depuis deux décennies. La voie empruntée, d’un changement progressif par réduction de la consommation individuelle, est cependant remise en cause sur certains points, ce qui doit amener la communauté à réorienter les prochains travaux de recherche. Cet article assemble les principales critiques issues de la controverse qui animent la communauté et envisage une voie ouverte pour remédier à cette remise en question : un changement radical par de nouvelles pratiques sociales.

Agrifood Value chains (AVCs) can be powerful driving forces for sustainable development. Multi-criteria analysis is particularly useful for supporting decision making on improvement measures in AVCs. Methodological guidelines are still needed to effectively integrate environmental and socio-economical assessment tools and indicators at this level.In this paper, we propose a participatory, territory-rooted and change-oriented framework. The framework is applied to analyse the contribution of the main local poultry AVC in Reunion Island to the sustainable development of the territory. The main stakeholders of the AVC participated in (i) identifying key territory challenges, (ii) selecting corresponding appropriate assessment methods and indicators, (iii) defining the perimeter of the AVC and (iv) the improvement scenarios to be explored, v) providing data inventory, and vi) interpreting the results of the assessment.Both the environmental life cycle assessment and the effect method fit the proposed framework particularly well. They were applied to the same AVC data inventory, improvement scenarios were explored and indicators were spatialized to distinguish the local impacts in the root territory and externalized impacts at the global scale.In the ecological dimension of our case study, most of the effects linked to the AVC activities which threaten resources conservation and ecosystem health are externalized. This is due to strong dependency on foreign resources: in the case of fossil energy and raw materials used for livestock feed, 82% of environmental impacts occur outside Reunion Island. In the socio-economic dimension, the employment created by the AVC is mainly local due to the use of local services, 89% of jobs are provided in Reunion Island. Improvement of on-farm eco-efficiency was shown to be a mitigation option that would significantly affect the impacts of the AVC. Human and ecosystem health, and resources conservation would be improved by respectively +2.2, +9.8 and +4.8,% at global scale. But the AVC industrial network and the community would also be negatively affected, by respectively -2.2 and -3.0%, at local scale. This study underlines trade-offs between the environmental and the socio-economic dimensions and methodological challenges associated with the effective integration of assessment methods originating from diverse disciplines.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]GEUSI [ADD1_IRSTEA]Gestion intégrée de la ressource et des infrastructures; International audience; In order to better manage complex situations of natural resource management, models are built in a participative way, involving the stakeholders of these situations in participatory modelling activities. The impact that this activity of participatory modelling has on the stakeholders is at the heart of the Companion Modelling approach but this impact is hardly possible to evaluate on the field. In this paper we propose a general framework to study in vitro the impact of participatory modelling on natural resources management. We illustrate our framework by proposing an experimental setting that looks at participatory modelling in the context of water management. We realized a pilot experiment and show that this experimental setting can be used to test, in the laboratory, the hypothesis that participatory modelling of a common pool resource situation has an impact on the way the resource is managed and increases the cooperative behaviour of stakeholders.

Cet article examine un enjeu particulièrement important pour toutes les entreprises qui ont des ancrages locaux marqués : l’acceptabilité sociale. Cette notion s’est imposé au cours des dernières années dans différents contextes à la suite de controverses entre entreprises et communautés locales. Cependant, sa diffusion parmi les praticiens et les décideurs contraste avec sa conceptualisation limitée en tant qu’objet de recherche. Les apports de cet article sont de deux ordres. Le premier est théorique et vise à cartographier les définitions de l’acceptabilité sociale, cerner ses enjeux et proposer un modèle multi-niveaux de l’acceptabilité sociale. Le deuxième apport est empirique. L’étude en profondeur des niveaux d’acceptabilité sociale à partir de l’analyse de l’évolution des relations entre Hydro-Québec et la nation crie sur près de quatre décennies (1971-2012) illustre ces enjeux et l’évolution de leur gestion., This article examines a particularly important issue for all companies that have significant local anchoring: social acceptability. This concept has emerged in recent years in different contexts as a result of major disputes between companies and local communities. However, while it became central in the circles of practitioners and decision makers, its conceptualization as an object of research is still limited. The contribution of this paper is twofold. The first is theoretical and aims to map the definitions of social acceptability, identify its challenges and propose a multi-level model of social acceptability. The second contribution is empirical. The in-depth analysis of levels of social acceptability deriving from the evolution of the relationship between Hydro-Québec and the Cree Nation for nearly four decades (1971-2012) illustrates these issues and the evolution of their management., Este artículo examina un elemento importante para todas aquellas empresas que buscan un generar un arraigo local: la aceptabilidad social. Este concepto es resultado de las problemáticas que se han suscitado entre empresas y comunidades locales en los últimos años. Mientras esta problemática se vuelve central entre administradores y tomadores de decisión, su conceptualización aún se es limitada. Bajo este contexto, el artículo tiene un doble propósito. El primero, de corte teórico, identifica los retos que las definiciones de aceptabilidad social presentan y propone un modelo multinivel de aceptabilidad social. El segundo, de corte empírico, analiza la evolución que ha tenido la relación entre Hydro-Québec y la Nación Cree en términos de sus niveles de aceptabilidad social por más de cuatro décadas (1971-2012). Esta experiencia ejemplifica el reto que conlleva la gestión de la aceptabilidad social para las empresas en su esfuerzo por generar arraigo en las comunidades donde opera.

FAIM2018, 28th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, COLUMBUS, ETATS-UNIS, 11-/06/2018 - 14/06/2018; Globalization is now acted everywhere in the world as an important and economic reason for company improvement. It is clear that company supply chain could be optimized for insuring customer satisfaction. Due to low cost of labor force in emerging countries, companies in developed countries have to reorganizing themselves for being competitive. Industry 4.0 and supply chain 4.0 are the results of this crucial desire of better performance. A company has to integrate new technological concepts and digitalization on its supply chain in order to reduce cost and increase product quality. Despite the great and positive impact on large companies, these concepts are not already integrated into small and medium enterprises (SMEs). They considered industry 4.0 and supply chain 4.0 concepts as a dream, thus they are not ready to use them for increasing their performance. The use of complex system modelling and multi-criteria analysis allow to define an adapted framework specially destined to SMEs improvement according to supply 4.0 concepts. In addition to technological and digital parameters, social, societal and environmental dimensions are integrated in this vision. Sustainability is considered as important for supply chain performance. The idea is to measure the dynamic of supply chain 4.0 and Industry 4.0 concepts implementation in SMEs, to find brakes and to define action plan for accelerating this dynamic. This paper focuses on this approach destined to SMEs. A reference model is being developed for metallurgic SMEs by using Case Based Reasoning (CBR) and generalization reasoning. Then, a real case is shown for illustrating the approach. Perspectives are exposed for according to the development of a software collaborative, co-creative and co-innovative tool for adapting SME performance according to supply chain 4.0 concepts and taking into account sustainability.

In 2014 Decree 14/018 laying down the rules for granting forest concessions to local communities, followed by Ministerial Order 0/25 on the same issue was published in the DRC. This paper aims to analyse the abovementioned legislation with respect to participatory ma nagement of forests. The explicit recognition of the duality of a customary de facto local community forest and a modern legal entity (concession) is an innovation. However, viewed from the perspective of the long-established habits within the country, the question remains whethe r these legal measures can be sufficient for ensuring the sustainable development of these community-held forested areas. Allowing community concessions up to 50,000 ha demonstrated a shift in the government policy away from the industrial timber cultivation model. However, an ar ea this size is much larger than the communities can monitor, particularly in the case of artisanal charcoal or wood exploitation. (Resume d'auteur)

This viewpoint paper presents a reaction to the article by Brandt et al. (2016). It highlights the complexities inherent to the attribution of deforestation impacts to policy interventions when using remote-sensing data. This critique argues that in the context of the Congo a suite of factors (i.e., population density in particular) other than those considered by Brandt et al. (e.g., type of forest, distance from roads and markets) play essential roles in determining the fates of forests. It also contends that care is needed when making decisions regarding which units will be included in the comparison group so that contextual factors and on-the-ground information are properly considered (e.g., when logging operations are inactive or when a concession is used for 'conservation' purposes). Finally, it proposes that a focus on an analysis of deforestation rates for a given level of timber production might be a metric that more accurately represents one aspect of the consequences of forest management, which should also consider the appraisal of trade-offs associated with a larger set of social, financial and ecological objectives.

International audience; In this paper we analyse institutional conditions facilitating the transition towards a green economy by encouraging investment in the enhancement of natural capital and social equity, focussing especially on government interventions. Presenting a conceptual institutional model how innovation generally occurs, we depict system levels that can be influenced by government interventions to facilitate societal innovations towards a green economy. We hypothesize that the transition to a green economy is about extending the possibility frontier outwards towards a greener economy while at the same time limiting the "action space" at the brown economy end; a normative evaluation framework is presented to assess transitions correspondingly. We elaborate on the emerging lessons for governance by examining evidence from five selected European case studies, and provide a non-exhaustive list of impacts that government intervention may have on the action spaces available at different system levels.

L’objectif de cet article est de participer aux réflexions récentes sur l’évolution des registres d’action de l’Etat au Maroc en privilégiant une entrée spécifique, celle de la logistique considérée comme l’ensemble des activités et des opérations qui permettent l’acheminement des marchandises dans et entre les espaces urbains. L’analyse de la mise en place d’une politique nationale de la logistique et l’observation de sa déclinaison autour de deux configurations métropolitaines stratégiques de l’espace marocain – Le Grand Casablanca et Tanger – constituent un point d’entrée original pour observer cette recomposition en cours du rôle de l’Etat dans les politiques de développement du territoire. Cette réflexion est issue d’une recherche exploratoire basée sur une analyse documentaire (les documents de l’action publique) et une enquête de terrain menée à Casablanca et Tanger ainsi qu’à Rabat. Elle permet d’une part de confirmer l’importance politique croissante de cette question logistique dans un contexte de stratégie revendiquée d’intégration aux réseaux mondiaux valorisant une situation d’interface entre Europe et Afrique. Elle autorise d’autre part une lecture de ce renouvellement des registres d’action de l’Etat entre maintien d’une autorité centrale forte (par ses agences, ses opérateurs et le contrôle des acteurs locaux), décentralisation en cours et rôle croissant des grands opérateurs économiques. Du point de vue général, elle permet également d’illustrer et préciser la contribution de la logistique à la fabrique des territoires notamment métropolitains. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the reflections on the evolution of the role of the State in Morocco. We favour a reflection based on a specific economic sector, that of logistics. This logistical issue is considered in this research as the set of activities and operations that allow the transport of goods in and between urban areas. The analysis of a national logistics policy and the observation of the application of this policy around two metropolitan areas of the Moroccan area - Casablanca and Tangier - allows us to observe this recomposition of the role of the State in the development policies. This reflection is the result of exploratory research based on an analysis of public action documents and a field survey conducted in Casablanca and Tangier as well as in Rabat. On the one hand, it confirms the growing political importance of this logistical issue in the context of a strategy of integration into global networks. On the other hand, it allows a reading of this evolution of the State's roles between maintaining a strong central authority (through its agencies, operators and the control of local actors), ongoing decentralization and the increasing role of major economic operators. From a general point of view, this reflexion illustrates the contribution of logistics to the development of territories, particularly metropolitan areas.

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o Índice Bruto de Sustentabilidade dos municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul, elaborado segundo variáveis relacionadas à estrutura político-administrativa, instrumentos e ações desenvolvidas em prol da preservação ambiental. Os dados foram obtidos na Pesquisa de Informações Básicas Municipais (MUNIC), feita pelo IBGE em 2013. Os resultados apontam que diversos municípios estão muito aquém do ideal no que se refere à estrutura político-administrativa e a ações voltadas à preservação do meio ambiente. Abstract: This paper presents the Gross Sustainability Index of the municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul, prepared according to variables related to the political-administrative structure, instruments and actions developed in favor of environmental preservation. The data were obtained from the Municipal Basic Information Survey (MUNIC), made by the IBGE in 2013. The results indicate that several municipalities are far below the ideal in terms of the political-administrative structure and actions aimed at preserving the environment. Résumé: Cet article présente l'Indice Brut de Durabilité des villes de l'état de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brésil, préparé selon des variables liées à la structure politique et administrative, des instruments et des actions en faveur de la préservation environnementale. Les données ont été obtenues sur la base de la Recherche d'Informations Générales Minicipales (MUNIC), faite par l'Institut Brésilien de Géographie et Statistique (IBGE) en 2013. Les résultats montrent que des nombreuses villes sont loin d'être idéales en ce qui concerne la structure politique et administrative et les actions visant à préserver l'environnement. Resumen: Este trabajo presenta el Índice Bruto de Sostenibilidad de los municipios de Mato Grosso do Sul, elaborado según variables relacionadas a la estructura político-administrativa, instrumentos y acciones desarrolladas en pro de la preservación ambiental. Los datos fueron obtenidos en la Investigación de Informaciones Básicas Municipales (MUNIC), hecha por el IBGE en 2013. Los resultados apuntan que diversos municipios están muy por debajo del ideal en lo que se refiere a la estructura político-administrativa ya acciones dirigidas a la preservación del medio ambiente.

Road pavement community members are increasingly becoming aware of the need to incorporating the principles of sustainable development into the sector. Policies are also going in this direction and as a consequence in the recent years researchers and practitioners are coming up with new materials, technologies and practices designed to reduce the negative impacts of their activities in the surroundings. Within this framework the road pavements sector is witnessing a paradigm shift towards the development of pavement technologies incorporating high-content of recycled materials, as well as best practices to decrease the overall carbon footprint. These are all promising solutions that to the most can sound as sustainable practices. However the whole road pavement community is still investigating methodologies and tools to define what actually sustainable means and thereby performing a sustainable decision-making. It is within this context that the need of a sustainability-based decision support system (DSS) that could help road pavement engineers at the design stage was identified and is here presented. The Sustainable Pavements & Railways DSS (SUP&R DSS) relies on a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method to rank the sustainability of alternatives. It applies life cycle-based approaches to quantify the values of a set of indicators purposely and methodologically selected to capture the cause- effect link between the general concepts of the three wellbeing dimensions of sustainability, i.e., environmental, economic and social, and the infrastructure construction and maintenance practice. Furthermore, the system allows selecting different weighting for the indicators but offers also a default set of values derived from a survey conducted with over 50 stakeholders in Europe and beyond. Together with the development, structure and features of the SUP&R DSS, this paper present its applicability by means of a case study aiming at identifying the most sustainable asphalt mixture for wearing courses. Several promising options for flexible road pavements were selected, ranging from low to hot temperature asphalt. The results show that a foamed warm mix asphalt mixture with a reclaimed asphalt pavement content of 50% is the most sustainable among the competing alternatives. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis conducted to investigate the influence of the indicators weights, the parameters of the MCDA method and the long-term performance of the alternative asphalt mixtures on the stability of the ranking showed that its first position in the ranking remained unaffected.