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This paper investigates the economic development within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from two perspectives--spatial pattern and influencing factors--to promote coordinated development across the area. This paper employs Moran's I test and local Getis-Ord G statistic from spatial statistics. Furthermore, it constructs a hierarchical spatial econometric model to facilitate empirical investigation. It is found that the overall economic development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area exhibits a "mountain-shaped" spatial pattern of the high-level homogeneous regions with "high-high correlation" and the low-level homogeneous regions with "low-low correlation." The internal difference in economic density is moderate, with an obvious trend of decrease year by year. Economic density shows a significant spatial positive correlation, with the expansion of the scope of areas exhibiting "high-high correlation." The differences in economic density between hotspots and sub-hotspots have decreased, but the economic density of cold spots has failed to keep up with the development of other regions. The difference in factor input density among the influencing factors explains most of the differences in economic density among different regions. The results from the R&D capital investment coefficient indicate that in recent years, the effect of investments in urban scientific and technological innovation factors has been more extensive and uniform among the regions under its jurisdiction, but the spatial spillover effect of innovation factors at both layers is not significantly positive. Apart from the city's location within the Greater Bay Area, the relative location of the jurisdictions within the city equally influences the economic development configuration of the Greater Bay Area. Although economic density in regions adjacent to cities outside the Greater Bay Area is notably lower than in other regions, their growth rate and production efficiency remain on par with other regions. T-test and model results underscore the rapid development of the areas encircling the bay. The coefficient of location dummy variables in areas adjacent to cities in the Greater Bay Area varies among cities. At a particular factor input density, some cities have higher output efficiency in areas contiguous to cities in the Greater Bay Area. This study uniquely adopts low-level city jurisdictions and high-level cities to shape a two-tiered hierarchical dataset with nested geographic units. This innovative approach fully leverages insights from distinct layers, delving into spatial interdependence and interplay across layers. This paper aims to explore the spatial pattern and influencing factors steering economic development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. In doing so, it aims to identify problems and present pertinent policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affected by the new coronavirus pneumonia from the year 2019 to 2022, the economic development of the tourism industry was bleak. According to data released by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, domestic tourism revenue in 2019 was 5.73 trillion yuan. In 2020, under the impact of the epidemic, the domestic tourism market has entered a low stage, with annual domestic tourism revenue of 2.23 trillion yuan, down 61.07 % year-on-year. Judging from the situation of people's travel in recent years, the development of tourism is growing. Under the epidemic, the tourism industry was pressed the pause button and the expected recovery is full of uncertainty. The epidemic has brought great challenges to the tourism industry, but it is not impossible to break through. This will be a good time for transformation and upgrading. If the tourism industry wants to make more stable and better pace of development, more intelligent information construction services need to be created into it in order to achieve breakthrough and develop characteristic products. In the era of marine economy in the 21st century, island tourism is an important part of the marine industry group. It is favored because it gives tourists a psychological feeling of staying away from the hustle and bustle of the city and returning to nature completely. The island has become a popular attraction in the world. In view of this, it is of great significance to summarize the research on island tourism. Taking Nan'ao Island in Guangdong as an example, this paper analyzes the existing problems of island tourism and formulates corresponding marketing strategies, aiming at improving its competitiveness in the travel industry and forming differentiated competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of an increasingly complex and unstable external development environment, enhancing economic resilience has become a key task in the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. This paper analyzes the changes in the economic resilience of the Guangdong-Hong Kong- Macao Greater Bay Area and its constituent cities after the 2008 global financial crisis by virtue of the regional economic resilience assessment method proposed by Martin et al. It constructs an economic connection network for the Guangdong-Hong Kong- Macao Greater Bay Area using the data from corporate headquarters and branches of A-share listed companies to analyze its impact on the economic resilience of the Area. The study reveals the three following conclusions. Firstly, the economic resilience of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area generally outperforms the national average level, seeing a rapid boost over the recent years and exceeding the level witnessed during the 2008 financial crisis. However, there are marked disparities in the economic resilience of various cities within the Greater Bay Area, with Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Dongguan emerging as the most robust in this regard. Secondly, the economic connection network has a positive impact on the economic resilience of the cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Specifically, there is a positive correlation between a city's economic resilience and its centrality in the economic connection network. Such centrality exerts a positive spillover effect on the economic resilience of surrounding cities. Thirdly, from the perspective of industry-specific networks, circulation and service industry networks are more conducive to improving the economic resilience of a city. Given the significant role of the economic connection network in shaping regional and urban economic resilience, it is imperative for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to prioritize ensuring economic development security and enhancing economic resilience, promote the development of the economic connection network, and enhance the network centrality of its constituent cities. This can improve the economic resilience of itself and its constituent cities in an effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2020, China has been dedicated to the goal of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" in the international community, demonstrating its commitment to energy conservation and emissions control. In 2021, in response to the guidance of the State Council, all provinces in China included the creation of a low-carbon economic system as one of their key development goals. This paper aims at investigating the low-carbon economic development efficiency and the redundancy of inefficient areas of Guangdong Province by using the three-stage DEA-Malmquist index model. Panel data of 21 cities from 2011 to 2020 in Guangdong Province were selected. Results revealed that the low-carbon economic development efficiency in the whole province rises, but the growth rate has slowed down in the past three years. Pearl River Delta area is better-developed in low-carbon economy than others. It is recommended to improve the efficiency of scale, make use of environmental advantages and develop energy-saving and emission reduction technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistic development is the only way which must be passed and a key point to achieve high-quality economic development. This paper regards regional synergetic development as a composite system, builds up the evaluation indicator system, and calculates the level of economic synergetic development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Urban Agglomeration, by using the collaborative degree model of composite system. The results show that each subsystem of the composite system has a high degree of order from 2007 to 2019, but compared with Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration and Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, the level of economic collaborative development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration in 2008–2019 is relatively low and has large spatial differences. The main reason is that under the background of "one country, two systems" policy, the institutional differences between Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao have not been effectively linked up and synergetic, Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration has not yet formed an organic whole, and the synergy effect of mutual support and promotion is relatively weak. Based on this, we should seize the great historical opportunity of the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, accelerate the construction of the mechanism for the synergetic economic development of the three areas, accelerate the establishment of an integrated market, build a reasonable division of labor system and collaborative innovation system, and jointly promote the synergetic economic development of Greater Bay Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China's economy transitions from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development, the concept of low-carbon and green economic development has gained increasing popularity. Mastering the regional differences and changing patterns of low-carbon economy and economic growth quality is an important prerequisite for further promoting low-carbon economic development and improving the quality of economic growth. Taking the data of 21 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong Province from 2008 to 2019 as examples, we calculated the low-carbon economy and the quality index of economic growth, and analyzed the convergences between them through coefficient of variation analysis and a panel data convergence model with fixed effects. The results showed that: First, the convergence of low-carbon economy was better than the convergence of economic growth quality. Second, the low-carbon economy of Guangdong Province had σ convergence, and the imbalance between regions of low-carbon economy was alleviated, but the quality of economic growth of Guangdong Province did not have σ convergence. Third, there was absolute and conditional β convergence in the quality of low-carbon economy and economic growth in Guangdong Province. Fourth, the convergence rate of low-carbon economy in Guangdong Province showed "club difference"; the same was true of σ convergence, absolute β convergence, conditional β convergence, and dimensional convergence of economic growth quality in various regions of Guangdong Province. The exploration conducted in this article was conducive to better grasping the changing patterns of low-carbon economy and economic growth quality, enriching relevant research. The conclusions of this paper can provide decision-making basis for China to formulate urban and regional economic policies, achieve high-quality economic development, and "double carbon goal". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a young but vigorous international city cluster with a complete industrial system and is taking the lead in China's economic development. This paper analyzes the economic and industrial development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and measures the industrial agglomeration index and homogeneity index among different cities in the area. After our analysis, we found that the cities in the area showed apparent differences in their economic development levels. Therefore, this paper suggests improving the competitiveness of the Greater Bay Area through systematic division and collaboration of industries, further achieving rational industrial structure and high-quality economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mystery of China's economic growth has been widely concerned by the world. However, little attention has been paid to the transformation of the economic growth momentum of Guangdong Province, which has long occupied the top in China's economic growth. This paper analyzes the evolution and the transformation of the momentum source of economic growth in Guangdong Province from 1979 to 2019, using Total Factor Productivity Growth Decomposition method. The results show that capital investment contributes the most to economic growth, the contributions of total factor productivity, and labor input rank second and third, respectively; the change of the contribution of each momentum source to GDP growth mainly comes from the impact of the secondary industry. Both industrial capital productivity and capital allocation structure play a negative role in driving the overall capital productivity, and both industrial labor productivity and labor allocation structure play a positive role in driving the overall labor productivity. Industrial factor productivity and industrial factor allocation structure play a major positive role and a weak negative role in promoting economic growth, respectively. Our findings provide some ideas on how to maintain economic growth in the new era especially for the developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, people are facing enough challenges, either personally or technically, and some people do suffer from having to keep up with the current technological improvements. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GHKMGBA) is one of the areas that has been highly managed for tourism with economic networks in it. Here, the exploitation results in underground spacing management automate the alleviation process using various methods. Apart from the characterization, it is one such mandatory consideration to create a master plan with the rise of utilization and urban underground spacing planned to be placed among large cities for tourism is considered. This paper focuses on the strategy to understand the concepts and popularisation of urban underground spacing. This matter is followed by a complementary approach with a supportive technical system. This research focuses on economic development in the cities of GHKMGBA, and the analysis is carried out with the implementation of the backpropagation neural network (BPNN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes energy consumption PM2.5 emission as research object, and quantitatively analyzes the PM2.5 emission level in Hunan and Guangdong provinces from 2012 to 2017. We build a PM2.5 emission decomposition model divided by five sectors, including industry, transportation, construction, resident, and other, and use attribution method and Tapio decoupling index to analyze the relationship between economic development and PM2.5 emission level. The results show that (1) the difference in PM2.5 emissions between the two provinces appeared in 2015; (2) the contribution rate of total PM2.5 emissions is 83.1%, and coal consumption is the determine factor of PM2.5 emissions; industry is the main source of sector contribution with rate of 70.91%; (3) Guangdong's pollution control capacity is much higher than that of Hunan, while Hunan's PM2.5 marginal emission-reduction potential is much higher than that of Guangdong; (4) economic growth is the first increasing emission reason of PM2.5 emission changes, while the intensity of industrial energy consumption is the first reduction emission reason; (5) there is a big difference between the economic development of the two provinces and the decoupling of PM2.5 pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment / Nongye Ziyuan yu Huanjing Xuebao is the property of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper constructs an embodied carbon model in inter-provincial trade based on China's inter-provincial multi-regional input-output table. By analyzing the embodied carbon emissions for Guangdong with the forefront of economic development, this research reveals the impact of trade scale and structure between Guangdong Province and other provinces on embodied carbon emissions, and finds out key provinces and sectors for emission reduction. It can enable national and regional economic and environmental policies to be implemented into specific industries, guide capital flow to key sectors for emission reduction, provide comments for relevant national and provincial decision-making sectors to adjust trade structure, and play the role of inter-provincial trade in energy conservation and emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many questions regarding local economic phenomena involve issues of spatial and temporal dependence and heterogeneity. One of the main ideas of the socialist market economic system which was set up in 1978 in China is 'those becoming rich earlier bring along other people, all achieving the common richer eventually'. However, after several decades, having performed a series of balanced development strategies and policies, is this purpose true or not? How about the outcome of regional level of planning strategies under the socialist-market system? This paper focus on the intra provincial development, and uses per capita GDP of Guangdong, one of the most developed provinces in China to analyse the economic development of prefecture-level cities from 1978 to 2013 with a new exploratory space-time method. Three conclusions can be drawn as follows: first, the degree of regional economic development is gradually deepening along with rapid economic development in Guangdong province and the per capita GDP difference is gradually widening between the Pearl River Delta region and the non-Pearl River Delta region. The core-periphery relation is clear within the provincial level's development. Second, the trend and position of space-time paths are different across regions. Third, the space-time paths have not intersected across poor and rich regions during the last 33 years. Widening uneven development is concealed by the 'fast growth' economic phenomenon. The macro-economic environment has had some effects on different regions, with the effect on fast growing areas, such as the core region of the Pearl River Delta the most obvious. There is a lag effect on other undeveloped areas. At the same time, under the socialist market economic system, the market is the main motivation behind regional discrepancies, and some policies and strategies aimed at narrowing the gap have had limited success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatially targeted policies have been a crucial component of the development strategy pursued by the Chinese government. This paper provides novel empirical evidence in the debate on place-based policy by testing whether the presence of economic development zones is associated with higher values of industrial output and their impact is heterogeneous across territories in the counties/districts in Guangdong province during the period 2000–14. The results show that the level of industrial output is positively correlated with the presence of economic development zones and offer support to the idea that place-based policies have heterogeneous effects across territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sci-tech innovation is an important measure for the Guangdong– Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area to achieve high-quality economic development. theoretically, there is a coupling coordination relationship between sci-tech innovation and high-quality economic development, and coordinating the relationship between the two is beneficial to building the Guangdong– Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area into an international innovation and technology hub and promoting high-quality economic development. At present, the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area has seen a year-on-year increase in both the level of sci-tech innovation and the level of high-quality economic development, with a sound development trend. Its coupling coordination degree between sci-tech innovation and high-quality economic development has steadily improved from a slightly uncoordinated stage to a primarily coordinated stage, but the overall degree of coordination is still not high, with some gaps from realizing the excellently coordinated stage. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the internal development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area is unbalanced, with obvious differences in development level and coupling coordination degree among cities. e convergence analysis shows that the differences in the coupling coordination degree among the cities in the Guangdong Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area have stabilized after narrowing during the study period. However, the difference among the cities with higher coupling coordination degrees tends to widen in recent years. therefore, necessary measures should be taken to promote the coordination between sci-tech innovation and high-quality economic development in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the impact of the development of the logistics industry on economic growth based on panel data of 21 cities in Guangdong Province in China from 2007 to 2019. Using the overall entropy method, the comprehensive development index of the logistics industry is constructed to capture the performance of the logistics industry. On this basis, by using Moran's index, we measure the spatial agglomeration effect of the logistics industry. Furthermore, direct and spatial spillover effects are also obtained. The estimation results of the spatial Durbin model (SDM) reveal that the elasticity coefficient of the effect of the comprehensive development level of the logistics industry on economic growth is 0.2590, which is significant at the 1% level. In addition, the coefficient of the direct effect of the logistics industry on local economic growth is 0.4074, and the coefficient of the spatial spillover effect on the economic growth of the surrounding areas is 0.3596, which are both significant at the 1% level. These results indicate that the development of the logistics industry can not only improve local economic growth but also promote the economic growth of the surrounding regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the economic network patterns and their influencing factors of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GHMGBA) in China, considering population scale, economic development level, and land-resource endowment. By employing a modified gravity model and a social-network method, we quantitatively analyzed urban agglomeration integrity indices, such as network density, edge–core structure, cohesive-subgroup index, and urban individual index (e.g., centrality degree) of this region, encompassing nine cities in Guangdong Province and two special administrative regions. The results revealed significant changes in the economic network patterns within the GHMGBA over time. Furthermore, the quadratic assignment procedure correlation analysis index was used to identify the various factors affecting the strength of the economic interaction. The findings demonstrated an annual increase in the strength of economic interaction between cities and regions within the GHMGBA over the past 20 years, along with the emergence of a polycentric economic development pattern. The results also suggest that the spatial location and level of economic development are key determinants influencing the strength of economic linkages in this area. This study supports the conclusion that deepening exchanges and cooperation among core cities, bolstering economic development in sub-core cities, and facilitating the construction of an integrated regional transportation network will expedite the process of economic integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of economic development in 23 cities across Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, and Macau from 1990 to 2022. The results indicated a general growth trend in overall economic development, with substantial fluctuations in absolute differences and a significant reduction in relative differences. The economic development appeared to be balanced both within and between cities. Spatially, the study revealed an increasing agglomeration effect, evident polarization in economic levels, and a distinct core–periphery structure, with central cities in the Greater Bay Area exerting a growing influence on their peripheries. Nevertheless, the peripheral cities, despite their economic strides, necessitate augmented policy interventions and capital influx to bridge regional chasms. The study's outcomes serve as a foundational reference for sharpening policy decisions, fostering regional amalgamation, and invigorating urban blueprinting and city-to-city synergies. This research provides an in-depth analysis of economic development trends across 23 cities in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau over 32 years. For policymakers, urban planners, and business leaders, the findings present a clearer picture of the region's economic landscape. Notably, while central cities within the Greater Bay Area have become influential economic hubs, surrounding cities still face challenges. These insights suggest a need for more targeted policies and investments, especially in peripheral cities, to promote more uniform growth across the region. By understanding these dynamics, governments and businesses can make more informed decisions that foster city-to-city collaborations and develop better urban and regional strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the urbanization impacts on tourism development in four regions Guangdong province, using time-series data of Guangdong province in China in 1996–2011. Urbanization has been operationalized by population, economic, geographical landscape and social cultural dimensions. This study suggests that urbanization, though in general increases tourism development, does not affect different regions in Guangdong uniformly. Tourism development in different regions will receive different impacts from urbanization. Therefore, policy-makers, while promoting tourism development, should be aware of the different levels of impact of urbanization towards tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

China has high biodiversity and is rapidly urbanizing. However, there is limited understanding of how urban expansion in the country is likely to affect its habitats and biodiversity. In this study, we examine urban expansion patterns and their likely impacts on biodiversity in China by 2030. Our analysis shows that most provinces are expected to experience urban expansion either near their protected areas or in biodiversity hotspots. In a few provinces such as Guangdong in the south, urban expansion is likely to impinge on both protected areas and biodiversity hotspots. We show that policies that could facilitate the integration of natural resource protection into urban planning exist on paper, but the prevailing incentives and institutional arrangements between the central and local governments prevent this kind of integration. Removing these obstacles will be necessary in order to safeguard the country's rich biodiversity in light of the scale of urbanization underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of 'Industry's Going Upstairs (IGU)' represents an innovative usage of industrial land that transfers the enterprises' production to high-rise industrial buildings. It is emerging in the developed areas of eastern China. This study discusses IGU policies to promote local economic development and conducts an empirical test using Guangdong city-level data and a difference-in-differences model. Theoretical analysis shows that IGU can broaden the development space of enterprises and realise industrial and labour agglomeration under supporting policies provided by local governments. The empirical results demonstrate that IGU can improve land-use efficiency and promote local industrial development. IGU is a feasible approach for addressing the current shortage of industrial land in China and is worthy of promotion and replication in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences worldwide indicate that the relationship between energy consumption and economic development is complex. Guangdong Province has experienced a more than threefold increase in GDP since 2005, but it is not clear whether rapid economic growth is at the cost of a large amount of energy consumption. In this study, we employ spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis to discover the spatial agglomeration of GDP per capita and energy intensity in Guangdong, China, from 2005 to 2018. Furthermore, panel vector autoregression coupled with a system generalized method of moments is performed to examine the dynamic causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth under the framework of the Cobb–Douglas production function. We used a multivariate model and grouped studies based on the differences in regional economic development and the results with similar research. The results show that the GDP per capita of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is significantly higher than that of the peripheral municipalities. However, energy intensity shows an entirely different spatial distribution. The development of the regional economy depends on its own "assembling effect". In regions with significant differences in economic development, it is necessary to conduct grouping studies; otherwise, the overall results will not represent partial results. GDP explains approximately 68.3% of the total variation in energy consumption in the PRD but only approximately 34.5% of that in the peripheral municipalities. We do not confirm Granger causality between energy consumption and economic development. Guangdong can decrease its energy consumption growth without substantially sacrificing its economic growth. The contribution of this study is to propose an analytical framework of the relationship between energy consumption and economic development that integrates time and space perspectives to account for spatial effects in panel analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guangdong Province enjoys a very high economic status in China especially in terms of port construction. In response to the port development directions in China, the Guangdong government released a policy about the construction of Guangdong ports in the next 15 years. Based on the policy, this study proposes to evaluate the port efficiency of major ports in Guangdong Province during 2011–2020 using the Super-efficiency EBM-DEA model that considers undesirable outputs, and the spatial effect of port efficiency and its influencing factors is further analyzed using the spatial Durbin model. The empirical results shows that the overall port efficiency in Guangdong Province is not high and varies widely among port clusters, thereby lacking synergistic development. The results of the spatial Durbin model show that port efficiency is positively correlated with the level of economic development, port-city relationship and transportation structure, as well as negatively correlated with the efficiency of neighboring ports. The findings have a far-reaching impact on the development of port construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the case of 21 cities of Guangdong Province, China, this study uses the Harken model to evaluate the level of regional economic synergistic development from 2000 to 2019 and three economic synergistic development drivers, including comparative advantage, economic linkage, and industry. The study finds that the regional industrial division of labor is the main regional economic synergistic development driver in Guangdong. It also finds that the overall level of synergistic development has evolved from an intermediate diffusion stage to an advanced, symbiotic one. However, apparent differences exist in the gradient of the East Guangdong – West Guangdong – North Guangdong – Pearl River Delta. The results of this study and their implications are also explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately grasping the structural characteristics and influencing factors of green development spatial association are significant for green coordinated development and ecological civilization construction in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). This study evaluates the GBA's green development performance from 2015 to 2019 based on duality theory, and uses social network analysis to explore the structural characteristics and evolution of the green development spatial association network, and then uses the exponential random graph model to reveal the influencing factors of network formation. we find that: (1) the GBA's green development is steady. Its spatial association network became increasingly complex, and tends to be tight. (2) As important hubs, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong have the dominant positions in the GBA's green development spatial association network. Huizhou, Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, and Macao are at the edge of the network, and their interoperability with other cities is relatively weak. (3) Four subgroups exist in the GBA during different periods, with obvious gradient characteristics between them, and the multilevel transmission mechanism of the green development network gradually forms. (4) Economic development and urbanization level, ecological environment endowment, and geographical, institutional, and industrial proximity all have significant impacts on the formation of the GBA's green development spatial association network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to insufficient understanding of human-water interaction, many water-related problems arise in watersheds, posing severe threats to the sustainability of watershed development. Although water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) is a powerful tool to support sustainable development of watersheds, few studies considered aquatic ecological factors and uncertainty in indicator values, leading to losses of sample information in the evaluation of WECC. This paper developed a systematic framework for comprehensive WECC assessment that included the indicator system and a novel variable fuzzy pattern recognition (VFPR) approach. The WECC index system incorporated aquatic ecological factors, and addressed uncertainties associated with the indicator values. The proposed VFPR-based assessment model could realize successive evaluation to retain more original information of the sample and distinguish similar result values by treating the sample as having a continuous degree of membership instead of the traditional point form. In addition, it could be more adaptable to various circumstances including extreme cases, and closely reflect the impacts of indicator changes on the results. The established evaluation framework has been applied to Dongjiang River Basin in Guangdong Province. The spatial differences and main influencing factors of WECC in the study area were analyzed. Results show that 50% and 16.7% of the sub-regions in the study area would be subject to a poor level of WECC under pessimistic and optimistic circumstances, respectively. WECCs in the upper and lower reaches are the best and worst, respectively, which is in line with the levels of economic development in the Dongjiang River Basin. The proposed method can also be applicable to many other problems involving numerous indicators. • Traditional VFPR model was improved from both model structure and model parameters. • A systematic framework was proposed for continuous and comprehensive evaluation of WECC. • Water ecology and the uncertainty in indicator values were considered in the index system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of aggravating environmental problems, the concept of green economy, advocated by policies introduced to solve such problems, is being increasingly recognized and emphasized. In addition, digital technologies, represented by the Internet, big data, and artificial intelligence, are constantly integrating with economic and social fields, gradually becoming an important driving force for economic and social development, and also bringing certain positive environmental effects. This study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the green economy of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in the past three decades (1987-2018) under the background of administrative division adjustment and artificial intelligence development. First, the overall green economic development level of the GBA from 1987 to 2018 was analyzed using the superefficiency slack-based measure model. Then, the spatial pattern evolution characteristics and regional differences of green economy in the GBA in this period were assessed by the exploratory spatial data analysis model. According to the results of this study, (1) the green economic development levels of Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, Zhaoqing, and Hong Kong in the GBA always followed an increasing trend from 1987 to 2018. To be specific, Foshan, Zhongshan, Hong Kong, and Macao ranked among the top areas in the GBA in terms of average green economic development level; moreover, a strong positive correlation was found between economic strength and green economic development. (2) The overall green economic development level of the GBA roughly followed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, fluctuating around 0.45 on average. (3) Clearly, the green economy of various cities in the GBA showed certain correlations in 1987-2005, but with great fluctuations. However, no spatial correlation was observed after 2006. On the whole, in the GBA, the spatial agglomeration of green economy was weak. (4) There was a general lack of obvious spatial agglomeration in the overall green economic development of the GBA, especially in western Guangdong. In contrast, spatial agglomeration was obvious in eastern Guangdong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Zhang, X., 2020. Position enhancement and development strategies of Zhuhai's economy in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater bay area. In: Al-Tarawneh, O. and Megahed, A. (eds.), Recent Developments of Port, Marine, and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 110, pp. 201–205. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The economic circle of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) has an important impact on China's economic development and surrounding economic cooperation. Zhuhai plays a non-negligible position in the economic construction of the GBA. To build the GBA into a global advanced economic center, it's important to promote Zhuhai's economic position in the GBA. For this, the authors attempt to systematically study the position enhancement and development strategies of Zhuhai in the GBA. First the position of GBA in the global integrated economy was analyzed. Then, it discusses about the economic development trend of Zhuhai, and proposes corresponding economic development countermeasures and industrial structure optimization methods. The study found that compared with other cities in the GBA, Zhuhai has a relatively higher economic growth rate, a better investment environment, and greater potentials for development; the proportions of the secondary and tertiary industries in Zhuhai are almost the same; to maintain long-term economic development, Zhuhai needs to increase the proportion of the primary industry and optimize the industrial structure. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for Zhuhai's economic development and position enhancement in the GBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]