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2. The Future of Work and Skills in ETF Partner Countries. ETF Issues Paper
- Author
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European Training Foundation (ETF) (Italy), Popper, Rafael, and Loikkanen, Torsti
- Abstract
This ETF Issues Paper on the Future of Work and Skills is the first attempt to collect and analyse existing information and data on the skills demands of the future in ETF partner countries, and to explore responses for better managing the transition (transformation) towards an inclusive future for the benefit of individuals and societies. Thus, the paper analyses the impact of global developments on skills demands in ETF partner countries in order to support their discussions on the policy reforms required for managing the transition to the future. Rather than making a detailed analysis of each individual country, the paper reviews the general trends across the four regions of the ETF's partner countries: South Eastern Europe and Turkey (SEET), Eastern Partnership (EaP), Southern and Eastern Mediterranean (SEMED) and Central Asia.
- Published
- 2019
3. Higher Education: What Role Can the Commonwealth Play? Background Paper for Discussion at the 19th Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers
- Author
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Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) (United Kingdom) and Kirkland, John
- Abstract
Higher education is increasingly recognised as being critical to social and economic prosperity. It is also a policy area where the Commonwealth could significantly increase its impact. This could be achieved without major cost, by working through activities already in place, and persuading member governments to make stronger use of these brands and mechanisms. This paper focuses on four key areas selected by the the 19th Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (19CCEM) Steering Committee: (1) Costs and access; (2) Links with employment; (3) Securing the next generation of academics; and (4) Student and staff mobility. These were chosen because of their importance, relevance to conference themes, and synergy with existing Commonwealth-related initiatives. In each case, the brief summary of issues is intended to stimulate debate on whether, and how, the Commonwealth could play a greater role. [This paper was prepared for the Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (19CCEM) (19th, Bahamas, Jun 22-26, 2015).]
- Published
- 2015
4. The Next Steps for Apprenticeship. Cedefop Reference Series. No 118
- Author
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Cedefop - European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Cedefop - European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, and Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France)
- Abstract
In a context of considerable interest in apprenticeship in recent years, Cedefop and the OECD decided to explore its future from the perspective of a number of megatrends, including sociodemographic changes, the accelerated adoption of emerging technologies and new forms of work organisation. They also considered how these trends have affected, and will continue to affect, the design and delivery of apprenticeship in European and OECD countries. The combination of the emerging economic crisis as an aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with long-term structural trends affecting global economies, will entail a profound transformation of the world of work and require effective policy responses in the years to come. This publication provides insights from 16 papers by researchers from Europe, Australia and the United States; nine were presented and discussed among policy-makers, practitioners and researchers during the joint Cedefop-OECD symposium on the future of apprenticeship held in October 2019 in Paris. Evidence and analysis in these papers will help inform political decisions shaping the future of apprenticeship.
- Published
- 2021
5. The Role of European (Transnational) Business Actors in the Emergence of a Boundary Spanning Policy Regime in European Education and Employment
- Author
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Marina Cino Pagliarello
- Abstract
Although research on European education policy has aptly focused on the role of supranational and intergovernmental actors, less attention has been devoted to its analysis as a policy arena in which legitimacy can be created and power can be exerted in sophisticated ways. Specifically, the role of non-state actors as agenda-setters for European education and employment policies is still unexplored. By combining a neo-Gramscian approach of political economy with Jochim and May's boundary spanning policy regimes' perspective, which captures activity across policy subsystems that seek to manage 'wicked' policy problems, this paper looks at the role of private and business actors, and specifically the European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT), in European education during the 1980s and 1990s. The findings show how this period can be considered a foundational period for the emergence of a BSPR in education and employment, and in which specific goals and directions were set out in the European education agenda more fine-tuned with employment goals and industry's needs. Moreover, the paper illustrates why private and non-state actors shape boundary policy spanning regimes at the nexus of education and employment, which in this case reflected the economic interests and preferences of European transnational companies.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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6. Forming a Supranational Boundary-Spanning Policy Regime -- European Intersectoral Coordination in Education and Employment
- Author
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Marcelo Marques, Lukas Graf, and Judith Rohde-Liebenau
- Abstract
While European governance of individual policy sectors has received considerable academic scrutiny, less attention has been paid to the development of intersectoral coordination. This paper charts the emergence of a supranational boundary-spanning policy regime (BSPR) in education and employment in Europe. By looking at issues, ideas, interests and institutions, we gain a deeper understanding of the conditions for the emergence and further institutionalisation of European intersectoral coordination in education and employment from the 1990s onwards. The study relies on semi-structured interviews with European policy-makers in education and employment and EU policy documents. We analyse how endogenous and exogenous factors frame (policy) issues that contribute to the emergence and further strengthening of intersectoral coordination, the extent to which "ideas" for European education and employment stress intersectoral policy designs, how "interests" support or hinder intersectoral work, and which "institutions" are developed with an intersectoral reasoning. We find that endogenous forces (rather than exogenous ones) played a significant role in the emergence of a European BSPR in education and employment. Structural aspects and policy instruments ("institutions"), alongside "ideas" and "interests," then contribute to the institutionalisation of the European BSPR in education and employment.
- Published
- 2023
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7. Teachers in Transition. A Biographical Perspective on Transnational Professionalisation of Internationally Educated Teachers in Germany
- Author
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Terhart, Henrike
- Abstract
Teachers trained in one country are often not allowed to serve as teachers in another country because their teacher's license is not recognised as equivalent. The barriers these teachers have to overcome in order to work in their profession again are high and often require further (full) teacher training at the university. The paper provides insights into the conditions for teachers who participate in (re-)qualification programmes in Germany and Europe. By linking the theoretical concepts of a biographical approach to teacher professionalisation and transnationalisation in education, the results of an interview study with teachers who have participated in a programme for refugee teachers at a university in Germany are presented. The Grounded Theory analysis reconstructs the strategies of internationally educated teachers managing to keep up their hope to be able to work as teachers again and thus counter the formal de-professionalisation they are facing.
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- 2022
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8. Free Digital Learning for Inclusion of Migrants and Refugees in Europe: A Qualitative Analysis of Three Types of Learning Purposes
- Author
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Castaño Muñoz, Jonatan, Colucci, Elizabeth, and Smidt, Hanne
- Abstract
The increasing number of migrants and refugees arriving in Europe places new demands on European education systems. In this context, the role that free digital learning (FDL) could play in fostering inclusion has attracted renewed interest. While the existing literature highlights some general design principles for developing FDL for migrants and refugees, there is little information on the use of FDL at specific education levels, or for specific learning purposes. This paper presents the results of a qualitative study that was carried out as part of the Moocs4Inclusion project of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) between July and December 2016. The study, which has a European focus, disaggregates the analysis of FDL initiatives by what were identified as its three most common purposes: (a) language learning, (b) civic integration and employment, and (c) higher education. For each of these topics, the study sheds light on the approaches used by a wide sample of initiatives, users' levels of awareness of what is available and take up, and migrants' and refugees' perceptions of the current offer. In order to collect the information needed to cover different approaches and perspectives, semi-structured interviews with 24 representatives of 10 FDL initiatives and four focus groups with 39 migrants and refugees were carried out. The results show that there are indeed overlaps between the purposes of FDL initiatives and their design principles. Specific recommendations on how to better design FDL initiatives for migrants and refugees, taking into account their specific purposes, have also been identified.
- Published
- 2018
9. A meta-regression of the impact of policy on the efficacy of individual placement and support.
- Author
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Brinchmann B, Widding-Havneraas T, Modini M, Rinaldi M, Moe CF, McDaid D, Park AL, Killackey E, Harvey SB, and Mykletun A
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- Asia, Australia, Europe, Humans, North America, Policy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Employment methods, Employment, Supported statistics & numerical data, Mental Disorders rehabilitation
- Abstract
Objective: Individual placement and support (IPS) has shown consistently better outcomes on competitive employment for patients with severe mental illness than traditional vocational rehabilitation. The evidence for efficacy originates from few countries, and generalization to different countries has been questioned. This has delayed implementation of IPS and led to requests for country-specific RCTs. This meta-analysis examines if evidence for IPS efficacy can be generalized between rather different countries., Methods: A systematic search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines to identify RCTs. Overall efficacy was established by meta-analysis. The generalizability of IPS efficacy between countries was analysed by random-effects meta-regression, employing country- and date-specific contextual data obtained from the OECD and the World Bank., Results: The systematic review identified 27 RCTs. Employment rates are more than doubled in IPS compared with standard vocational rehabilitation (RR 2.07 95% CI 1.82-2.35). The efficacy of IPS was marginally moderated by strong legal protection against dismissals. It was not moderated by regulation of temporary employment, generosity of disability benefits, type of integration policies, GDP, unemployment rate or employment rate for those with low education., Conclusions: The evidence for efficacy of IPS is very strong. The efficacy of IPS can be generalized between countries., (© 2019 The Authors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2020
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10. Are platform workers willing to unionize? Exploring survey evidence from 14 European countries.
- Author
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Vandaele, Kurt, Piasna, Agnieszka, and Zwysen, Wouter
- Subjects
LABOR unions ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,SOCIAL norms - Abstract
Embedded in the particular model of work organization of digital labour platforms, platform workers face several hurdles discouraging them from becoming trade union members. These relate to algorithmic management, regulatory arbitrage regarding the employment arrangements and the promotion of an entrepreneurial orientation among platform workers. Nevertheless, based on data from a representative survey in 14 European countries, union density in the platform economy stands at 13.4 per cent. This should be interpreted as a kind of “platform unionism” that exists by coincidence, however, as union membership is most likely rooted in the labour market status of platform workers in the conventional economy. Compared to the general population, platform workers have stronger pro-union attitudes and are more receptive to union membership. Probably partly reflecting difficulties in the ability to unionize, there is still a gap, though, between attitudes and willingness to unionize: whereas about two-thirds of platform workers hold positive attitudes towards unions, only over a quarter state that they would like to join a union. Apart from those positive pro-union attitudes, the propensity to unionize also seems to be determined by engagement in offline networks that promote a social norm of union membership and online participation in digital work-related communities. While these findings could inform union recruitment and organizing strategies, it is needless to say that the heterogeneity of the platform workforce, strongly influenced by the different ways in which workers participate in the platform economy, requires at the same time tailor-made strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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11. The Determinants of Degree Programme Satisfaction
- Author
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Whelan, Adele and McGuinness, Seamus
- Abstract
Using a unique European dataset for graduates, this paper examines the determinants of college satisfaction and investigates the relative importance of human capital, course composition, and subsequent employment outcomes. We find that aspects of the degree programme related to the mode of teaching and personal development were considerably more important in determining college satisfaction, relative to the field of study, or the subsequent jobs that they obtained. Our results highlight that practical learning approaches and an experience that enhances non-cognitive personal development (NCPD) are some of the course attributes most valued by students retrospectively. Therefore, universities can enhance the quality of student experiences, and also equip them with aspects of human capital allowing them to prosper within the labour market, with an increased focus on both applied learning experiences and non-cognitive personal development.
- Published
- 2021
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12. Social Investment, Redistribution or Basic Income? Exploring the Association Between Automation Risk and Welfare State Attitudes in Europe.
- Author
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BUSEMEYER, MARIUS R. and SAHM, ALEXANDER H. J.
- Subjects
INVESTMENTS ,WORK environment ,SOCIAL support ,INCOME ,RISK assessment ,OCCUPATIONS ,AUTOMATION ,GOVERNMENT policy ,EMPLOYMENT ,WAGES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,PUBLIC welfare ,LABOR market - Abstract
Rapid technological change – the digitalization and automation of work – is challenging contemporary welfare states. Most of the existing research, however, focuses on its effect on labor market outcomes, such as employment or wage levels. In contrast, this paper studies the implications of technological change for welfare state attitudes and preferences. Compared to previous work on this topic, this paper adopts a much broader perspective regarding different kinds of social policy. Using data from the European Social Survey, we find that individual automation risk is positively associated with support for redistribution, but negatively with support for social investment policies (partly depending on the specific measure of automation risk that is used), while there is no statistically significant association with support for basic income. We also find a moderating effect of the overall size of the welfare state on the micro-level association between risk and preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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13. A Precarious Path to Partnership? The Moderating Effects of Labour Market Regulations on the Relationship Between Unstable Employment and Union Formation in Europe.
- Author
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Hsu, Chen-Hao and Engelhardt, Henriette
- Subjects
LABOR market ,EMPLOYMENT ,STATISTICS ,UNMARRIED couples - Abstract
Rising employment uncertainty featured by higher risks of being temporarily employed or unemployed is often seen as the driving force behind delayed and declined partnering in Western countries. However, such an employment–partnering relationship is contextualized by labour market institutions and thus could diverge across countries over time. This paper aims to investigate how country-level variations in labour market regulations moderate individual-level effects of unstable employment on union formation, including the transitions into marriage or cohabitation unions. Using comparative panel data for 26 countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (the years 2010–2019), our multilevel fixed effects models showed that temporary employment and unemployment negatively affected the probability of union formation for single women and men in Europe. Moreover, the negative relationship between unstable employment and union formation was reinforced when labour market reforms were stimulating insider–outsider segregations or decreasing welfare provisions. Specifically, stricter employment protection legislations and higher coverage rates of collective bargaining agreements could reinforce the negative effects of temporary employment and unemployment on union formation, while more generous provisions of unemployment benefits could buffer such negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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14. Labour market dualization and social policy in pandemic times: an in-depth analysis of private consumption services in Europe.
- Author
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Pavolini, Emmanuele, Fullin, Giovanna, and Scalise, Gemma
- Subjects
CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,LABOR market ,SOCIAL policy ,SOCIAL marketing ,WAGE surveys ,TOURISM websites ,FOOD tourism - Abstract
Purpose: This article contributes to the debate on how social policies and labour market regulation have been used to limit the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic by focusing on one specific economic segment of European labour markets: private consumption services, such as trade, tourism, catering and other support services. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis combines mixed methods and a variety of sources. First, we built a set of indicators from the EU-LFS microdata for 2019 and the 2018 Eurostat "Structure of earnings survey" and performed a cluster analysis (k-means) on the dimensions and indicators considered. Second, we elaborated EU-LFS data covering 2019 and 2020 (by quarter) and OECD 2020 data, and finally we traced Covid-related policy reforms for the period March 2020–December 2021 and analysed documents and information collected in different policy repositories. Findings: The paper shows the relevance and characteristics of private consumption services in different countries, demonstrating that so-called labour market "outsiders" are highly represented in this sector and illustrates the policies adopted to respond to the pandemic in different European countries. The paper asks whether this emergency has been a window of opportunity to redefine regulation in this sector, making it more inclusive. It demonstrates, however, that the common approach in Europe has been dominated by temporary, short-term and one-off measures, which do not represent major changes to the social security schemes that were in place before the pandemic. Originality/value: This article builds on the literature on labour market dualization, but approaches the concept from a different perspective – one not centred on the nature of employment relations (stable/unstable) but on economic sectors/branches. This article does not, therefore, discuss in general terms what happened to labour market outsiders during the pandemic, but rather focus attention on a specific group of workers who are highly exposed to risks stemming from dualization: those employed in the private consumption services. The economic sector perspective is an integrative way of framing dualization which is still under-researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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15. TRENDS IN JOB CREATION IN EUROPE.
- Author
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Beqiri, Theranda and Murati, Valentina
- Subjects
JOB creation ,SERVICE industries ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market - Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to identify new job creation in Europe and analyzes different findings from literature sources about trends that are currently more active. With work, we can refer to an activity that is carried out by one or more people voluntarily to achieve payment. And by work trend, we refer to that type of work which has gained a greater expansion and is being worked on more in the European market, not every time it is meant that that work is paid more but that it is simply being demanded more by companies, businesses, institutions private or public. The methodology used for this paper is a literature review of the latest research and data about job creation in Europe. The labor market in Europe recently started to change a lot, especially during and after the pandemic, thus enabling great growth in the technology sector. Considering that new technologies are constantly coming into this stream, new opportunities are also being made possible. But not always with good results, as Al technology is predicted to replace thousands of workforces in the future. The strongest growth of jobs is predicted in professional, scientific, and services technical, as well as in human health and social work, while the biggest drop can happen in production. Technology has and will continue to create new jobs, recently we can often see calls for training for web-developer, application developers, media managers, influencers, etc. Therefore, from this research review, we concluded that the main driver of job creation in Europe has been the service sector, which accounts for almost 80% of total employment in the EU. In recent years, the demand for highly skilled workers has increased, mainly due to the increased demand for ICT and other technology-related skills. Additionally, the digitization of manufacturing has led to a demand for workers with technological skills in the manufacturing sector. From all mentioned above it would be highly recommended that the European labor market be more careful about the future steps and invest in the right paths for better development in the future, such as pieces of training, education, diversity, and also on the latest technology trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
16. DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF LABOUR RELATIONS – THE FUTURE CHALLENGE.
- Author
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Jovevski, Lazar
- Subjects
DIGITAL technology ,LABOR laws ,INDUSTRIAL safety ,PARALLEL processing ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
In this paper, the author analyses the current changes that are taking place in the field of labour relations and labour law. The paper covers the previous experiences of digital transformation of labour relations that occurred in the pre-Covid era, on the one hand, as well as the impact of the Sars KOV 19 pandemic on this process today. The author in the paper pays special attention to the parallel digitalization process of the economy expressed through the so-called „the fourth economic revolution" and its impact on the transformation of labour relations in the region and Europe. The paper analyses the aspects of responsiveness of legal systems in Europe and the region of Southeast Europe in terms of acceptance or resistance to the digitalization of the economy and labour. The paper lists the positive aspects of the current and future digital transformation of labour relations, which means for workers, employers, as well as future government labour policies. The negative aspects are also analysed, as possible future challenges that will inevitably bring the digitalization of labour relations, among which the author emphasizes the growth of unemployment, weakening trade union influence, resistance from employees and the aspect of safety and health at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
17. Labour protection and informal work: A cross-national analysis of European countries, 2004-2012.
- Author
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FLÓREZ, Luz Adriana and PERALES, Francisco
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,UNEMPLOYMENT & economics ,INFORMAL sector ,HEALTH insurance & economics - Abstract
Informal work, defined as work performed without a formal contract, lowers productivity, reduces tax revenue and hampers economic growth. Reducing informal work is a policy objective in developed and developing countries alike. Yet, particularly since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008, most socio-economic policy reforms across Europe have reduced the generosity of unemployment benefit schemes and deregulated employment protection. The authors argue that, while such reforms may have contributed to reducing unemployment, they might also have increased the incidence of informal work. Using European Social Survey data for 2004-12, they find that labour protection is effective in reducing informal wage employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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18. Harder Than You Think - Immigrant Labor Market Integration in Agricultural Sector.
- Author
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Barth, Henrik and Zalkat, Ghazal
- Subjects
LABOR market ,FOREIGN workers ,AGRICULTURAL marketing ,EMPLOYEE selection ,FORCED migration - Abstract
The recent forced migration to Europe has created more challenges for the labor market integration. However, the Swedish government encourages unemployed immigrants to seek employment in the farming, gardening, and forestry industries. Thus, this article focuses on the matching process in the Swedish agricultural sector by using an exploratory, qualitative, in-depth interview with representatives involved in the matching process. Immigrants experience challenges of Swedish language proficiency, lacking a driving license and adapting to new cultures in the workplace, while employers attribute challenges of effective hiring process and the absence of evidence of immigrants' work experience. Furthermore, the employment service offices struggle with scant knowledge of agricultural employment that needs to be combined with limited contact with employers and the bureaucratic delays caused by requirements of qualifications validation. The paper concludes with a Labour Market Matching Model, which focuses on critical aspects before, during, and after the matching process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
19. Second Earners and In-Work Poverty in Europe.
- Author
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JARA TAMAYO, H. XAVIER and POPOVA, DARIA
- Subjects
TAXATION ,SELF-employment ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,FAMILIES ,INCOME ,SPOUSES ,EMPLOYMENT ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,GOVERNMENT policy ,RESEARCH funding ,POVERTY ,EMPIRICAL research ,LOGISTIC regression analysis - Abstract
Dual or multiple earnership has been considered an important factor to prevent in-work poverty. The aim of this paper is to quantify the impact of second earnership on the risk of in-work poverty and the role of the tax-benefit system in moderating this risk. Our analysis refers to 2014 and employs EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the European Union and the United Kingdom. In order to assess the role of second earners in preventing in-work poverty we simulate a counterfactual scenario where second earners become unemployed. Our results show that the effect of net replacement rates (i.e. the ratio of household income before and after the transition of second earners to unemployment) on the probability of in-work poverty is negative and statistically significant, but in relative terms it appears to be small compared to the effects of individual labour market characteristics, such as low pay and part-time employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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20. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - POVERTY IN EUROPE.
- Author
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CONSTANTIN, Sanda
- Subjects
SOCIAL marginality ,POVERTY ,COVID-19 pandemic ,PUBLIC debts ,UNEMPLOYMENT - Abstract
The paper presents some aspects about poverty in Europe taking also into consideration the new pandemic context. Some indicators linked with the topic were chosen. The indicators refer to people at risk of poverty or social exclusion, severally materially deprived people, unemployment and employment, government debt. The information was analysed by means of statistical indicators. At the end of the paper, a few aspects regarding the impact of the COVID-19 crisis are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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21. The increasing relevance of European rural young people in policy agendas: Contributions from community psychology.
- Author
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Simões, Francisco, Fernandes‐Jesus, Maria, Marta, Elena, Albanesi, Cinzia, and Carr, Nicholas
- Subjects
OCCUPATIONAL roles ,RURAL conditions ,PSYCHOLOGISTS ,EUROPEANS ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,ADOLESCENT health ,SEX distribution ,GOVERNMENT policy ,QUALITY assurance ,EMPLOYMENT ,SOCIAL psychology ,EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
Our paper aims to provide a short guide on how community psychologists can contribute to the improvement of rural young people's prospects. After briefly introducing the demographic trends of these young people in continental Europe for the past decade, we list the current challenges faced by rural European young generations, as well as the opportunities emerging for them from the twin transition that can inspire the community psychology field. We then contextualize community psychologists' interventions in this domain according to an ecological‐systemic standpoint and by embracing a Participatory Action Research (PAR) perspective on research and practice. We further detail the reasons for adopting a PAR approach in research and practice to address rural young people's challenges and opportunities. Finally, we highlight four potential intermediation missions to uphold community psychologists' rural youth development input, based on the adopted theoretical and methodological standpoint. We conclude that our short guide can facilitate community psychology professionals' complete understanding of rural young generations' prospects, in line with the expected increase in the need for rural young people's participation. Our proposal may also have long‐term benefits for rural communities by contributing to the redesigning of intergenerational relationships and securing critical mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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22. The standard of living among the poor across Europe. Does employment make a difference?
- Author
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Wolf, Fridolin, Lohmann, Henning, and Böhnke, Petra
- Subjects
STANDARD of living ,POOR people ,EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY - Abstract
Employment does not always guarantee sufficient income and a decent standard of living anymore. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between income poverty and material deprivation for employed and unemployed individuals across Europe. To do so, we focus on relevant mechanisms at the individual and institutional levels. We examine how economic, structural and institutional factors shape the relationship between employment, poverty and deprivation. We explore our subject using EU-SILC data from 2015 and cross-national macro-level data from the OECD, Eurostat and UNECE. According to our findings, employment is associated with a higher standard of living even among the poor and when controlling for savings and income level, which may point to the non-monetary benefits of employment. At the macro level, we show that the impact of employment on the living standard of the poor varies according to economic conditions and institutional settings. Our results suggest that policies that promote integration into the labour market without taking into account the quality of jobs and working conditions devalue gainful employment in terms of maintaining a decent standard of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Forecasting Blockchain Skills Demand and Supply.
- Author
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Whelan, Adele, Ciprikis, Klavs, Redmond, Paul, and McGuinness, Seamus
- Subjects
BLOCKCHAINS ,SUPPLY & demand ,ORGANIZATION management ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Popularity of blockchain technology has increased over the last decade. This is due to growing interest in faster, more transparent, and decentralised transfer of information. Although organisations from a wide range of industries and different areas of operations are using blockchain technology it requires a unique set of skills to implement such technology in any institutional setting. The key objective of this study is the development of a forecasting model for the supply and demand of blockchain skills in order to examine the impact of this emerging technology on the labour force across Europe over the next five years. We have collected a sufficient volume of blockchain labour market data to perform the time series analysis and forecast the evolution of blockchain skill demand and supply. In order to forecast blockchain skills demand, we map over 6,500 blockchain related job adverts in 2021 to ISCO categories that are most likely to contain blockchain employment. We build on CEDEFOP's employment and occupational forecasts across Europe and incorporate EU-LFS occupational data to estimate changes in blockchain related occupations from 2021 to 2026. In order to forecast blockchain skills supply, we utilise information on the number of graduates from blockchain related and blockchain specific courses across Europe. The data for skills supply comes from national educational authorities and Eurostat. We apply linear trends to graduate data from 2015 to 2019 to forecast blockchain skills supply from 2020 to 2026. We find that on average approximately 85% of blockchain related jobs in Europe are represented by the following five ISCO categories: software developers, database and network professionals, ICT Service managers, business services administration managers, and legal professionals. The remaining 15% of blockchain related are in 'Other' ISCO categories. Our forecasting results indicate that approximately 25,000 new blockchain jobs in Europe will be created from 2021 to 2026 of which 12,000 are estimated to be entry level or graduate jobs. We also find that approximately 14,000 new blockchain graduates in Europe will be available from 2020 to 2026. The results suggest that the number of blockchain graduates when compared to the demand for blockchain work at the graduate level in total across Europe are roughly in line. However, the findings vary distinctively at a country level, and it is likely that more specific training courses, focusing on key skill development areas that are relevant for blockchain labour demand are still required over the coming years. This paper is the first to map blockchain related jobs to occupational categories in Europe, providing evidence on the occupations that blockchain workers are most likely to be employed in. Our findings from the blockchain skills forecasts also estimate the supply of blockchain workers over time to satisfy the demands by the sector. This paper provides detailed information, at a country level for Europe, to assist in the anticipation of future blockchain skill demand and supply, in order to act as an early warning information mechanism to mitigate possible labour market imbalances, and support education, training and labour market actors in making evidence-based decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
24. PIGS COUNTRIES' NEW CHALLENGES UNDER EUROPE 2020 STRATEGY.
- Author
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IONESCU, Victor-Romeo
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Union membership ,GROSS domestic product ,ECONOMIC indicators ,EMPLOYMENT ,SOCIAL isolation - Abstract
The paper deals with the idea that Europe 2020 Strategy is a too ambitious project for many Member States. The analysis is focused on PIGS countries. In order to demonstrate the impossibility to achieve the Strategy's goals, the analysis uses six representative economic indicators: GDP growth rate, employment, R&D investment, gas emissions, educational attainment and risk of poverty and social exclusion. The analysis uses regression, clusters, forecasting models and comparisons with Euro area average. The intermediate conclusion of the paper is that PIGS countries can be analysis under a cluster approach. The final conclusion is that PIGS countries are not able to achieve the Strategy's goals in 2020, even that their socio-economic trend is positive for almost all indicators. The analysis and the conclusions in the paper are supported by pertinent statistic tables and diagrams, coupled with dedicated IBM-SPSS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
25. Evaluation of Employment and Labour Market Trends in European Countries in 2007-2016.
- Author
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Chlebisz, Adam and Mierzejewski, Mateusz
- Subjects
LABOR market ,ECONOMIC trends ,EMPLOYMENT ,COUNTRIES ,PART-time employment - Abstract
The paper presents a partial evaluation of employment and factors related to the labour markets in European countries in 2007-2016. The interconnectedness of these determinants in the context of GDP dynamics per capita for each country was examined. The quoted partial subject literature and empirical research allowed to formulate the most important conclusions, among others: in the context of GDP dynamics per capita, at least four groups of countries can be distinguished in Europe, each of them has completely different characteristics having an influence (in the Granger causality sense) on change in GDP per capita of these countries for various time steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. European cities continue to grow greener.
- Author
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Connolly, Louise, Campion, Louise, and Rudden, Patrick
- Subjects
CITIES & towns ,URBAN planning ,EDUCATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,CIVIL engineers ,SUSTAINABILITY - Abstract
Two-thirds of Europeans currently live in cities, predicted to rise to 80% by 2050. People choose to live in increasingly dense urban areas to gain better education and employment. However, urban living brings a range of environmental challenges and civil engineers need to provide solutions. The European Commission initiated the European Green Capital Award in 2008 to reward cities for environmental performance, sustainability plans and acting as a role model for other cities. This paper describes notable civil engineering features of four of the more recent winning cities: Copenhagen in Denmark, Essen in Germany, Nijmegen in the Netherlands and Oslo in Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Working life, health and well-being of parents: a joint effort to uncover hidden treasures in European birth cohorts.
- Author
-
Ubalde-Lopez M, Garani-Papadatos T, Scelo G, Casas M, Lissåker C, Peters S, Nohr EA, Albin M, Lucas R, Papantoniou K, Polańska K, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Šarac J, Selander J, Skröder H, Vasileiou E, Kogevinas M, Bültmann U, Mehlum IS, and Maule M
- Subjects
- Databases, Factual, Europe, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Birth Cohort, Employment
- Abstract
Objective: Birth cohorts collect valuable and under-utilized information on employment and health of parents before and during pregnancy, at birth, and sometimes after birth. In this discussion paper, we examine how these data could be exploited to study the complex relationships and interactions between parenthood, work, and health among parents themselves., Methods: Using a web-based database of birth cohorts, we summarize information on maternal employment and health conditions and other potentially related variables in cohorts spread throughout Europe. This provided information on what data are available and could be used in future studies, and what was missing if specific questions are to be addressed, exploiting the opportunity to explore work-health associations across heterogenous geographical and social contexts., Results: We highlight the many potentialities provided by birth cohorts and identify gaps that need to be addressed to adopt a life-course approach and investigate topics specific to the peri-pregnancy period, such as psychosocial aspects. We address the technical difficulties implied by data harmonization and the ethical challenges related to the repurposing of data, and provide scientific, ecological and economic arguments in favor of improving the value of data already available as a result of a serious investment in human and material resources., Conclusions: There is a hidden treasure in birth cohorts that deserves to be brought out to study the relationships between employment and health among working parents in a time when the boundaries between work and life are being stretched more than ever before.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. EVIDENCE ON EMPLOYMENT RATE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH.
- Author
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VĂCEANU, Cornelia
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
This paper explores a causal relationship between employment rate and economic growth for European Union countries, in general, and produces a structural assessment of employment on the background of labour market dynamics. Economic growth is the key in economic theory and the main source of well-being and quality of life. Since the 2008 financial crisis, most European countries have experienced job shortage and unemployment problem, but today's European economic outlook is strengthening on the bases of a GDP growing momentum. Empirical data shows, regardless the GDP's moderate positive trend, the employment rate did not increase enough. Given this, the present analysis address the question: to what extent the employment rate is affected by economic growth? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
29. Education in Europe.
- Author
-
CONSTANTIN, Sanda
- Subjects
EDUCATION ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMIC indicators ,POSTSECONDARY education - Abstract
The paper presents some indicators used to analyse the educational system. The indicators are: "at least upper secondary educational attainment", "tertiary educational attainment", and "employment rates of recent graduates". All indicators were analysed using information from EUROSTAT. This analysis focused on the European Union (28 countries) as well as on Romania. This paper analysed the differences and also the similarities between the evolution of those indicators at the two presented levels. We have also presented the highest levels as well as the lowest ones in some European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
30. Employment Instability and Fertility in Europe: A Meta-Analysis.
- Author
-
Alderotti G, Vignoli D, Baccini M, and Matysiak A
- Subjects
- Child, Demography, Developed Countries, Economics, Europe, Humans, Male, Population Dynamics, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Employment, Fertility, Health Workforce
- Abstract
The relationship between employment instability and fertility is a major topic in demographic research, with a proliferation of published papers on this matter, especially since the Great Recession. Employment instability, which most often manifests in unemployment or time-limited employment, is usually deemed to have a negative effect on fertility, although different fertility reactions are hypothesized by sociological theories, and micro-level evidence is fragmented and contradictory. We used meta-analytic techniques to synthesize European research findings, offer general conclusions about the effects of employment instability on fertility (in terms of direction and size), and rank different sources of employment instability. Our results suggest that employment instability has a nonnegligible negative effect on fertility. Men's unemployment is more detrimental for fertility than men's time-limited employment; conversely, a woman having a fixed-term contract is least likely to have a child. Next, the negative effect of employment instability on fertility has become stronger over time, and is more severe in Southern European countries, where social protection for families and the unemployed is least generous. Finally, meta-regression estimates demonstrate that failing to account for income and partner characteristics leads to an overestimation of the negative effect of employment instability on fertility. We advance the role of these two factors as potential mechanisms by which employment instability affects fertility. Overall, this meta-analysis provides the empirical foundation for new studies on the topic., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. A chronology of employment protection legislation in some selected European countries.
- Author
-
Aleksynska, Mariya and Schmidt, Alexandra
- Subjects
LABOR laws ,EMPLOYMENT ,INDUSTRIAL laws & legislation ,UNEMPLOYMENT insurance ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,SUPPLEMENTAL unemployment benefits - Abstract
In this paper, we document the appearance of the very first laws, as well as their evolution, in the area of employment protection in France, the UK, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. By doing so, we reconstruct the series of legal data on employment protection legislation up to the points when information on these provisions becomes systematically available in other studies or data collections. These first laws are compared and contrasted with current regulations. Developments in the employment protection legislation are also put into a broader picture of worker protection issues, particularly articulating them with the developments on unemployment benefit schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
32. Daily grandchild care and grandparents' employment: a comparison of four European child-care policy regimes.
- Author
-
Floridi, Ginevra
- Subjects
HEALTH policy ,STATISTICS ,CHILD care ,INTERGENERATIONAL relations ,WORK ,FAMILIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,AGING ,CHILD welfare ,LABOR market ,RETIREMENT ,STATISTICAL models ,PROBABILITY theory - Abstract
Having grandchildren is known to reduce individuals' labour supply. However, it is unclear whether there is a negative association between grandchild care provision and employment among grandparents. Moreover, we do not know how the magnitude of any association between the two activities may vary across countries characterised by different child-care policy regimes. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, this paper investigates the association between daily grandchild care provision and two employment outcomes for grandmothers and grandfathers aged 50–69: the probability of being employed and the average weekly working hours. Recursive bivariate models are used to account for the potential selection of grandparents with different unobserved traits into work and family care. Estimates are compared across four country groups characterised by different child-care policy orientations: optional de-familisation, service de-familisation, supported familism and familism by default. On average, across 20 European countries, grandparents looking after grandchildren daily are no less likely to work than grandparents who do not; however, employed grandfathers work eight hours less per week if providing daily child care. Evidence of a negative association between daily grandchild care and employment is strongest in countries with familistic approaches to child care, with no association in countries characterised by optional de-familisation. This suggests that public support to child care may help retain grandparents in the labour force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Self-employment convergence in Europe: The role of migration.
- Author
-
Cuadros A, Cuestas JC, and Martín-Montaner J
- Subjects
- Developed Countries, Europe, Health Workforce, Humans, Population Dynamics, Public Policy, Socioeconomic Factors, Transients and Migrants, Employment, Human Migration
- Abstract
This paper attempts to identify patterns of convergence in the rates of self-employment (SE) for both foreign-born and natives in a sample of 17 European countries during the period 1999-2018. A distinction is made between self-employed with and without workers. Our analysis is relevant for policy-making: whether or not there is evidence of convergence in SE rates can be an indication of the homogeneity of self-employed workers among the countries analysed, which in turn may reflect the success of the EU-wide policies to boost SE., Competing Interests: No authors have competing interests.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Employment Resilience in Europe and the 2008 Economic Crisis: Insights from Micro-Level Data.
- Author
-
Doran, Justin and Fingleton, Bernard
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMIC conditions in Europe ,FINANCIAL crises ,RECESSIONS ,EMPLOYEES - Abstract
Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Gender perspective in the analysis of the relationship between health and work cessation, and how to deal with it.
- Author
-
Piłat A, Galaś A, Wilga M, Cabello M, Koskinen S, Haro JM, Leonardi M, and Tobiasz-Adamczyk B
- Subjects
- Adult, Chronic Disease epidemiology, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Employment statistics & numerical data, Health Status, Sex Factors
- Abstract
Objectives: The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between health and an early exit from paid employment in the Finnish, Polish, and Spanish populations. The authors have addressed the following 3 issues: who chooses not to work according to gender patterns, whether the health status is a determinant of being non-employed, and what diseases are associated with being non-employed., Material and Methods: The studied material consists of data from the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe (COURAGE in Europe) project. The analysis was based on a sample of 5868 individuals, including 1214 from Finland, 2152 from Poland and 2532 from Spain. In the paper, these data were complemented with the results of the PArticipation To Healthy Workplaces And inclusive Strategies in the Work Sector (PATHWAYS) project., Results: The results of the study revealed that self-rated health was a strong predictor of being non-employed for different reasons. Chronic diseases, such as arthritis, angina, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression and hypertension, were typically associated with an increased risk of being non-employed due to health problems and early retirement. Women more frequently reported arthritis and depression, while a higher proportion of men suffered from angina and diabetes., Conclusions: The results obtained by the authors highlight the importance of evaluating gender patterns in work cessation and, at the same time, the importance of gender-focused actions in terms of preventing withdrawal from the labor market. In principle, all chronic diseases have some impact on participation in the labor market. It is worth noting, however, that each of them affects workforce participation in a different manner, depending on the specific disease, country and gender. For this reason, tailored support to every individual's needs is highly recommended. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(3):365-84., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Employment patterns and family satisfaction in Europe.
- Author
-
Böhnke, Petra and Cifuentes, Isabel Valdés
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,SOCIAL policy ,SOCIAL security ,SOCIAL integration ,FAMILIES - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between labour market integration and family satisfaction in a cross-country comparison perspective and takes important intervening factors into consideration such as the social policy and flexibility strategy as well as the cultural context of 27 European countries.Design/methodology/approach The authors rely on data from the European Quality of Life Survey 2012 and conduct multi-level analyses using both the one-step random intercept Model with cross-level interactions as well as a two-step hierarchical model. The country-specific framework is addressed with indicators for the level of social security, for external flexibility labour market characteristics, and for the predominant family solidarity norm of a country.Findings The paper provides empirical support for the thesis of social disruption according to insecure labour market attachment. This link is weakened in countries where flexible labour market conditions are accompanied by strong efforts on state-provided social security. High family support norms can only partially compensate a lack of social protection covered by the state.Research limitations/implications The paper reveals the increasing social vulnerability of people who are not or not completely integrated into the labour market. These risks cannot be convincingly weakened by social security measures. To know more about these mechanisms, the link between labour market integration and the quality of family life should be studied in more detail in a cross-country comparative perspective to develop ideas and give advice on reducing the potential insecurity of flexible employment.Originality/value The paper complements previous research by providing empirical findings about the link between insecure labour market attachment and the integration into family networks in a cross-country comparison perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Technological change and employment: is Europe ready for the challenge?
- Author
-
Piva, Mariacristina and Vivarelli, Marco
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,HIGH technology industries ,INVESTMENTS ,SERVICE industries - Abstract
The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, the economic insights on the employment impact of technological change are discussed covering both classical theories and updated theoretical and empirical analyses. On the other hand, an empirical test is provided; in particular, longitudinal data—covering manufacturing and service sectors over the 1998-2011 period for 11 European countries—are used to run GMM-SYS and LSDVC estimates. Two are the main results: (1) a significant labor-friendly impact of R&D expenditures (mainly related to product innovation) is found; yet, this positive employment effect appears to be entirely due to medium and high-tech sectors, while no effect can be detected in low-tech industries; (2) capital formation is found to be negatively related to employment; this outcome suggests a possible labor-saving effect due to the embodied technological change incorporated in gross investment (mainly related to process innovation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. How to reduce turnover intention in team sports? Effect of organizational support on turnover intention of professional team sports athletes.
- Author
-
Ströbel, Tim, Maier, Christopher, and Woratschek, Herbert
- Subjects
LABOR turnover ,TEAM sports ,SPORTS team management ,PROFESSIONAL athletes ,PROFESSIONAL sports ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Purpose Turnover of employees is a key challenge for companies. The same is true for sports clubs that must set appropriate incentives to decrease their athletes’ turnover intention. As salary caps and team budgets restrict monetary incentives, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of organizational support on turnover intention of professional team sports athletes.Design/methodology/approach The paper applies a combined approach of qualitative and quantitative research and considers the specific requirements of European professional team sports. First, a qualitative study investigates organizational support in team sports and identifies relevant non-monetary incentives. Second, a quantitative study tests the effects of the identified organizational support incentives on turnover intention using a unique data set of professional team sports athletes. Third, a moderation analysis measures possible effects of age.Findings Through the qualitative study, three relevant non-monetary incentives could be identified in the context of professional team sports: integration of family (IOF), second career support, and private problem support. The subsequent quantitative study of football, ice hockey and handball athletes assesses the effectiveness of the identified incentives. All three incentives negatively influence athletes’ turnover intention, while IOF has a substantially stronger negative effect on turnover intention for younger athletes.Originality/value The findings indicate the importance of organizational support to decrease athletes’ turnover intention. Although money is relevant, sports clubs also need to address non-monetary incentives to decrease their athletes’ turnover intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Young adult occupational transition regimes in Europe: does gender matter?
- Author
-
Goglio, Valentina and Rizza, Roberto
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT ,YOUNG adults ,GENDER role in the work environment ,LABOR market ,CAREER development ,BUSINESS partnerships - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to achieve a greater understanding of the transitions young adults experience into and out of the labour market and the influence that gender and married/cohabiting status have on employment careers.Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on young adults (25-34 years old) in four European countries – Italy, the Netherlands, the UK and Norway – that are representative of different youth transition regimes. Using longitudinal data from EU-SILC survey (for the years 2006-2012) and event history analysis, the authors investigate the effect of the particular set of institutional features of each country, the effect of the cohort of entry and the effect of gender differences in determining transitions across labour market status.Findings Findings show that the filter exercised by the national institutions has a selective impact on the careers of young adults, with some institutional contexts more protective than others. In this respect, the condition of inactivity emerges as an interesting finding: on one side, it mainly involves women in a partnership, on the other side it is more common in protective youth regimes, suggesting that it may be a chosen rather than suffered condition.Originality/value The paper contributes to existing literature by: focusing on a specific category, young adults from 25 to 34 years old, which is increasingly recognised as a critical stage in the life course though it receives less attention than its younger counterpart (15-24); integrating the importance of family dynamics on work careers by analysing the different effects played by married/cohabiting status for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. A Remedy for All Sins? Introducing a Special Issue on Social Enterprises and Welfare Regimes in Europe.
- Author
-
Baglioni, Simone
- Subjects
SOCIAL enterprises ,PUBLIC welfare ,SOCIAL change ,SOCIAL development ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Copyright of Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Hartz IV: The Solution to the Unemployment Problems in the Eurozone?
- Author
-
Bofinger, Peter
- Subjects
ECONOMIC reform ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,GERMAN economic policy ,ECONOMIC models ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
The Hartz IV reforms are consistently regarded as a successful German model for the reduction of structural unemployment. Is it therefore appropriate to advise other member states of the European monetary union to carry out similar reforms? This paper strongly disagrees, arguing that the reduction in unemployment in Germany since 2005 is mainly due to cyclical factors and to the petering out of the negative employment effects caused by the economic transformation after German unification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Who knows what school leavers and graduates are doing? Comparing information systems within Europe.
- Author
-
Hordosy, Rita
- Subjects
GRADUATES ,COMPARATIVE education ,EDUCATION ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Many current national and institutional education policies address the issue of raising participation amongst young people and enhancing employability after leaving school or university. What sort of information are these policies built on? This paper compares national information systems from the last three decades across Europe that gather information on school leavers' and graduates' pathways after compulsory education. Using documentary data collected systematically the paper describes the main focus, the research design and the sampling frame of the school leavers' and graduates' information systems (SLGIS) arriving at several different typologies. This paper gives an overall picture of what sort of research is conducted within the area of school leaving and graduation and points out the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. Beyond these, the paper gives an indication of how the school leavers’ and graduates’ data are used within the different European contexts and points towards the next steps of this meta-research: case-studies on how the school leavers' and graduates' data are applied at the national and the institutional level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. A gendered lens on COVID-19 employment and social policies in Europe.
- Author
-
Cook, Rose and Grimshaw, Damian
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,EMPLOYMENT ,GENDER inequality ,GENDER ,SOCIAL policy - Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak and resultant economic crisis has led to governments in Europe taking extraordinary action to support citizens. Bodies such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) recommend such measures should include targeted support for the most affected population groups. Women form one of these groups, with disproportionate impacts on their employment and economic resources already documented. Although the disruption brought about by the COVID-19 crisis has the potential to reshape gender relations for everyone's benefit, there are concerns that the crisis will exacerbate underlying gender inequalities. Though these impacts are likely to be felt globally, public policy has the potential to mitigate them and to ensure a gender-sensitive recovery from the crisis. This paper introduces a gendered lens on the employment and social policies European countries have established since the crisis, with a brief comparative analysis of short-time working schemes in four countries – Germany, Italy, Norway, and the UK. Ongoing research seeks to extend the comparative, gendered analysis of the design, access and impacts of COVID-19 employment and social policies across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The effect of employment on the subjective well-being of 60–80 years old people.
- Author
-
Axelrad, Hila, Sherman, Arie, and Luski, Israel
- Subjects
OLDER people ,EMPLOYMENT ,WORKING hours ,RETIREMENT age ,JOB descriptions - Abstract
Purpose: The current study investigates the association of employment at older age (60–80 years) with the cognitive component of subjective well-being (SWB): life satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach: Out of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the present study's sample included 58,197 observations of participants aged 60–80 years from 18 countries. The authors estimate the direct effects of employment and number of working hours on life satisfaction while considering the characteristics of the job and their impact. Findings: Results reveal that individuals who do not work enjoy a higher level of life satisfaction and so do those who work in developing jobs. Work under pressure reduces the level of SWB and working in physically demanding jobs has no significant impact on SWB. The results confirm previous findings regarding the positive contribution of self-employment to individuals' SWB. Originality/value: The results allow policy makers to implement policy measures that can improve older workers' SWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Identification of Households Prone to Income Underreporting.
- Author
-
Kukk, Merike and Staehr, Karsten
- Subjects
FOOD consumption ,INCOME ,EMPLOYMENT ,SELF-employment ,ECONOMIC opportunities - Abstract
Pissarides and Weber propose using data on income and food consumption for estimating the extent of income underreporting by the self-employed, a group seen to be prone to income underreporting. This paper is the first to investigate the importance of the way in which these households are identified in such analyses. Using household budget data from Estonia, different ways are used to identify households prone to income underreporting and to estimate the extent of the underreporting. The share of unreported income is estimated to be substantially larger when underreporting households are identified using their share of reported business income than when they are identified using their employment status. Further analysis combines the different identification methods and reveals that the employment status provides no information on underreporting when the share of business income is taken into account. The share of reported business income is the most informative indicator of underreporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Employment polarization and over-education in Germany, Spain, Sweden and UK.
- Author
-
Sarkar, Sudipa
- Subjects
POLARIZATION (Economics) ,EDUCATION & economics ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,EMPLOYMENT ,QUALITY of work life - Abstract
The objective of this study is twofold. First, it investigates the association between technological change and over-education by analysing incidence of over-education and its change across skill-based and task-based job categories. Second, it compares countries with different employment change pattern-mainly upgrading and polarizing-to establish a link between employment polarization and over-education. Using data from European Labour Force Survey covering the period from 1999 to 2007, the paper analyses four countries of Europe-Germany, Spain, Sweden and UK. The results suggest higher incidence of over-education in polarized countries-Spain and UK as compared to countries with a somewhat upgrading pattern of employment change-Germany and Sweden. It also reveals that in Spain and UK, over-education is prominent and increasing over time in the low-skill jobs which are mostly non-routine manual in nature, while Germany and Sweden have more over-educated workers in middle skilled routine and high skilled analytical jobs. I find similar results in both descriptive and job fixed effects regressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. A social institutionalist perspective on HR diffusion: historical and cultural receptivity to HRM in a post-communist context.
- Author
-
Dalton, Kevin and Bingham, Cecilie
- Subjects
PERSONNEL management ,DIFFUSION of innovations ,CULTURAL history ,COMMUNISM ,INTERORGANIZATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This research considers cross-national diffusion of international human resource management (IHRM) ideas and practices by applying an emergent frame of sociological conceptualisation – ‘social institutionalism’ (SI). We look at cultural filters to patterns of diffusion, assimilation and adoption of IHRM, using Romania as a case study. The paper considers the former Communist system of employment relations, suggesting that through institutionalisation former ways of thinking have a residual influence on definitions and practice of people management in post-Communist Eastern Europe. The paper provides a new perspective on HRM by discussing the value of SI as a general model for understanding cross-cultural receptivity to HR ideas, sensitising the HR practitioner and academic to institutionalised culture as a historical legacy influencing absorption of international management ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Europe 2020 Strategy - the Successor to Lisbon Strategy and a New Reference Framework of the European Economic Policy - Part I.
- Author
-
IORDAN, Marioara, CHILIAN, Mihaela Nona, and CIURARIU, Gabriela
- Subjects
ECONOMIC policy ,SUSTAINABILITY ,EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
The aim of the European Commission was for Europe to have a leading role by year 2020, supporting competition and thriving thanks to a knowledge-based, connected, more sustainable and more inclusive economy, characterized by strong and sustainable growth and which ensures both a high level of employment as well as social progress. The general framework of Europe 2020 Strategy, as defined by the European Council, involves smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, which will ensure high levels of employment and productivity, as well as economic, social and territorial cohesion. Starting from this aim, the first part of the paper aims to present the reference framework of the European politics in terms of Europe 2020 Strategy, which was developed in March 2010, when the failure of the Lisbon Strategy was already visible. The priorities and objectives of Europe 2020 Strategy will be approached in terms of the way they are reflected in the policies of the EU Member States, in the second part of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
49. Opportunities and challenges related to ICT and ICT-AT use by people with disabilities: An explorative study into factors that impact on the digital divide.
- Author
-
Mavrou, Katerina, Meletiou-Mavrotheris, Maria, Kärki, Anne, Sallinen, Merja, and Hoogerwerf, Evert-Jan
- Subjects
BENCHMARKING (Management) ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,CONTENT analysis ,EDUCATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,INFORMATION technology ,INTERVIEWING ,PEOPLE with disabilities ,QUALITY of life ,RESEARCH ,SOCIAL participation ,DIGITAL divide ,ASSISTIVE technology ,THEMATIC analysis - Abstract
BACKGROUND: This paper presents part of the work undertaken by the European Network for Technology Enhanced Learning in an Inclusive Society (ENTELIS) to respond to the need for bridging the digital divide. It is based on previous evidence of lack of digital skills of people with disabilities of all ages to effectively participate in the digital society. OBJECTIVE: The paper aims to present the results of an exploratory study conducted in different European countries in order to identify needs, barriers, opportunities and good practices. METHODS: Data collection included the collection of experiences and best practices, and interviews conducted with different groups of people with disabilities of all ages and other stakeholders in five countries. RESULTS: Results emphasize the vital role of ICT-AT for independence, social integration, educational success, employment opportunities, and overall quality of life, while there seems to be heterogeneity in the way technology is considered and utilized among various groups of PwD. A number of challenges and barriers for ICT-AT competence development are also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Considerations and suggestions for further research, for policy and for practice implications are discussed, mainly focused on reducing the abandonment of ICT-AT, on responding to user's heterogeneous needs and on strengthening facilitating factors for the acquisition of digital competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Challenges for the labor market: 2 complementary approaches to premature cessation of occupational activity.
- Author
-
Piłat A, Wilga M, Leonardi M, Vlachou A, and Tobiasz-Adamczyk B
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Chronic Disease psychology, Chronic Disease rehabilitation, Cross-Sectional Studies, Europe, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement psychology, Socioeconomic Factors, Employment, Retirement statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: Current demographic trends, such as society aging, the spreading of chronic diseases, as well as early retirement choices, lead to the dwindling labor market population. Taking into consideration the foregoing tendencies and their consequences, the issue of the shrinking labor force resources seems to be the most important challenge for the labor market. In response to it, this paper identifies individual and institutional causes of withdrawal from the labor market, and explores the views of Polish stakeholders on existing strategies for the occupational re-integration of persons with chronic diseases (PwCDs)., Material and Methods: Polish results of 2 European projects: "Participation to Healthy Workplaces and Inclusive Strategies in the Work Sector" (the PATHWAYS project) and "The Collaborative Research on Aging in Europe" (COURAGE in Europe) complemented each other. The cross-sectional population data and data from stakeholders' interviews were used., Results: The authors identified several causes which could encourage people to withdraw from the labor market before attaining the official retirement age at 3 different levels: individual, occupational, and institutional. Although research has shown that the macro-level situation is crucial to staying occupationally active, in Poland stakeholders have reported the lack of effective coordination in the implementation of policies for the occupational re-integration of PwCDs., Conclusions: A decision to cease work prematurely reflects a combination of many different factors, such as individual determinates, work characteristics, personal convictions, and systemic solutions. The study demonstrated that, despite the awareness of the dwindling resources of labor force, the employment-related challenges faced by PwCDs as well as people who are close to the retirement age remain unaddressed. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(5):695-721., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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