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We have been using paper for more than a thousand years and we are so accustomed to using it. However, digital information is easy to share and manage. It is necessary to digitize the handwriting. This article proposes a method of encoding coordinates on a twodimensional page for digitizing hand-writing, combining Anoto encoding and nCode encoding. The coding scheme is calibrated based on coordinate relation, and the feasibility of the scheme is verified through experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the problem of communicating over a channel that randomly “tears” the message block into small pieces of different sizes and shuffles them. For the binary torn-paper channel with block length $n$ and pieces of length ${\mathrm{ Geometric}}(p_{n})$ , we characterize the capacity as $C = e^{-\alpha }$ , where $\alpha = \lim _{n\to \infty } p_{n} \log n$. Our results show that the case of ${\mathrm{ Geometric}}(p_{n})$ -length fragments and the case of deterministic length- $(1/p_{n})$ fragments are qualitatively different and, surprisingly, the capacity of the former is larger. Intuitively, this is due to the fact that, in the random fragments case, large fragments are sometimes observed, which boosts the capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces a small bit of data for Romanticists' consideration, a collection of seventeen commonplace books kept from 1814 to 1817. It explores how Mary and Sarah Leigh and their cousin Maria Leigh used their commonplace books as archives of shared intimacy. The strategies the Leigh sisters used to encode embodied data include linking immaterial ideas with the materiality of the notebook and paratext that teaches how to read the verse in the context of the sisters' lived experience.

The “carbon copy onto dirty paper” (CCDP) channel is the compound “writing on dirty paper” channel in which the channel output is obtained as the sum of the channel input, white Gaussian noise and a Gaussian state sequence randomly selected among a set possible realizations. The transmitter has non-causal knowledge of the set of possible state sequences but does not know which sequence is selected to produce the channel output. We study the capacity of the CCDP channel for two scenarios: 1) the state sequences are independent and identically distributed; and 2) the state sequences are scaled versions of the same sequence. In the first scenario, we show that a combination of superposition coding, time-sharing, and Gel’fand-Pinsker binning is sufficient to approach the capacity to within 3 bits per channel use for any number of possible state realizations. In the second scenario, we derive capacity to within 4 bits per channel use for the case of two possible state sequences. This result is extended to the CCDP channel with any number of possible state sequences under certain conditions on the scaling parameters, which we denote as “strong fading” regime. We conclude by providing some remarks on the capacity of the CCDP channel in which the state sequences have any jointly Gaussian distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates multi-layer coding over a dirty-paper channel. First, it is demonstrated that superposition coding in such channel still achieves the capacity of interference-free additive white Gaussian noise channel when the transmitter is non-causally aware of interference signal. Then, the problem is extended to the dirty-paper block fading channel, where it is shown that in the lack of channel information at the transmitter, the so-called broadcast approach maximises the average achievable rate of such channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) version of the dirty paper channel is studied, where the channel input and the dirt experience the same fading process, and the fading channel state is known at the receiver. This represents settings where signal and interference sources are co-located, such as in the broadcast channel. First, a variant of Costa’s dirty paper coding is presented, whose achievable rates are within a constant gap to capacity for all signal and dirt powers. In addition, a lattice coding and decoding scheme is proposed, whose decision regions are independent of the channel realizations. Under Rayleigh fading, the gap to capacity of the lattice coding scheme vanishes with the number of receive antennas, even at finite Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Thus, although the capacity of the fading dirty paper channel remains unknown, this paper shows it is not far from its dirt-free counterpart. The insights from the dirty paper channel directly lead to transmission strategies for the two-user MIMO broadcast channel, where the transmitter emits a superposition of desired and undesired (dirt) signals with respect to each receiver. The performance of the lattice coding scheme is analyzed under different fading dynamics for the two users, showing that high-dimensional lattices achieve rates close to capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A precoding technique based on polar codes and probabilistic shaping is introduced for dirty paper coding. Two variants of the precoding use multi-level shaping and sign-bit shaping in one dimension. The decoder uses multi-stage successive-cancellation list decoding with list-passing across the bit levels. The approach achieves approximately the same frame error rates as polar codes with multi-level shaping over standard additive white Gaussian noise channels at a block length of 256 symbols and with different amplitude shift keying (ASK) constellations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the secure transmission in a multiuser broadcast channel where only the statistical channel state information of the eavesdropper is available. We propose to apply secret dirty-paper coding (S-DPC) in this scenario to support the secure transmission of one user and the normal (unclassified) transmission of the other users. By adopting the S-DPC and encoding the secret message in the first place, all the information-bearing signals of the normal transmission are treated as noise by potential eavesdroppers and thus provide secrecy for the secure transmission. In this way, the proposed approach exploits the intrinsic secrecy of multiuser broadcasting and can serve as an energy-efficient alternative to the traditional artificial noise (AN) scheme. To evaluate the secrecy performance of this approach and compare it with the AN scheme, we propose two S-DPC-based secure transmission schemes for maximizing the secrecy rate under constraints on the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the normal transmission rates. The first scheme directly optimizes the covariance matrices of the transmit signals, and a novel approximation of the intractable SOP constraint is derived to facilitate the optimization. The second scheme combines zero-forcing dirty-paper coding and AN, and the optimization involves only power allocation. We establish efficient numerical algorithms to solve the optimization problems for both schemes. Theoretical and simulation results confirm that, in addition to supporting the normal transmission, the achievable secrecy rates of the proposed schemes can be close to that of the traditional AN scheme, which supports only the secure transmission of one user. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Affective computing (AC), a field that bridges the gap between human affect and computational technology, has witnessed remarkable technical advancement. However, theoretical underpinnings of affective computing are rarely discussed and reviewed. This paper provides a thorough conceptual analysis of the literature to understand theoretical questions essential to affective computing and current answers. Inspired by emotion theories, we proposed the function-component-representation (FCR) framework to organize different conceptions of affect along three dimensions that each address an important question: function of affect (why compute affect), component of affect (how to compute affect), and representation of affect (what affect to compute). We coded each paper by its underlying conception of affect and found preferences towards affect detection, behavioral component, and categorical representation. We also observed coupling of certain conceptions. For example, papers using the behavioral component tend to adopt the categorical representation, whereas papers using the physiological component tend to adopt the dimensional representation. The FCR framework is not only the first attempt to organize different theoretical perspectives in a systematic and quantitative way, but also a blueprint to help conceptualize an AC project and pinpoint new possibilities. Future work may explore how the identified frequencies of FCR framework combinations may be applied in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the second-order coding rates for memoryless channels with a state sequence known non-causally at the encoder. In the case of finite alphabets, an achievability result is obtained using constant-composition random coding, and by using a small fraction of the block to transmit the empirical distribution of the state sequence. For error probabilities less than 0.5, it is shown that the second-order rate improves on an existing one based on independent and identically distributed random coding. In the Gaussian case (dirty paper coding) with an almost-sure power constraint, an achievability result is obtained using random coding over the surface of a sphere, and using a small fraction of the block to transmit a quantized description of the state power. It is shown that the second-order asymptotics are identical to the single-user Gaussian channel of the same input power without a state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dirty paper coding is an interference pre-cancellation method for known interference at the transmitter and serves as a basic building block in the digital watermarking system. In this letter, we investigate the dirty paper model in the simplest digital communication system, where both the codeword and the interference are binary. For watermark embedment, we derive the relevant coding, the constant coding, and the symmetric relevant coding when the encoder focuses on the binary codeword and interference. The channel capacity is analyzed and the optimal parameter is discussed in the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Photoreversible color switching systems have been integrated by reducing agent of triethanolamine, catalyst of β-FeOOH nanorods. • With high switching rate, high reversibility (>10 cycle), the new system could be broad use in rewritable paper. • The rewritable paper is highly applicable as self-erasing rewritable media for printing. • The rewritable paper can be applied for a data encoding and reading strategy. Nowadays, photo reversible color switching systems (PCSS) are always limited by some requirements, such as good stability, low toxicity, fast light response, long cycling performance and low production cost, therefore, it is a huge challenge to develop such a system that integrates beneficial features. Herein, a new type of PCSS have been demonstrated, which integrated reducing agent of triethanolamine (TEOA), catalyst of β-FeOOH nanorods and the redox driven color conversion characteristics of redox dyes. The system has the advantages of high switching rate, high reversibility (>10 cycles), wavelength selective response, safety and less light damage, which can be widely used in rewritable paper. As-prepared rewritable paper has high contrast, high resolution, suitable printing time and good reversibility, which is in line with the environmental protection concept of green printing. Rewritable paper is a kind of self-erasable rewritable medium which is highly suitable for printing. Environmental protection film has the advantages of low cost, convenient preparation and recycling. It is expected to replace the traditional writing, printing paper, existing systems and make a big step forward to practical application. Even more surprising, it also can be applied for a data encoding and reading strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity, infinity, and nonuniform description of human motion make it challenging for computers to understand human activities. To explore and reuse captured human motion data, this work defines a more comprehensive hierarchical theoretical model of human motion and proposes a standard human posture encoding scheme. We construct a domain knowledge graph (DKG) named the human motion encoding knowledge graph (HME-KG) based on posture codes and action labels. Community detection, similarity analysis, and centrality analysis are used to explore the potential value of motion data. This paper conducts an evaluation and visualization of HME-KG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A memoryless bivariate Gaussian source is transmitted to a pair of receivers over an average-power limited bandwidth-matched Gaussian broadcast channel. Based on their observations, Receiver 1 reconstructs the first source component while Receiver 2 reconstructs the second source component both seeking to minimize the expected squared-error distortions. In addition to the source transmission digital information at a specified rate should be conveyed reliably to Receiver 1–the “stronger” receiver. Given the message rate we characterize the achievable distortions region. Specifically, there is an ${\sf SNR}$ -threshold below which Dirty Paper coding of the digital information against a linear combination of the source components is optimal. The threshold is a function of the digital information rate, the source correlation and the distortion at the “stronger” receiver. Above this threshold a Dirty Paper coding extension of the Tian-Diggavi-Shamai hybrid scheme is shown to be optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, a chipless radio frequency identification (chipless-RFID) system with erasable/programmable 40-bit tags inkjet printed on paper substrates, where tag reading proceeds sequentially through near-field coupling, is presented for the first time. The tags consist of a linear chain of identical split ring resonators (SRRs) printed at predefined and equidistant positions on a paper substrate, and each resonant element provides a bit of information. Tag programming is achieved by cutting certain resonant elements, providing the logic state “0” to the corresponding bit. Conversely, tags can be erased (all bits set to “1”) by short circuiting those previously cut resonant elements through inkjet. An important feature of the proposed system is the fact that tag reading is possible either with the SRR chain faced up or faced down (with regard to the reader). To this end, two pairs of header bits (resonators), with different sequences, have been added at the beginning and at the end of the tag identification chain. Moreover, tag data storage capacity (number of bits) is only limited by the space occupied by the linear chain. The implementation of tags on paper substrates demonstrates the potential of the proposed chipless-RFID system in secure paper applications, where the necessary proximity between the reader and the tag, inherent to near-field reading, is not an issue. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Superchannel transmission is a candidate to realize Tb/s-class high-speed optical communications. In order to achieve higher spectrum efficiency, the channel spacing shall be as narrow as possible. However, densely allocated channels can cause non-negligible inter-channel interference (ICI) especially when the channel spacing is close to or below the Nyquist bandwidth. In this paper, we consider joint decoding to cancel the ICI in dense superchannel transmission. To further improve the spectrum efficiency, we propose the use of Han–Kobayashi superposition coding. In addition, for the case when neighboring subchannel transmitters can share data, we introduce dirty-paper coding for pre-cancelation of the ICI. We analytically evaluate the potential gains of these methods when ICI is present for sub-Nyquist channel spacing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Featured Application: The model is primarily utilized for the task of entity relationship extraction during the construction process of an aquatic disease knowledge graph. Entity–relationship extraction plays a pivotal role in the construction of domain knowledge graphs. For the aquatic disease domain, however, this relationship extraction is a formidable task because of overlapping relationships, data specialization, limited feature fusion, and imbalanced data samples, which significantly weaken the extraction's performance. To tackle these challenges, this study leverages published books and aquatic disease websites as data sources to compile a text corpus, establish datasets, and then propose the Fd-CasBGRel model specifically tailored to the aquatic disease domain. The model uses the Casrel cascading binary tagging framework to address relationship overlap; utilizes task fine-tuning for better performance on aquatic disease data; trains on specialized aquatic disease corpora to improve adaptability; and integrates the BRC feature fusion module—which incorporates self-attention mechanisms, BiLSTM, relative position encoding, and conditional layer normalization—to leverage entity position and context for enhanced fusion. Further, it replaces the traditional cross-entropy loss function with the GHM loss function to mitigate category imbalance issues. The experimental results indicate that the F1 score of the Fd-CasBGRel on the aquatic disease dataset reached 84.71%, significantly outperforming several benchmark models. This model effectively addresses the challenges of ternary extraction's low performance caused by high data specialization, insufficient feature integration, and data imbalances. The model achieved the highest F1 score of 86.52% on the overlapping relationship category dataset, demonstrating its robust capability in extracting overlapping data. Furthermore, We also conducted comparative experiments on the publicly available dataset WebNLG, and the model in this paper obtained the best performance metrics compared to the rest of the comparative models, indicating that the model has good generalization ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates reflexives in Najdi Arabic (NA). We start by examining how the encoding of reflexivity in NA can be attained lexically, morphologically, and syntactically. We also investigate the argument structure of reflexive constructions in NA in accordance with Reinhart and Siloni’s (2005) bundling approach. Finally, possessive reflexives and their cross-linguistic distribution with definiteness marking are examined, providing empirical coverage to this area in NA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the urge to secure and protect digital assets, there is a need to emphasize the immediacy of taking measures to ensure robust security due to the enhancement of cyber security. Different advanced methods, like encryption schemes, are vulnerable to putting constraints on attacks. To encode the digital data and utilize the unique properties of DNA, like stability and durability, synthetic DNA sequences are offered as a promising alternative by DNA encoding schemes. This study enlightens the exploration of DNA's potential for encoding in evolving cyber security. Based on the systematic literature review, this paper provides a discussion on the challenges, pros, and directions for future work. We analyzed the current trends and new innovations in methodology, security attacks, the implementation of tools, and different metrics to measure. Various tools, such as Mathematica, MATLAB, NIST test suite, and Coludsim, were employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method and obtain results. By identifying the strengths and limitations of proposed methods, the study highlights research challenges and offers future scope for investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective clinical trials are necessary for understanding medical advances but early termination of trials can result in unnecessary waste of resources. Survival models can be used to predict survival probabilities in such trials. However, survival data from clinical trials are sparse, and DeepSurv cannot accurately capture their effective features, making the models weak in generalization and decreasing their prediction accuracy. In this paper, we propose a survival prediction model for clinical trial completion based on the combination of denoising autoencoder (DAE) and DeepSurv models. The DAE is used to obtain a robust representation of features by breaking the loop of raw features after autoencoder training, and then the robust features are provided to DeepSurv as input for training. The clinical trial dataset for training the model was obtained from the ClinicalTrials.gov dataset. A study of clinical trial completion in pregnant women was conducted in response to the fact that many current clinical trials exclude pregnant women. The experimental results showed that the denoising autoencoder and deep survival regression (DAE‐DSR) model was able to extract meaningful and robust features for survival analysis; the C‐index of the training and test datasets were 0.74 and 0.75 respectively. Compared with the Cox proportional hazards model and DeepSurv model, the survival analysis curves obtained by using DAE‐DSR model had more prominent features, and the model was more robust and performed better in actual prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double‐phase holograms enable the holographic reconstructions with improved image quality but still suffer from the spatial shifting noises generated from the complex‐amplitude wavefront encoding. The band‐limited double‐phase method could suppress the spatial shifting noise by the band limitation. A multi‐plane complex‐amplitude holographic display is implemented based on band‐limited double‐phase hologram. High‐sharpness reconstructions free of spatial‐shifting noise are realized with the numerical band limitation and optical filtering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider encoding strategies for the Z-channel with noiseless feedback. We analyze the combinatorial setting where the maximum number of errors inflicted by an adversary is proportional to the number of transmissions, which goes to infinity. Without feedback, it is known that the rate of optimal asymmetric-error-correcting codes for the error fraction $\tau \ge 1/4$ vanishes as the blocklength grows. In this paper, we give an efficient feedback encoding scheme with $n$ transmissions that achieves a positive rate for any fraction of errors $\tau < 1$ and $n\to \infty $. Additionally, we state an upper bound on the rate of asymptotically long feedback asymmetric error-correcting codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to inter-modal effects hidden in multi-modalities and the impact of weak modalities on multi-modal entity alignment, a Multi-modal Entity Alignment Method with Inter-modal Enhancement (MEAIE) is proposed. This method introduces a unique modality called numerical modality in the modal aspect and applies a numerical feature encoder to encode it. In the feature embedding stage, this paper utilizes visual features to enhance entity relation representation and influence entity attribute weight distribution. Then, this paper introduces attention layers and contrastive learning to strengthen inter-modal effects and mitigate the impact of weak modalities. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, experiments are conducted on three public datasets: FB15K, DB15K, and YG15K. By combining the datasets in pairs, compared with the current state-of-the-art multi-modal entity alignment models, the proposed model achieves a 2% and 3% improvement in Top-1 Hit Rate(Hit@1) and Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR), demonstrating its feasibility and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to investigate the role of dictionary form (paper versus electronic) in language reception, production and retention. The body of existing research does not give a clear answer as to which dictionary medium benefits users more. Divergent findings from many studies into the topic might stem from differences in research methodology (including the various tasks, participants and dictionaries used by different authors). Even a series of studies conducted by one researcher (Dziemianko, 2010, 2011, 2012b) leads to contradictory conclusions, possibly because of the use of paper and electronic versions of existing dictionaries, and the resulting problem with isolating dictionary form as a factor. To be able to argue with confidence that the results obtained follow from different dictionary formats, rather than presentation issues, research methodology should be improved. To successfully generalize about the significance of the medium for decoding, encoding and learning, the current study replicates previous research, but the presentation of lexicographic data on paper and on screen is now balanced, and the paper/electronic opposition is operationalized more appropriately. A real online dictionary and its paper-based counterpart composed of printouts of screen displays were used in the experiment in which the meaning of English nouns and phrases was explained, and collocations were completed with missing prepositions. A delayed post-test checked the retention of the meanings and collocations. The results indicate that dictionary medium does not play a statistically significant role in reception and production, but it considerably affects retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an efficient design of Hamming (11, 7) encoder utilising Full Swing-Gate Diffusion Input (FS-GDI) approach in 65 nm technology nano-size node. The proposed design of Hamming codes aims to improve the power and area efficiency through reducing of transistors count by employing power-efficient logic style. Encoding circuits of Hamming code (11, 7) and (7, 4) are designed using the various traditional and proposed approaches. The amount of consumed power, delay time, Power Delay Product (PDP) and hardware simplicity are employed as a metrics for evaluating the efficiency of the proposed designs of encoding circuits. The simulation experiments are executed utilising Cadence Virtuoso simulator package. These experiments revealed that the proposed designs of Hamming encoding circuits achieve delay time reduction by 50.91% and 20% for Hamming codes (7, 4) and (11, 7), respectively. Also, hardware (H/W) simplicity and area efficiency of the circuits are improved by 50% compared to CMOS-based circuits. From the results analysis, the proposed FS-GDI based Hamming encoding circuits achieve efficient power and delay optimising. Hence, the power consumption, delay and area in communications systems and DSP circuits due to encoding process are reduced. The whole performance of DSP circuits can be more power/area efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the problem of incompatibility between traditional information acquisition mode and spaceborne earth observation tasks, starting from the general mathematical model of compressed sensing, a theoretical model of block compressed sensing was established, and a full-process adaptive coding and decoding compressed sensing framework for remote sensing images was proposed, which includes five parts: mode selection, feature factor extraction, adaptive shape segmentation, adaptive sampling rate allocation and image reconstruction. Unlike previous semi-adaptive or local adaptive methods, the advantages of the adaptive encoding and decoding method proposed in this paper are mainly reflected in four aspects: (1) Ability to select encoding modes based on image content, and maximizing the use of the richness of the image to select appropriate sampling methods; (2) Capable of utilizing image texture details for adaptive segmentation, effectively separating complex and smooth regions; (3) Being able to detect the sparsity of encoding blocks and adaptively allocate sampling rates to fully explore the compressibility of images; (4) The reconstruction matrix can be adaptively selected based on the size of the encoding block to alleviate block artifacts caused by non-stationary characteristics of the image. Experimental results show that the method proposed in this article has good stability for remote sensing images with complex edge textures, with the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity remaining above 35 dB and 0.8. Moreover, especially for ocean images with relatively simple image content, when the sampling rate is 0.26, the peak signal-to-noise ratio reaches 50.8 dB, and the structural similarity is 0.99. In addition, the recovered images have the smallest BRISQUE value, with better clarity and less distortion. In the subjective aspect, the reconstructed image has clear edge details and good reconstruction effect, while the block effect is effectively suppressed. The framework designed in this paper is superior to similar algorithms in both subjective visual and objective evaluation indexes, which is of great significance for alleviating the incompatibility between traditional information acquisition methods and satellite-borne earth observation missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel image fusion network framework with an autonomous encoder and decoder is suggested to increase the visual impression of fused images by improving the quality of infrared and visible light picture fusion. The network comprises an encoder module, fusion layer, decoder module, and edge improvementmodule. The encoder module utilizes an enhanced Inception module for shallow feature extraction, then combines Res2Net and Transformer to achieve deep-level co-extraction of local and global features from the original picture. An edge enhancement module (EEM) is created to extract significant edge features. A modal maximum difference fusion strategy is introduced to enhance the adaptive representation of information in various regions of the source image, thereby enhancing the contrast of the fused image. The encoder and the EEM module extract features, which are then combined in the fusion layer to create a fused picture using the decoder. Three datasets were chosen to test the algorithmproposed in this paper. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the network effectively preserves background and detail information in both infrared and visible images, yielding superior outcomes in subjective and objective evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to highlight the complexity and the central importance to academic achievement of taking and reviewing notes at third level. It is based on a review of international literature on the notetaking process between 1970 and 2023. The paper describes notetaking and reviewing as the method of encoding and externally storing new material, for the purpose of advancement in learning and attainment in assessment. It outlines research on the benefits of typed versus handwritten methods of notetaking. The overriding outcome demonstrates that taking notes, either by longhand or typing, produces superior results than not taking and reviewing notes. The remainder of the review focuses on the status of notetaking instruction in third level colleges and universities. It is observed that despite the centrality of notetaking to educational success, and the positive impact of instruction on taking notes, skills training and modelling are generally not taught or embedded in the curricula in tertiary education. Furthermore, the paper describes teaching strategies alongside linear and non-linear notetaking methods that have been shown to encourage students to take and revise notes which has, in turn, led to the enhancement of learning. The conclusion reviews the main points of the article and its limitations. A further review of literature on the examination of cognitive and metacognitive functions on notetaking would contribute to the understanding of how notetaking and revision operate to increase students' capacity for recall, comprehension, and knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]