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It certainly has the longest history of exploitation of all other minerals in the region and perhaps is even the oldest mineral/gemstone exploited by man since the Neolithic Period (Wyatt, Bariand, and Filippi [26]). Identified in the gemstones were inclusions of calcite and pyrite, two minerals known to occur in lazurite but not common in afghanite. Afghanite, (Na,K) SB 22 sb Ca SB 10 sb (Si SB 24 sb Al SB 24 sb O SB 96 sb )(SO SB 4 sb ) SB 6 sb Cl SB 6 sb (fig. 1), is a member of the cancrinite group of feldspathoid minerals with a crystal structure defined as an eight-layer member of this group (Ballirano et al. [5], [2]; Ballirano, Maras, and Buseck [4]). Geology, Gems, and Minerals of Afghanistan The regional geology of Afghanistan has been succinctly summarized by the British Geological Survey (BGS) (https://www..bgs.ac.uk/AfghanMinerals/geology.htm; accessed May 2021). [Extracted from the article]

Superlattice films composed of frustrated spin systems, [ZnFe2O4]m/[ZnCr2O4]m, are grown on MgAl2O4 (111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition, and their frustrated magnetism is studied. The superlattice films show spin-glass behavior and the spin-glass transition temperature (Tg) varies nonmonotonically as a function of the layer thickness m. Tg increases with decreasing m due to an increase in the inhomogeneous exchange interaction between Cr3+ and Fe3+ at the interface. However, below m = 4, a decrease in Tg is observed. Compared with the solid solution Zn(CrFe)O4 film and the other superlattices, the decrease in Tg is considered to be a unique property of the periodically modulated short period superlattices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An examination of specimens suggests the sand-calcite crystals formed in a deposit of fine-grained loose quartz sand into which a mixture of rounded pebbles, from crystalline rocks unrelated to the original sand deposit, was added. Changed conditions cause crystallization to stop or it would cement the loose sand and sand crystals into a mass of sandstone; evidence of this is noted at several sand-calcite localities. Reproduced with permission Single sand-calcite crystals are found near the bottom of the sand layer, and with increasing height the number of crystals increases from doublets and triplets until they became crowded clusters (Barbour [1]). When minerals such as calcite (CaCO SB 3 sb ), gypsum (CaSO SB 4 sb -2H SB 2 sb O), and baryte (BaSO SB 4 sb ) form in sand beds, grains of sand are generally incorporated into the crystals. [Extracted from the article]

Although the quote is specific to the orebody of the now-abandoned marble quarry, it also suggests the potential for contact metamorphism and metasomatism that impacted and altered the actinolite and the specular hematite into nephrite and magnetite. Mineralogy/Petrology of the Nephrite Nephrite jade is essentially a monomineralic rock composed of amphiboles from the actinolite-tremolite series with occasional other impurities (Ling et al. [8]). B For well over half a century b , Southern California collectors have known about and tried to collect black nephrite jade with sparkling rosettes of magnetite from a unique deposit adjacent to the Verde Antique Marble quarry (Sec. 28, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., San Bernardino base and meridian). Magnetite in nephrite has been identified in many other nephrite jade deposits worldwide. [Extracted from the article]

An interview with Don Ambrose, professor of graduate education at Rider University in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and editor of the Roeper Review, is presented. Topics include numerous interdisciplinary scholarly projects involving eminent researchers and theorists from various fields including gifted education, general education, and creativity studies; and experience as an intelligent urban planner with a diverse academic background including expertise in business and the natural sciences.

Introduction of modern technologies and methods and quality analysis for the gemstone industry are the main strategic initiatives of the Small and Medium Development Authority (SMEDA) of Pakistan. In this regard, four natural gemstones Quartz, Pyrope-Almandine Garnet, Black tourmaline, and Amethyst brought from Hunza valley Pakistan were analyzed by state-of-the-art spectroscopic techniques including EDX, UV-VIS, and FTIR spectroscopy. EDX revealed the traces of Fe, Mg, and Ca in Pyrope-Almandine garnet, Mg and Fe in Black tourmaline, Au and Ca in Amethyst. UV-VIS data revealed the values of Urbach energies 520, 210, 460, and 430 meV, and the values of direct bandgap energies 5.14, 6.12, 5.54, 5.74 eV, respectively. The higher structural disorder due to the presence of Fe and other impurities in stones except Quartz was attributed to the higher values of Urbach energies and decrease in band gaps: FTIR data Fe-O and Si-O stretching vibration in Pyrope-Almandine garnet, Si-O bending vibrations and O-H stretching vibration in Quartz, Si-O-Si bending and stretching vibrations and C=O stretching vibrations in Black tourmaline, Ca-O stretching vibrations and Si-OH weak-vibrations in Amethyst. Photoluminescence results also showed useful information in investigating the properties of gemstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Featured Application: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is applied to a variety of gemstones for classification and characterization purposes. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), accompanied by chemometric data analysis, is used to identify and classify gemstones of various hardness. The study involves several gemstones: amethyst, aquamarine beryl, bloodstone citrine, diopside, and enstatite. Their hardness is determined through a correlation utilizing the spectral intensity ratio of the ionic to atomic spectral lines of an identified element in the LIB spectrum. The result of the relative hardness obtained from the LIBS analysis is in good agreement with the hardness measured from Mohs's scale of hardness, a popular qualitative method to determine hardness. In this work, a linear relationship has been established between the Mohs's hardness and the plasma excitation temperature. Thus, the hardness of the gemstones can be determined with the help of plasma excitation temperature. Moreover, the analysis of trace elements in LIB spectral data reveals that a particular element is responsible for the colors of gemstones. Therefore, the relative concentration of constituents is calculated for all gemstones and compared. Principal component analysis (PCA) is successfully applied to all gemstone spectra for rapid classification and discrimination based on their variable elemental concentrations and respective hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project explores in/visibility, publicity, and politics in the infrastructural imaginary of Spruce Pine, a mining town in the US state of North Carolina. Through participant observation and other direct experiences, and as an interdisciplinary exercise in studying from below, I examine how the town's supplying of high-quality quartz (HQQ) to high-tech industries is entangled with their promoted identity as a gem-mining location. From the perspective of ideological- and material-discursive practices, I examine processes of open secreting, disarticulation from a 'high tech' identity and its connotations, and a nostalgic emphasis on the town's gem-mining identity. The political ramifications of these entanglements are presented in the example of the town's pro-Trump Fourth of July parade. I conclude by reflecting on how the complex entanglements of seemingly contradictory ideological practices work in part due to their alignment with regional culture and history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruby (red corundum) is one of the most prominent colored gemstones in the world. The highest-quality ruby ("pigeon blood" ruby) comes from marbles of the Mogok Stone Tract in central Myanmar. Although Mogok ruby has been exploited since the 6th century AD, the formation time of this gemstone is ambiguous and controversial. In this paper, we describe a mineralogical, geochemical, and geochronological study of ruby and titanite in ruby-bearing marbles obtained from an outcrop in the Mogok Stone Tract, central Myanmar. Petrographic observations have shown that titanite generally occurs in the marble matrix or occurs as inclusions in ruby. These two types of titanite exhibit identical chemical compositions. In situ secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) U–Pb dating of the separated titanite from two representative samples of ruby-bearing marbles yielded lower intercept ages of 25.15 ± 0.24 Ma (MSWD = 0.26) and 25.06 ± 0.22 Ma (MSWD = 0.15), respectively. Because the closure temperature of the U–Pb system in titanite is close to the temperature of ruby growth, the obtained U–Pb ages (~25 Ma) are suggested to represent the timing of the studied ruby formation in Mogok. The acquired ages are in agreement with the timing of post-collisional extension in the Himalaya related to the migration of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Combining our dating results with previous geochronological data from the Mogok Stone Tract, we suggest that the formation of the studied ruby is most likely related to the high-temperature metamorphic event in the marbles during the India–Asia collision. Our study not only confirms that texturally constrained titanite could be a precise geochronometer to date the mineralization of different types of ruby, but also provides important geochronological information linking gemstone formation to the India–Asia collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the exploitation of luxury products such as pearls and mother of pearl, a seldom-examined facet of maritime archaeology. This issue will be approached from an archaeology of production perspective, taking into account the whole chaîne opératoire, including harvesting the resource, marketing it, and mounting it in different supports. We shall also examine the meaning of these resources and some extravagant practices for which they were used during antiquity. We shall pay special attention to the artisans, as well as the production methods used to process these resources and assemble them. The study will focus on the Roman period, and Hispania will be used as case study. The Iberian Peninsula is surrounded by plentiful seas, but this specific issue had been paid no specific attention to date. An unpublished catalogue of jewels decorated with pearls and other ornaments is presented, which confirms the importance of these resources in ancient Roman markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first 850 μm polarization observations in the most active star-forming site of the Rosette Molecular Cloud (d ∼ 1.6 kpc) in the wall of the Rosette Nebula, imaged with the SCUBA-2/POL-2 instruments of the James Clerk Maxwell telescope, as part of the B-Fields In Star-forming Region Observations 2 (BISTRO-2) survey. From the POL-2 data we find that the polarization fraction decreases with the 850 μm continuum intensity with α = 0.49 ± 0.08 in the p ∝ I−α relation, which suggests that some fraction of the dust grains remain aligned at high densities. The north of our 850 μm image reveals a "gemstone ring" morphology, which is a ∼1 pc diameter ring-like structure with extended emission in the "head" to the southwest. We hypothesize that it might have been blown by feedback in its interior, while the B-field is parallel to its circumference in most places. In the south of our SCUBA-2 field the clumps are apparently connected with filaments that follow infrared dark clouds. Here, the POL-2 magnetic field orientations appear bimodal with respect to the large-scale Planck field. The mass of our effective mapped area is ∼174 M⊙, which we calculate from 850 μm flux densities. We compare our results with masses from large-scale emission-subtracted Herschel 250 μm data and find agreement within 30%. We estimate the plane-of-sky B-field strength in one typical subregion using the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi technique and find 80 ± 30 μG toward a clump and its outskirts. The estimated mass-to-flux ratio of λ = 2.3 ± 1.0 suggests that the B-field is not sufficiently strong to prevent gravitational collapse in this subregion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Oriental Studies (Al-Farabi Kazakh National University) / Kazahskij Nacional'nyj Universitet Imeni Al'-Farabi Vestnik Seriâ Vostokovedeniâ is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The corundum is found in the rocks of the Berit metaophiolite in Eastern Anatolia, near Doğanşehir a province of Malatya. Metaophiolitic rocks consist mainly of garnet metagabbro, granulite, amphibolite, mylonitic amphibolite, garnet amphibolite, amphibole schist, pyroxenite, mylonitic pyroxenite, orthopyroxenite, harzburgite, serpentinized dunite and diorite units. Corundum occurrences are mostly found in pyroxenites, amphibolites, peridotites and granulites. Their colors change in range between reddish pink, pink and light pink. They are usually in structure of translucent, vitreous and sometimes cracked. They are seen scattered or clustered together inside the rocks in which they are found. The size of their crystals ranges from 0.5 cm to 10 cm and their euhedral crystals are observed in pseudohexagonal form. As a result of the petrographic examinations, it was observed that pyroxene, amphibole, garnet and plagioclase minerals accompanied with the corundum. The samples of the rocks containing the corundum has qualifications which will be as an object of gemstone and ornament by means of cutting and shining. Large specimens of corundum can be processed alone. Samples, being as scattered and small granules inside the rock can be processed together with the host rock. In the processed samples, it was obtained patterns like the samples of corundum with zoisite which were in great demand in the world gemstone market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book of hours examined for this study is an illuminated Renaissance masterpiece: a small prayer book bound in enamelled gold and gemstones that was bought in 1538 by King Francis I of France as a probable gift for his niece. In 2018, it was acquired by the Louvre Museum (Paris, France) from S. J. Phillips Ltd in London, and its nearly complete history is documented here. A first gemmological analysis of the stones adorning the book was conducted on site at the Louvre in 2020. The gems consist of carnelian (two intaglios and eight cameos), rubies (27 polished pieces), turquoise (24 cabochons) and rhodolite (one faceted stone in the book's clasp that has been described as tourmaline since 1942). We suggest that most of the rubies were mined from the Mogok area of Burma (now Myanmar). Based on historical considerations, the turquoise could have originated from Persia or possibly Uzbekistan, and the carnelian from either India or Saxony. The faceted rhodolite could have originated from India or Sri Lanka, and was most likely added to the clasp in more recent times, possibly between 1842 and 1884. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Determination of Common and Rare Gemstones with a Dichotomy Approach" by Yves Lulsac provides a handbook for gemmologists to identify a wide range of common and rare gem materials. Originally written in French, the book has been translated into English by gemmologist Blanca Mocquet. The book follows a process of elimination to identify gem materials based on accurate measurement of optical properties and other characteristics. While the book does not replace standard works on gemmology, it offers a unique approach to gem testing and is a useful aid for practicing gemmologists. [Extracted from the article]

The hydrogen spectrum is one of the most commonly demonstrated and most commonly studied. After the visible spectral lines (Balmer series) are explained by the Rydberg's formula, it becomes immediately apparent that there will also be similar infrared and ultraviolet series. As you may have taught your students, these are called the Paschen and the Lyman series, respectively. But do they really exist? In this article I explain how these wavelengths were first detected and go further to provide advice on modern means to more simply detect and measure invisible spectral lines. The history of these spectral lines is also presented, which gives a good flavor for the different roles of theoretical physics and applied physics in investigating a given phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interfaces between diamond and metal (Al or Ag) in the diamond/50 vol%Al and diamond/50 vol%Ag composites were characterized by Raman scattering spectroscopy. In the diamond/50 vol%Al composite, graphitization of diamond has been partly detected in the diamond region close to the interface between diamond and Al. On the other hand, a fairly thick graphitized layer of about 8 μm has been formed in the diamond/50 vol%Ag composite. It is concluded that the thick graphitized layer is attributed to the higher sintering temperature in the diamond/50 vol%Ag composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Gemstone polishing is a highly repetitive and strenuous job which may lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among workers. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MSDs and their contributing factors among gemstone polishers in Jaipur, India. Materials and methods. A self-reported questionnaire study was conducted among 388 male gemstone polishers. Current working postures of the participants were evaluated using rapid upper limb assessment. Results were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. Results. MSDs were highly prevalent among gemstone polishers, primarily in the lower back, neck, wrists/forearms and shoulders. Work-related factors including prolonged daily working hours, little recovery time, sustaining a non-neutral working posture, repetitive movements of upper limbs and individual factors including age and job tenure were significantly associated with MSDs in different body regions. Higher education led to a reduction in the occurrence of MSDs. Evaluation of working posture recommended further investigations and immediate changes in working habits of gemstone polishers to avoid serious harm and physical damage. Conclusion. Gemstone polishers in Jaipur are at high risk of developing MSDs in different body regions. Sustaining a non-neutral working posture for a long duration is a major risk factor in the current work setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliquary crown, hosted in the diocesan museum of Namur, was produced during the beginning of the 13th century to shelter a fragment of the holy crown of thorns. This beautiful piece of goldsmithery is made of eight gold plates, topped by round lobes, and connected to each other by hinges blocked with a pin decorated by a pearl. The crown is decorated by filigrees, flowers, and approximately 400 pearls and coloured (green, reddish pink, turquoise, red, blue) stones showing simple cutting with various sizes and shapes. Raman and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) techniques have been used to determine the nature and sources of all samples, as well as the composition of filigrees. Analyses have identified emeralds from Pakistan, reddish pink spinels from Tajikistan, red almandine garnets from India, turquoise from Iran, blue sapphires from Sri Lanka or Myanmar, and European pearls. The filigrees contain approximately 86 wt% Au, 7 wt% Ag, and 7 wt% Cu, thus confirming a gold-rich composition. The gemstones, contemporary with the crown, probably arrived in Europe by the silk trade road. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Franklinite was named by Pierre Berthier (1782-1861), a chemist and mineralogist at École des Mines, Paris, France, in 1819. In about 1848, the mineral rights to the Mine Hill properties were split from the surface ownership into two deeds, one for franklinite ore and the second for zinc[ite] ore. In January 2017, New Jersey State Senators Steven V. Oroho and Joseph M. Kyrillos Jr. introduced a bill, NJ S2890, to designate "franklinite" as the official mineral of the state of New Jersey. The published summary of the bill stated that "In a poll conducted by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection with several thousand national participants, 96 percent voted in support of Franklinite as the New Jersey State mineral. [Extracted from the article]

B I first learned of plans b for the University of Arizona (U of A) Alfie Norville Gem and Mineral Museum while attending a meeting of the Arizona Minions (a local group of mineral enthusiasts) in May 2017. Selecting the Paint When testing paint samples for a fluorescent mineral display, it is vital to check them both under white light and then under all three wavelengths of UV light. [Extracted from the article]

What kind of material can be found in Isiac sanctuaries, that is, those devoted to Isis, and her companion Sarapis, as well as the synnaoi theoi, Anubis and Harpocrates? To answer this question, we can study the sacral inventories, but they are few. Sundry information is also to be found in literary and epigraphical texts (especially dedications) and iconography, but all these sources have to be linked with the material discovered in sanctuaries. Three main groups of material can be identified: first of all, the statue and everything connected to it (such as garments and jewels); then, the material used to worship the god or goddess during everyday worship or on different feasts; finally, objects used to create a special atmosphere peculiar to a mystery cult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Hamadan region, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SaSiZ), W Iran, a pegmatite-aplite vein occurs that contains up to 15 vol% sapphire. The Hamadan sapphire is black to blue, and translucent to opaque, which reveals its semi-gem and gem quality. On the basis of petrographic studies, the Hamadan sapphire-bearing pegmatite-aplite vein represents alkali syenitic to syenitic composition and its adjacent granitoids have a range of composition from syenitic to quartz monzonite and granodiorite. New petrographic, whole-rock geochemical data and δ18O values [9.30–12.45‰VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water)] suggest crustal origin for the peraluminous, S-type and alkaline sapphire-bearing pegmatite-aplite vein. The presence of syngenetic quartz inclusions in the sapphire, and some similar physical-gemological signatures (e.g., parting patterns and angles) of the Hamadan sapphire and kyanite support the generation of the sapphire at the expense of kyanite. In addition, a secondary metasomatic stage may have played a minor role in formation of the sapphire grains. The results indicate an important role for the mafic magmas in triggering crustal anatexis and gem crystallization in continental subduction zone settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agate was highly regarded in antiquity and through the early modern period; when sliced, images seemingly inscribed by nature could be identified on its surfaces, and its layered colours were exploited for cameo carving. However, agate is also widely recorded in the rough in contemporaneous natural history collections where the 'eye' that could be cut from the core was valued in Aristotelian medicine. Taking as its starting point the hitherto neglected 1622 correspondence about a piece of agate between Peter Paul Rubens and the French humanist Nicholas‐Claude Fabri de Peiresc, this essay brings together collecting, friendship and artistic production within a context of early mineralogy. Through an investigation of the material, tactile, aesthetic and para‐scientific attributes of agate, and drawing on further evidence from Rubens's life, I propose a sensibility shaped by a predilection for the lithic whose influence is discernible in the artist's work as more widely understood.

• Addresses performance critical requirements with weak array / ephemeron hybrid. • Describes the moderate memory manager implementation enhancements required. • Eliminates insidious finalization misbehaviors in traditional finalization methods. The present work describes a challenging, real-life finalization scenario that applies combined scalability and resource utilization pressure. Neither weak reference arrays nor ephemerons satisfactorily address the performance-critical demands, hence addressing these existing limitations requires a new strategy. This paper puts forward a hybrid weak arrayed container with properties from both weak reference arrays and ephemerons. The approach relies on a memory manager allowing dynamic slot reference strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A controversial set of elite jewels assumed to be of early medieval period, recovered in 1937–1938 from a burial site in Matzhausen (northeastern Bavaria) was investigated to determine their technological coherency as well as their authenticity. The discovery of these jewels was exploited by German nationalists to argue that the material culture observed in Bohemia and Moravia in the ninth century had Germanic roots. The circumstances of their discovery, however, remain unclear. Research in archives demonstrated the involvement of the SS Ahnenerbe organisation in the recovery of the jewels. Are these jewels authentic or are they forgeries manufactured or modified by a modern craftsman to serve German expansionist nationalism? Three jewels recovered in the grave – a gombik (hollow spherical pendant), an earring with chainlet, and a zoomorphic figurine – were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-radiography, and stereomicroscopy. The investigation revealed a very heterogeneous set of objects with respect to technology and state of preservation. It also uncovered repairs and past invasive interventions involving modern metal and solder. Comparison with similar types of jewels from Bohemia and Moravia points to important differences in construction and technology, which confirms the uniqueness of this set of objects and casts suspicion on their authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ARTS: Artuklu Journal of Art & Humanities is the property of Mardin Artuklu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adamite microcrystals and/or mixed iron-oxide pseudomorphs after adamite or legrandite are common on Ojuela matrix, but although adamite is known from Flor de Peña, it is not known in association with legrandite there, so this may be a diagnostic Ojuela indicator. Isolated freestanding crystals are common as are sheaves, sprays, and bundles of fibrous crystals to 8 cm long. Ojuela legrandites occur on a rich, red-brown vuggy gossan matrix, commonly with tiny adamite crystals in the vugs. The relationship between legrandite and adamite (and paradamite?) is apparently not a happy one as shown by groups of goethite pseudomorphs after robust legrandite crystals to 3 cm across and 12 cm long, and 5-cm-diameter (fig. 8) adamite balls with hollow internal molds where legrandite crystals 1.5 cm across and at least 3 cm long once resided. Orange-yellow crystals of legrandite associated with scalenohedral crystals of pink smithsonite, 4 cm, from the so-called zinc pocket, 44 level, in the third oxidation zone of the Tsumeb deposit. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study the breaking of Casimir scaling, C F / C A , due to the evolution of jets in a hot and extended medium. By using JEWEL, a medium modified Monte Carlo event generator validated for a wide set of observables, we are able to study separately the development of quark and gluon-initiated jets produced back-to-back with a Z - boson. Focusing on the p T distribution, we conclude first that the colour charge ratio is constant but larger than Casimir scaling for high p T jets. In addition, our results seem to indicate that the medium induced cascade is more similar between quarks and gluons, thus driving the overall medium shower scaling away from the vacuum expectation. Finally, we compare our results to another Monte Carlo generator and observe the same scaling violation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliquary bust of Saint Lambert, hosted in the Treasure of the Liège Cathedral, was produced in the early 15th century. This exceptional goldsmithery piece is covered with gold‐coated silver, and decorated by approximately 400 stones, analysed by Raman and pXRF techniques to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition. The results confirm the identification of one hundred pearls, twenty‐six rock crystals, ten amethysts, two diamonds, and numerous glass beads with a green, blue, colourless, turquoise, orange or red colour. The glass beads show a soda‐lime composition, confirming that they are contemporary of the bust and imported from Venice, as reported by historical sources. Orange beads show a lead composition and the red stone a triplet with quartz, indicating that they were added to the bust later. The cutting of gems and beads shows also a significant evolution. The metal contains approximately 60% of Au and 40% of Ag. The origin of gemstones was difficult to establish, due to the absence of characteristic trace elements, but the chemical elements used for the manufacture and colouring of the beads were determined. This study confirms the trade of stones between Liège and Venice during medieval times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Finding Diamonds activity, students learn the basics of mineral and rock identification, think scientifically, use evidence, and move up the streams in a hypothetical watershed to find a source of diamonds. Part 2 provides a practice experience in mineral identification before the students start exploring to find the diamond deposit. During Part 3, students attempt to find a diamond deposit using their mineral identification and critical-thinking skills. The activity was completed in two hours and served as an introduction to mineral exploration, the characteristics of minerals, and the nature of science. [Extracted from the article]

The hazard, showing the long-term probability related to lava flow inundation, was obtained by combining three different kinds of information: the spatiotemporal probability of the future opening of new flank eruptive vents, the event probability associated with classes of expected eruptions and the overlapping of lava flow paths simulated by the MAGFLOW model. The resulting risk map shows the likely damage caused by a lava flow eruption, allowing rapid visualization of the areas in which there would be the greatest losses if a flank eruption occurred on Mt Etna. By combining the location of the main population centres on Etna with those where the hazard is high, the south-eastern flank is identified as the sector with the highest overall level of risk due to effusive eruptions from vents located on the volcano flanks. During most of the eruption, Bogoslof's vent was submerged in shallow seawater, although a subaerial edifice grew during more prolonged stages of the eruption, resulting in the vent becoming above sea-level with more ash-rich volcanic clouds. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of the article is to characterize the museum biography of the famous jewels of the world, to systemize and summarize the information about historical jewels of world importance in various collections. The scientific work novelty is to identify the failure of complex scientific developments in art history that would systematically cover the historical jewels of the worldwide level in the context of their museum biography, with the provenance emphasis and works storage, so information systematization relevance about these art works as about museum objects is hard to deny especially in the light of current realities when tourism is growing rapidly and visits to museums are highly increasing. There is a number of world museums, exhibits and funds of which contain a significant quantity of historical jewels described in the article, museums visits by connoisseurs of art masterpieces specificity and such goods exhibiting peculiarities are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I Empowered courts i : The provisions apply to youth courts and other magistrates' courts but are outwith the powers of the Crown Court (save where it is exercising its appellate function). We did not propose to make them available to the Crown Court because by and large the Crown Court would not be dealing with the young offenders for which the sentence is intended and, where such cases do arise, it is open to the Crown Court to remit to the youth court for sentencing. On appearance at an "adult" magistrates' court with an adult co-defendant who elected Crown Court trial, she too was sent to the Crown Court where she promptly pleaded guilty but sentence was postponed to await the outcome of the co-defendant's trial. 6.20) that a second or subsequent referral orders should be considered in those cases where: (a) the offence is not serious enough for a YRO but the child does appear to require some intervention; or (b) the offence is serious enough for a YRO but it is felt that a referral order would be the best way to prevent further offending (as an example, this may be because the child has responded well in the past to such an order and the offence now before the court is dissimilar to that for which a referral order was previously imposed). [Extracted from the article]

Bio-solar is one of the natural gemstones found in the province of Aceh in Indonesia. Nevertheless, detail information on this gemstone is still unknown. The purpose of this work is to analyze the chemical composition, crystallinity, specific gravity, and hardness of the bio-solar gemstone from Aceh. X-ray diffraction has been used to determine the chemical composition and crystallinity of the sample. The hardness of the sample was measured by using Diamond Selector II. The specific gravity of the sample was determined by the water displacement method. Our results show that the bio-solar gemstone from Aceh is composed of CaO, SiO2, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, and Ni2O3 phases. It is found that the bio-solar gemstone is a crystalline material, not amorphous. The average crystallite size of this gemstone is 35.3 nm (353 Å). The specific gravity of bio-solar gemstone is found to be 3.09 - 3.34. Its hardness is 3 to 4 Mohs. Our analysis suggests that the bio-solar can be classified as a soft vesuvianite gemstone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]