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We developed a methodology for the cost optimization of electrokinetic treatment porous media contaminated by toxic metals. A two-dimensional reactive-transport model was implemented to simulate the transport of chemical species by diffusion, electromigration and electroosmosis, coupled with a geochemical model which calculates precipitation and dissolution of species, adsorption and desorption reactions, and aqueous speciation. The model was applied to the case study of an electrokinetic remediation prototype plant built in Livorno (Italy), treating 150 m 3 of dredged sediments contaminated by toxic metals. The plant consisted of an ex-situ treatment basin equipped with electrodic wells arranged on a rectangular grid, connected to an electrolyte management system for catholyte and anolyte pH control. We validated the model by comparing the simulated electric field with the measured electric potential and the simulated pH profiles with the pH values of field samples. Good agreement was achieved between the modelled and measured data. On the basis of the validated model, we performed a parametric study to evaluate the influence of electrode distance and sediment buffering capacity on treatment costs and calculated the overall cost as a function of these two parameters. The results and costs were evaluated in terms of Pb removal, which was taken as the representative toxic metal. The results revealed the existence of distinct minima, representing the best set of parameters which optimized the overall treatment costs. We believe that the methodology and results obtained can be employed as a valuable tool to support the evaluation and design of electrokinetic remediation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We implemented a numerical model to simulate transport of multiple species and geochemical reactions occurring during electrokinetic remediation of metal-contaminated porous media. The main phenomena described by the model were: (1) species transport by diffusion, electromigration and electroosmosis, (2) pH-dependent buffering of H + , (3) adsorption of metals onto particle surfaces, (4) aqueous speciation, (5) formation and dissolution of solid precipitates. The model was applied to simulate the electrokinetic extraction of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Ni) from marine harbour sediments, characterized by a heterogeneous solid matrix, high buffering capacity and aged pollution. A good agreement was found between simulations of pH, electroosmotic flow and experimental results. The predicted residual metal concentrations in the sediment were also close to experimental profiles for all of the investigated metals. Some removal overestimation was observed in the regions close to the anode, possibly due to the significant metal content bound to residual fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations and pollution levels of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments from the Leghorn Harbor (Italy) on the Mediterranean Sea. The phytoextraction capacity of three aquatic plants Salvinia natans , Vallisneria spiralis , and Cabomba aquatica was also tested in the removal of lead and copper, present in high concentration in these sediments. The average detectable concentrations of metals accumulated by the plants in the studied area were as follows: > 3.328 ± 0.032 mg/kg dry weight (DW) of Pb and 2.641 ± 0.014 mg/kg DW of Cu for S. natans , > 3.107 ± 0.034 g/kg DW for V. spiralis , and > 2.400 ± 0.029 mg/kg DW for C. aquatica . The occurrence of pesticides was also analyzed in the sediment sample by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Due to its metal and organic compound accumulation patterns, S. natans is a potential candidate in phytoextraction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]