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Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders during adolescence, and early diagnosis and treatment are important. We aimed to characterize the microstructure of the brain in medication-naïve adolescents with first-episode MDD.Methods: Patients with MDD (N = 31) and healthy controls (N = 27) participated in this study and severity of depressive symptoms, duration of untreated depressive episode, demographic data, and diffuse tensor imaging data were collected. A comparative analysis of patients and healthy controls was performed, and the effect of medication on the brain`s integrity was investigated through comparison before and after 3 months of treatment in the patient group. Tract-based spatial statistics was used for diffusion tensor image analysis.Results: In the patient group, functional anisotropy (FA) values were significantly higher at the genu of the corpus callosum, body of the corpus callosum, and right anterior corona radiata than in healthy controls. After 3 months of treatment, FA values were significantly decreased in the left anterior limb of the internal capsule, left posterior limb of the internal capsule, and left superior longitudinal fasciculus.Limitations: The sample size is relatively small and 3-month treatment period was relatively short.Conclusion: FA values of patients with MDD were increased compared to healthy controls and decreased after treatment. These results suggested that pharmacological treatments in the early stages of MDD might restore the brain`s integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prediction of the severity and outcomes of Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) is difficult.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive power of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for the severity and outcomes of RHS.Material and Methods: From 2007 to 2017, a retrospective study of 102 hospitalized patients with RHS was conducted. The degree of paralysis was assessed by determining the House-Brackmann (H-B) grade. Obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were assessed, and the blood NLR and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio were determined. The patients received steroids and antivirals, and were followed in the outpatient department at 1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks.Results: The H-B grade of the high-NLR group was significantly higher than that of the normal-NLR group (p = 0.039), and the probability of complete recovery was significantly lower in the high-NLR group (p = 0.048).Conclusions: Patients with RHS who have an elevated NLR have poor outcomes in terms of the H-B grade. Therefore, the NLR may be useful for evaluating the prognosis of patients with RHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder, the onset of which frequently occurs during adolescence. While differences in heart rate variability (HRV) between depressed and healthy participants have previously been observed, results have been inconsistent. This study thus investigated the features of HRV in adolescents with MDD.Methods: We recruited first-episode drug-naïve adolescents aged 13-18 years who had been diagnosed with MDD, and healthy age-matched controls. HRV was measured before and after a 12-week antidepressant treatment. We compared HRV measures between patient group and control group. We also tried to find correlation between HRV measures and depression rating scales.Results: Fifty-seven participants were included (patient group: n = 31; control group: n = 26). The patient group showed a lower normalized high frequency (HF norm), a higher normalized low frequency (LF norm), and a higher LF/HF ratio than did the control group. After treatment, LF was significantly decreased within the patient group compared to baseline. Hamilton Depression Rating Scales and Children's Depression Inventory scores were positively correlated with LF norm and LF/HF ratio, and negatively correlated with HF norm, when included all participants in analysis LIMITATIONS: Sample size of this study was small to assess influences of confounding factors on HRV. And follow up period was relatively short to see impact of pharmacotherapy.Conclusion: An imbalance of the autonomic nervous system might be a meaningful feature of adolescent MDD, and HRV might represent a potential biological marker for pathophysiological changes in MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]