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This article analyzes how trans health was negotiated on the margins of psychiatry from the late 1970s and early 1980s. In this period, a new model of medical transition was established for trans people in Norway. Psychiatrists and other medical doctors as well as psychologists and social workers with a special interest and training in social medicine created a new diagnostic and therapeutic regime in which the social aspects of transitioning took center stage. The article situates this regime in a long Norwegian tradition of social medicine, including the important political role of social medicine in the creation of the postwar welfare state and its scope of addressing and changing the societal structures involved in disease. By using archival material, medical records and oral history interviews with former patients and health professionals, I demonstrate how social aspects not only underpinned diagnostic evaluations but were an integral component of the entire therapeutic regime. Sex reassignment became an integrative way of imagining and practicing psychiatry as social medicine. The article specifically unpacks the social element of these diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in trans medicine. Because the locus of intervention and treatment remained the individual, an approach with subversive potential ended up reproducing the norms that caused illness in the first place: “the social” became a conformist tool to help the patient integrate, adjust to and transform the pathology-producing forces of society.

Drawing on a historical ethnography conducted in Southern Brazil, this article explores how public health programs for adolescent reproductive and mental health have emerged in Brazil and begun to intersect with the growing field of “global mental health” (GMH). The story I recount begins not in the 2010s with the rapid rise of expert interest in adolescent health within GMH, but in the 1990s, the decade when young teens in Brazil were first coming into contact with practices and approaches in research, schools and clinics that have both underpinnedandcritiqued the production of an adolescent mental and reproductive health sub-field. In parsing what young women’s encounters with the then newly-emerging questionnaires, measurement tools, school-based programs and clinical practices came to mean to them, I use a genealogical approach to consider how histories of education reform, population control, psychoanalysis, social medicine, the transition to democracy, feminism and grass-roots politics all entered the fold, shaping the way adolescent sex-and-psyche materialized as a contested object of expertise. I end by exploring what this case can teach global mental health advocates and social theorists about practices of critique.

Objectives: This paper investigates sickness presence (SP) among students. The research questions asked are: What is the distribution of SP among students in Norwegian secondary school? What characterises students with high SP in Norwegian secondary schools? Design: A cross-sectional survey conducted in 10th grade in lower secondary school (LSS) and level 2 in upper secondary school (USS). The study was conducted using multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis. Participants: The survey was administered to 66 schools, and 2 or 3 classes participated at each school. The response rate was 84% in LSS (n=1880) and 81% in USS (n=1160). Primary and secondary outcome measures: The paper provides information about the distribution of SP in secondary schools. The paper also examines which factors influence high SP. Results: 75% of students in LSS and 80% of students in USS reported SP in the previous school year. 24% of students in LSS and 33% of students in USS reported high SP (4 episodes or more). Students with high absence from school were more likely to report high SP (ORLSS=1.7, ORUSS=2.0) than those with low/no absence. Girls were more likely to report high SP (ORLSS=1.5, ORUSS=1.5) than boys. In LSS, students with high school motivation reported high SP more often than students with low/medium motivation. In USS, students in vocational studies programmes reported high SP more often than students in general/academic studies programmes. Conclusions: Some SP during a school year may be more common than no SP. Gender, absence, motivation and education programme were important factors for high SP in secondary school. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

The paper aims to discuss meanings of terms used in medical jargon to categorize activities with mostly disease preventive orientation. Based on definitions authors discussed scope of social medicine, public health, global health and epidemiology and their mutual intersections. Each statement is provided along with literature sources

RESUMEN La llamada determinación social es un concepto central de la Medicina Social Latinoamericana (MSL). Son frecuentes las críticas que la MSL hace a la epidemiología, principalmente por su visión reduccionista y su lejanía a la realidad social. En este ensayo se hace un análisis contrario: la epidemiología del siglo XXI hace una crítica a la MSL, usando como ejemplo el desarrollo disciplinar en Colombia. Se revisa la historia de la epidemiología colombiana indicando que no ha tenido desarrollo suficiente y la MSL tiende a rechazar los métodos cuantitativos con fundamento en la práctica epidemiológica de hace cuatro décadas. Se revisan algunos desarrollos en los métodos cuantitativos usados en epidemiología, indicando que se han superado varias de las limitaciones señaladas por la MSL. Se concluye que la MSL usa la determinación social como parte de su plataforma política de izquierda; sin embargo, los métodos cuantitativos actuales y los desarrollos teóricos en epidemiología del siglo XXI evidencian una superioridad pragmática, útil para solucionar las problemáticas de la salud pública actual. ABSTRACT The so-called social determination is a key concept for Latin American Social Medicine (LASM). LASM criticizes epidemiology frequently, mainly because of its reductionist vision and its distance from social reality. This paper makes an opposite analysis, in other words, 21st century epidemiology criticizes LASM, using the disciplinary development in Colombia as an example. The history of Colombian epidemiology is reviewed, noting that it has not had sufficient development and that LASM tends to reject quantitative methods based on the epidemiological practices used four decades ago. Additionally, some developments of the quantitative methods used in epidemiology are reviewed, explaining that many of the limitations indicated by LASM have been overcome. In conclusion, LASM uses social determination as part of its leftist political platform; however, current quantitative methods and the 21st century theoretical developments in epidemiology show a pragmatic superiority, useful for solving current public health issues.

Paediatrics stands at a turning point: today's health challenges are chronic, complex and connected, but health services are ill-prepared. Given the well-established epidemiological literature which shows that health status is heavily determined by social factors, the profession is now forced to redefine itself. What role should paediatricians play in the health systems of the future? How might the application of a ‘social lens' and development of ‘social paediatrics' help the profession to reconsider its roles and responsibilities? This paper represents a first attempt to respond to these questions. Using child poverty as an example of how socially conscious practice can broaden paediatric interventions for both the individual patient and wider population, it lays the ground for further work, which is both timely and necessary if practitioners are to be properly empowered and equipped to deal with child health in the 21st century.

Social epidemiology, as defined by the textbook of the same name (Berkman et al., 2014) is "that branch of epidemiology concerned with the way that social structures, institutions, and relationships influence health" (p. 2). As our Special Issue commemorates the 50th anniversary of Social Science & Medicine, it is worth noting that the Social Epidemiology office within the journal has existed only for a fraction of that time (fifteen years). So what has been learned in the fifteen years since the establishment of the new office? In this commentary, we spotlight some of the achievements, substantive topics, and future trends in the research papers that we have featured in our Section of the journal.

Constantin Stanca (1889-1969) was the first director of the Institute for the Study and Prevention of Cancer from Cluj between 1929 and 1940 and the founder of the Gynecologic Oncology Surgery Department of this Institute. During his important career in gynecology and surgical oncology, which took place in Cluj and in Bucharest, he was also interested in medical sociology and in social medicine. Our paper presents some of Stanca’s objectives in these domains: to increase the health status of women, to prevent gynecological diseases and to improve women’s working conditions, especially in factories.

Orientador: Rubem Murilo Leão Rego Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa acerca da aproximação desenvolvida entre a medicina e a sociologia paulistas entre os anos de 1933 e 1943 na Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo (ELSP). Partindo-se, principalmente, da análise e da leitura de fontes primárias, buscou-se identificar as causas e os desdobramentos mais gerais da inserção de profissionais da medicina no corpo docente da primeira instituição de ensino especializada em ciências sociais do país. Ao longo da pesquisa, foi possível observar que tanto as motivações como as consequências do trânsito de médicos em um ambiente voltado à produção sociológica podem ser classificadas como de natureza científica e política, embora tais especificidades não sejam necessariamente excludentes. Considerando-se a análise da perspectiva científica ou da produção das ideias, a leitura mais apurada dos conteúdos programáticos das disciplinas lecionadas por estes médicos indica a forte presença de um discurso biologizante e, com isto, a defesa de uma perspectiva e uma visão de mundo inerentes àquela categoria profissional. No que concerne à dimensão política desta aproximação, deve-se considerar pelo menos dois aspectos: primeiro, a busca por legitimação e demarcação de um lugar privilegiado da fala ¿ mais especificamente no que refere à defesa de um pensamento médico; segundo, a busca pela promoção de uma medicina social ancorada na análise dos problemas estruturais de um país subdesenvolvido, por meio da qual aqueles médicos projetavam-se como coparticipantes da modernização do Brasil. Além disso, balizando-se pelos estudos acerca do desenvolvimento do pensamento social brasileiro, principalmente por aqueles que se debruçam sobre a primeira metade do século XX, foi possível examinar as produções desses médicos em livros, artigos, aulas produzidas e programas de ensino, para compreender em que medida podem ou não ser classificados como intérpretes do Brasil, ainda que marginais à literatura mais clássica. Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza bibliográfica, que se propôs ir além da leitura mais convencional de fontes secundárias, debruçando-se sobre fontes documentais primárias produzidas por aqueles médicos, bem como sobre registros da sua passagem pela ELSP, aos quais se obteve acesso parcial nos arquivos do Centro de Documentação da Fundação Escola de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo Abstract: This paper presents a survey about the approaching of São Paulo medicine and sociology fields between the years 1933 and 1943 in the Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo (ELSP). Starting mainly from the analysis and reading of primary sources, the author sought to identify the causes and wider developments of the insertion of medical professionals among the teaching staff of Brazil's first educational institution specialized in social sciences. During the research, it was observed that the motives, as well as the consequences of doctors moving through in a sociological production oriented environment can be classified both as science and policy, although these differences are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Considering the analysis of the scientific perspective or the production of ideas, a more accurate reading of the syllabus of the subjects taught by these doctors indicates the strong presence of a biology-oriented speech and, with it, the defense of a perspective and worldview relating to that profession. Regarding the political dimension of this approach, one must consider at least two aspects: First, the search for legitimacy and demarcation of a privileged place of speech ¿ more specifically with regard to the defense of a doctor thought; second, the search for the promotion of social medicine anchored in the analysis of the structural problems of an underdeveloped country, through which those doctors protruded as partakers of the modernization of Brazil. In addition, marked up by studies on the development of the Brazilian social thought, conducted especially by those that look out over the first half of the twentieth century, it was possible to examine the productions of these doctors production in books, articles, lectures and teaching programs, to understand to what extent they may or may not be classified as Brazil interpreters, although marginal to the more classical literature. From a methodological point of view, it is a bibliographical research, which is proposed to go beyond the more conventional reading of secondary sources, leaning on primary source documents produced by those doctors, as well as records of their passage by ELSP, to which partial access was granted in the Documentation Center files of the Fundação Escola de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo Doutorado Sociologia Doutor em Sociologia