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Copyright of Education et Societes is the property of INRP and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century, the Paris Salon was the leading visual arts exhibition venue in France—and arguably in all of Europe. For an artist, having a painting admitted to the Salon was a good signal; obtaining one of the competitive medals systematically awarded at the exhibition often marked the start of a successful career. Based on two unique datasets, this paper quantitatively analyzes which elements drove the likelihood of winning a medal. The juried Salon system has often been criticized for being prejudiced. Our paper shows the changes in the way the jury acted as rules and regulations varied over time, adding a dynamic dimension to our analysis. We find that nepotism, proxied here as having one's master sit on the jury, helped win medals, but this was not systematically the case. The hierarchy of genres setting history paintings at the top was not always respected. By contrast, women were systematically discriminated against. Medals were more likely to be awarded to men, even for the minor genres, in which many women were forced to specialize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simon-Suzanne-Nérée Boubée was born in Toulouse (France) in May 1806 and died in August 1862 in Luchon (France). This paper discusses Boubée's activities as a science popularizer exemplified through the journal L'Écho du Monde Savant, published in Paris from 1834 to 1846. L'Écho intended to 'present a summary of the most important news taking place within the savant world' to the public. In this journal Boubée published a broad range of topics, for example, advocating the crucial role and extent of geology, and the utmost value of industry and agriculture. The working hypothesis is that Boubée's convictions and profile, intertwined with some relevant trends within the French intellectual context—as manifested in science and technology matters—constituted the propelling force for his project to popularize science. Boubée's commitments to popular education, together with other aspects such as valuing the knowledge of workers, and praise for women's education and their scientific activity, were aligned with contemporary political and social movements. Like many practitioners of science hitherto unknown to historians, his work deserves deeper appreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Varstvoslovje: Journal of Criminal Justice & Security is the property of University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice & Security and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper attempts to analyse how Sophie de Ségur (1799–1874) performed the mission of spreading the Catholic faith through children’s literature. The biography of this Russian woman who converted to Catholicism is presented at the beginning, together with her connections with the Ultramontane environment being active in nineteenth-century France. This is to prove that de Ségur’s writing activities were part of a planned programme aimed at shaping society in the spirit of Catholicism. The analysis is carried out on the examples of how she presented scenes of a good Catholic death in three novels for children: Les vacances, Jean qui grogne et Jean qui rit and La sœur Gribouille. The study is divided into three parts: the death of the1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the development of three methods for detecting bloodstains during the first half of the nineteenth-century in France. After dealing with the main problems in detecting bloodstains, the paper describes the chemical tests introduced in the mid-1820s. Then the first uses of the microscope in the detection of bloodstains around 1827 are discussed. The most controversial method is then examined, the smell test introduced by Jean-Pierre Barruel in 1829, and the debates which took place in French academies and learned societies during ensuing years are surveyed. Moving to the courtrooms a review is conducted of how the different methods were employed in criminal trials. By reviewing these cases, the main arguments against Barruel's test during the 1830s are explored as well as the changes making possible the return of the microscope to legal medicine around 1840. By reconstructing the history of these three methods, the paper reveals how the senses of smell and vision (colours and microscopic images) were employed in order to produce convincing evidence in both academies and courts. The paper questions two linear master narratives that are organized in terms of progress and decline: the development of forensic science as a result of continued technological progress; and the supposed decline of smell in the history of the senses, particularly in the realm of chemistry and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bourgeois women in nineteenth-century France were timekeepers for their families. They marked time off in their diaries and spent time with family and friends; working; directing servants and running the home. In each of these activities they showed awareness of time as a precious commodity, in keeping with the values of efficiency and economy of their social class. Yet most research on time and timekeeping assumes that time in the nineteenth century was uniform and mechanical and does so by largely ignoring women and the domestic environment. This paper looks at women’s diaries, clock and watch ownership and cookery and domestic advice manuals to argue that women operated on a range of timescales, both linear and cyclical. In arguing that women moved between public and private roles and thought about the seasons while also watching the clock, this paper seeks to widen the definition of modern temporality by arguing that women’s experience needs to be taken into account in order to understand how complex people’s experience of time continued to be in nineteenth-century France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how gluten was discussed by chemists in the nineteenth century in Great Britain and France as a proxy for both nutritive and baking quality. It examines the role of gluten in the broader quest to measure and render the quality of wheat and flour through a set of objective and quantifiable criteria. The paper also shows how measuring quality proved to be an extremely complex task, and how chemistry was, by itself, unable to reduce the complexity of the wheat grain, and the various demands made upon it, to a simple numerical indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to apprehend evolution of ceramic manufacture strategy in the Johnston‐Vieillard manufactory (Bordeaux, France), which produced white earthenwares between 1835 and 1895. Glazes of fragments of 76 sherds, dated from different periods of the 19th century and found in excavations were characterised thanks to combined chemical and mechanical analysis. A comparative study was carried out for the determination of boron content in glazes by LA‐ICP‐MS and ion‐beam analyses (PIGE). In addition, an innovative study of the mechanical characteristics of the glazes by nanoindentation experiments was carried out in order to see whether or not the evolution of the glaze recipes was accompanied by an evolution of their mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of mass, male suffrage in France in 1848 is usually regarded as a great success. There was a huge turnout in elections for a Constituent Assembly, but the outcome disappointed republicans, who failed to win a majority and blamed a backward peasantry. This paper suggests that the electoral system was at fault rather than the electorate. A hastily devised procedure, based on collective voting and the absence of declared candidatures, enabled notables to dominate the new regime. Radicals revised their tactics with some success in 1849, but soon succumbed to the plebiscitary democracy of Louis- Napoleon. Universal suffrage might well mean counter-revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper aims to explore the topic of the vocation of a courtesan in the 19th-century France, by analyzing memoirs of tree demi-mondaines of the time: Céleste Mogador, Cora Pearl and Rigolboche. Does such a vocation exist? If yes, how can we define this notion? The first part tries to show that prostitution isn't chosen by women because of the their inclination to debauchery, but is the result of the failed education and parental abandonment. The second part focuses on the importance of independence in the courtesan's life, as a part of their vocation, and the manner to gain it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tradition Oral Literature / Boletín de Literatura Oral is the property of Boletin de Literatura Oral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the development of intermediate human capital in nineteenth-century France. We perform panel and cross-sectional regression analyses to compare the effect of technological change on basic versus intermediate human capital accumulation. Our contribution reveals that a shift in the kind of skills required occurred in the second half of the nineteenth century. We show that steam technology adoption was conducive to the accumulation of intermediate human capital in the second half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hermeneus is the property of Revista Hermeneus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma: Serie V, Historia Contemporánea is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Latapy A.; Héquette A.; Nicolle A., and Pouvreau N., 2020. Assessing the influence of changes in shoreface morphology since the 19th century on nearshore hydrodynamics and shoreline evolution in northern France: A modeling approach In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 542–547. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The shoreface off the coast of northern France is characterized by the presence of numerous tidal sand banks, forming linear shore-parallel or slightly oblique massive sand bodies. Digitization of historic hydrographic field sheets from the French Hydrographic Service (Shom) archives enabled to produce Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of the seabed morphology at different dates since the early 19th century. Our analyses of bathymetry changes based on differential DEMs showed significant morphological variations across the shoreface near Calais during the 19th and 20th centuries, which are largely due to changes in nearshore sand bank morphology and position. Sand bank mobility can be partially explained by tidal current asymmetry, inducing an elongation and an alongshore migration of this sand body in the direction of the net residual tidal current. Observed changes in shoreface and nearshore morphology attempt to be related with possible variations in hydrodynamics, this paper presenting the results obtained on tidal currents. TELEMAC-2D model was used to simulate 2D velocity field and water depth during a spring and neap tidal cycle over bathymetry grids based on historical bathymetric soundings. Depending on the bathymetric setting, modeling of tidal residual currents revealed notable increases or decreases in residual current velocity during distinct time periods, particularly in nearshore areas, which may lead to seabed erosion where current strengthening is observed through time or conversely to sediment accumulation in areas of decreasing current velocity. These results are consistent with the shoreline changes that occurred during the 20th century, with a correspondence between nearshore areas of decreasing (or increasing) residual current velocity and adjacent shorelines that were affected by seaward progradation (or erosion), suggesting strong links between changes in seabed morphology over the shoreface and shoreline evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the phenomenon of "jaytalking," a popular type of urban speech in Paris during the fin-de-sicle, the usual form of which was graffiti written on the streets and other public spaces of the city. It explores the forms that graffiti took, the spaces used for jaytalking, the types of messages left by jaytalkers, as well as some of the discernable traits of the authors of graffiti and their readers. It examines this graffiti--whether political, obscene, sincere, humorous, or just plain cranky--as a means by which ordinary Parisians hijacked the city street, creatively resisting the limited and sanctioned uses of that space and turning it into a canvas for their opinions, resentments, and rage. And it asserts that city streets in the late nineteenth-century, despite their careful regulation by the Paris police force, continued to be places of inventiveness, defiance, anger, humor, and self-expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women were part of the political and scientific networks that contributed to Elisée Reclus’ enterprise of the New Universal Geography and built the “Antiauthoritarian International,” although they have been generally neglected by historiography. During the French Second Empire (1852-1870), Elie and Elisée Reclus collaborated with some of the most famous French militant women and feminists, like Louise Michel, Léodile Champseix (known under the masculine pseudonym of André Léo) and Noémi Reclus, including creating and participating in a league for women’s rights. This paper aims to clarify the working of these networks and their specific intersections with geography in the period of the 1871 Paris Commune and in the following ten years of exile, mainly through an analysis of correspondence by Louise Michel, Léodile Champseix and the members (male and female) of the Reclus family. My main hypothesis is that the collaboration between feminist militants and anarchist geographers, questioning patriarchy, endorsing ‘free union’ and mixed education, anticipated several features of successive anarchist feminisms, and that its study can be a useful contribution to a “Feminist Historical Geography.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the urban transformation of Nice in the early nineteenth century. It does so using the papers of the Consiglio d'Ornato (1832-1860), an urban planning committee charged with overseeing the development of the city at a time of demographic and economic growth brought about by tourism. This article argues that the Consiglio cooperated with private speculators to create a city rooted in a series of myths—Orientalist, Greco-Roman, and early Christian—that both shaped and were shaped by the expectations of world-wearied tourists. Nice was turned into a commodity whose purpose was to provide tourists with a feeling of fleeing a modern world characterized by instability and inauthenticity. Paradoxically, as a direct result, Nice became one of the earliest cities to experience a modern form of consumer capitalism in which people, places, cultures, and nature itself were packaged and peddled to the leisured classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educação is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Filología Francesa is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Lusofona de Educacao is the property of Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, CEIEF and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published in 1895, Léonce Bénédite’sLe Musée du Luxembourginterceded in debates around Caillebotte Bequest, by elevating Impressionism as a style critical to the French state’s official history of nineteenth-century art. As the first fully illustrated catalogue dedicated to this institution,Le Musée du Luxembourgnot only described the museum’s extant collection but, in effect, prescribed a future history of art to be narrated on its walls. Yet, the Caillebotte Bequest and its Impressionist paintings and works on paper were only installed at the museum in 1897. This article interrogates howLe Musée du Luxembourgpreemptively ushered Impressionism into official art history, studying the intersections between Bénédite’s enthusiasm for this art and the French state’s calls for fine-arts policies predicated on such republican principles as impartiality and eclecticism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Jean Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832) was one of the important chemists of the second half of the 18th century and the first half of 19th century. He wrote a number of works dealing with various branches of applied chemistry. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Chaptal and his writing activities, in particular with his chemistry textbooks and books on applied chemistry, well-known in different countries. In addition, his research activities is briefly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I explore the epistemology of popular stargazing as it emerged in the nineteenth century. I want to chart the way in which the spectacle of the sky, a powerful metaphor of the Enlightenment, became an object of mass consumption in nineteenth-century Paris. Turning astronomy into a spectacle for wide audiences, I want to argue, went hand-in-hand with the emergence renewed forms of popular observations. To this end, I focus on the telescopes that were set up in public places (boulevards, bridges, and squares). I am trying to reconstruct the workings of these small-scale enterprises, their appeal, as well as the various ways they were perceived by a socially diversified public. In brief, this paper is about how the crowd was convened to spectacle of the sky and about what was the meaning of this transformation in the popular gaze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Spreading the News: The Illustrated Press," focuses on the new concept of the illustrated universal survey periodical that appeared early in the 1830s, first in England, then in France. It was enabled by technological advances such as the steam press, cheaper paper, wood engraving and stereotypes, as well as greater literacy among the citizenry. The earliest illustrated periodicals were published by social reformers in both countries who were attempting to raise the status of the working classes, but the medium soon attracted wealthier, more educated strata as well; within decades the illustrated press had spread throughout the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Individuals' choice between education and fertility can drive sustained growth. • Gender balance is important in depicting the real impact of quality-quantity trade-off. • A unique census-based French county level data is used for empirical analysis. • We find that higher education causes lower fertility and vice versa. • The effects of negative endowment almost disappear at a low level of fertility. • The results are robust to controls, endogeneity and distributional heterogeneity. Recent theoretical developments in growth models, triggered particularly by unified theories of growth, suggest that the child quantity-quality trade-off is a defining element in our explanation of a transition from Malthusian stagnation to a sustained growth path. This paper presents a model and derives a testable empirical framework to investigate the role of gender in the trade-off between education and fertility for 86 French counties during the 19th century. Endogeneity-mitigated mean- and median-based regressions offer robust empirical predictions for gender-empowered quantity-quality trade-off. In particular, we find the existence of a significant and negative association between education and fertility. Further, while gauging the differential effects of schooling on fertility, we find that the short-run differences between male and female are small whilst the long-run effects are large. From policy perspective, our results imply that for stable long-run growth it matters not just that parents educate their children, but specifically that they choose to educate girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore a French debate in the nineteenth century Liberal School: the question of inheritance. We first present the opposition among liberal economists between the advocates of the liberty of bequest and the defenders of its limitations. We then try to show that these contrasted positions cannot be reduced to the confrontation between the doctrine of natural rights and the principle of social utility. Finally, we propose another explanation for the divergences of the Liberal School through different conceptions of the State. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Education / Hrvatski Časopis za Odgoj i Obrazovanje is the property of Uciteljski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Practices labelled as corrupt in nineteenth-century European elections are generally conceived either as a form of domination where the candidates and their agents use exclusive resources for personal gain or a means of transaction between candidates and voters, on the assumption that candidates deploy corrupt practices in order to perusade voters. Consequently, electoral corruption in the nineteenth century is considered a tool that limits the participation of enfranchised citizens, whose conception of corruption is largely uncultivated. This study challenges this notion and demonstrates how corrupt practices by electors in societies where freedom was not guaranteed, did not restrain but instead extended the possibilities of political participation. The novelty of this study is based on integrating research focused on politicization beyond the elite and the new history of corruption, using Great Britain, France, and Spain as case studies. This integrated process found that corruption was used by electors to overturn unfavourable results, thus providing a platform for participation beyond voting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The many different prayer books published throughout the nineteenth century for the Jews of France mirror the changing identity of French Jews after the 1791 Emancipation. By examining what Genette called the paratext, this study presents a typology of pragmatic, conservative, reformist, and didactic models based on the way each chose to insert and use French translations to respond to the major issues faced by French Jewry: assimilation; the rapid decline in knowledge of Hebrew; the conflicting drives to maintain or eliminate regional and confessional variations; and the education of future generations, including women. Although these issues were dealt with in ideologically different manners, the authors of these works, and the works themselves, often embodied more than one trend, thus reflecting the complexities faced by the Jewish communities themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Nadar shifted his attention from caricature to photography in the 1850s, he produced several fascinating hybrid images. Among these are experiments in photomontage and uncommon portraits that combine graphic, photographic, and autographic elements. The author shows how Nadar cultivated a number of recognisable signatures, which he reiterated and adapted for different image-types, products, and advertisements. Nadar’s investment in self-portraiture, his penchant for publicity, and his ability to work across platforms and to balance artistic ambition and commercial enterprise are explored in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article, I investigate the effect of landholding inequalities on the democratization process in nineteenth-century France. I focus on the 1849 election, which followed the establishment of the Second Republic (1848–1851), and on the first six elections of the Third Republic (1870–1940), which took place between 1876 and 1893. I find that stronger landholding inequalities were associated to a lower support for the Republicans, and therefore constituted a threat to the consolidation of democracy. I provide evidence that large landowners resisted the establishment of democracy by influencing the electoral behavior of economically dependent agricultural workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of British and French society over the long nineteenth century can be framed as two contrasting histories of bureaucratization. In France, a "rational" body of organizational rules and procedures coalesced quickly around the state, taking their paradigmatic form during the First Republic and Empire (1792-1814) but stagnating thereafter. In Britain, these structures developed piecemeal, and over a longer time, gaining relative coherence by the midcentury. In both cases, however, office work became a major social, ideological, and cultural phenomenon, one that warranted literary portrayal despite its apparent unconduciveness to conventional narrative forms. In this article I illustrate the shifting character of "office novels" within these contexts, and I accordingly operate from both a comparative and a longitudinal perspective: comparing novels from France and Britain produced during the midcentury period (pivotal in the history of bureaucracy and of the novel) that focus on office life. I argue that the changing role of the office career between William Makepeace Thackeray's abortive office Bildungsroman The History of Samuel Titmarsh (1841) and Anthony Trollope's The Three Clerks (1858) reflects the reform, saturation, and ideological legitimation of bureaucratic forms in Britain over this period. Meanwhile, the transition from Honor'e de Balzac's highly reflexive satirical novel Les Employ'es (1844) to E' mile Gaboriau's office-hopping Picaresque Les Gens de Bureau (1862) reflects an increasing jadedness in France about the ability of these structures to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GENDER: Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reexamines the legacy of Wagnerism in France through the lens of cultural and intellectual history. Taking the Revue wagnérienne (1885-88) as its central subject of analysis, it demonstrates that contributors to the Revue developed from Richard Wagner's work several strategies for transcending the Franco-German nationalist conflicts so trenchant in the 1880s. Falling beyond the confines of any one academic discipline or aesthetic category, the Wagnerism presented on the pages of the Revue wagnérienne borrowed from scientific thought, aesthetics, religion, and politics in equal measure. This comingling of approaches expressed by the authors suggests that Wagnerism in the 1880s created an intellectual space for seemingly contradictory perspectives to coexist. Grappling with Wagner's works and ideas, then, provided French intellectuals with an opportunity to imagine alternatives to many of the political, cultural, and ideological polarizations of the early Third Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 9 March and 21 March 1931 12 men and two women, all French citizens from French Guiana, were put on trial at an extraordinary session of the cour d’assises in Nantes. All were accused of looting and murder during riots which had taken place on 6 and 7 August 1928 in Cayenne; all were acquitted. Despite being one of the biggest trials of the interwar period in France, the event was largely forgotten until a major exhibition staged in Nantes in 2011. Examining the public reaction to the trial in 1931, this article has two key aims. First, it will explore attitudes towards colonialism and republicanism in the provinces and metropolitan France. Second, it will use the exhibition of 2011 as a means of addressing the memorial debate to show how such recoveries of forgotten events, however laudable and necessary, risk perpetuating an image of an idealised republicanism based upon universalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to explain why China-Vietnam relations, which were based on tributary ties, broke down when France conquered Vietnam in the 19th century. As such, it traces the history of China- Vietnam-France relations, particularly on the eve of the French invasion of Vietnam, and explores China’s efforts to defend the country. This study is significant because it sheds light on the history of the French conquest of Vietnam while it was under the Chinese tributary system. For almost a century, China claimed to have power as a presidential state over Vietnam. However, the French did not acknowledge China’s power. Moreover, one by one, the territories of Vietnam were seized and eventually conquered by France. In this study, qualitative content analysis was applied to primary and secondary sources to evaluate the extent to which the tributary system affected and influenced the international external relations between the three countries of the three countries. The study’s findings showed that Vietnam had autonomy in theory but was submissive and willingly under China’s protection regarding its foreign affairs. However, the French did not recognize the tributary system as a foreign relationship, and they continued to mobilise colonial efforts in Vietnam in the mid-late 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1894, Augustin Cabanès founded La Chronique médicale , a one-of-a-kind medical journal that allowed the doctor to indulge his interest in the practise of médecin historique. Historical medicine used modern forensic knowledge to 'solve' the mysterious deaths of history. Such retrospective diagnoses were communicated to readers in a familiar literary style, that of crime writing. Developed at the intersection of medical professionalisation and specialisation, the rise of forensic medicine, and the popularisation of crime writing, Cabanès's work promoted a clear viewpoint on the role of the medical man in fin-de-siècle French society. Through the practise of historical medicine and the medium of crime writing, Cabanès aimed to bolster faith in forensic medicine, to promote the doctor as moral authority, and, relatedly, to establish scientific, and especially medical, practise as critical to the maintenance of the social order during volatile periods of social dislocation and war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The guiding thesis of this article is that international comparisons have been shaped by nationalist, and thus potentially imperial, religious and consequently also latent missionary, motives. By means of selected milestones in the last 250 years, this thesis is made plausible by asserting a historical development of nationalism that started from an almost defiant national self-determination in the eighteenth century, leading to learning from strangers in the long nineteenth century, and resulting in the imperially minded instruction of others in the course of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I investigate the long run relationship between education, industrialisation and growth. I evaluate the impact of primary schooling on the economic development of France between the 1830s and 1914. To do so, I rely on very precise data on education at the level of municipalities. I instrument educational achievements, namely enrolment rates and schooling years, by the proximity of municipalities to printing presses established before 1500. This method returns a positive impact of an early high educational achievement on growth during the nineteenth century. This indicates a positive effect of the acquisition of basic education and elementary skills on the development of French municipalities. Therefore, the accumulation of human capital within primary schools contributed positively to growth during the nineteenth century and up to World War I, the core period of modernisation and industrialisation in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest wastes trace a frontier between what remains a passive part of landscape and a potentially useful resource. As a consequence, the history of forest waste gives us numerous insights into the evolution of the perception of a forest as an economic unit. Pine forests and their products are particularly telling in this regard. Rosin, pine stumps, undergrowth, sawdust, cones, needles and tall-oil are some of the pine forest products that were considered wastes at some point in history, but the perception of which shifted following the development of socio-economic context, forest industry policies or scientific knowledge. In spite of their diversity, there are recurring patterns in the way these various forest wastes became objects of interest to the industry. The identification of these patterns allows us to tell in a more accurate way the complex story of the relationship between the wood industry and the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1830s, European naturalists traveled to South America to gain experience as field collectors, a practice increasingly important to natural history and the production of scientific knowledge as the nineteenth century progressed. This article explores the strategies followed by the French naturalist Claude Gay (1800-1873) in his attempt to make a name for himself in the eyes of both the Chilean and French scientific communities and governments, as he established his career as a field collector. Gay had to forge credibility among local social circles and hierarchies to win the financial support of the Chilean government, while simultaneously pursuing a career and a reputation as a naturalist in France. This article analyzes Gay’s practices and strategies for each community and discusses the extent to which his field practices were influenced not only by the scientific knowledge, experience, and instruments used, but also by the social, political, and economic context in which he developed his scientific work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor performance photography, which was born in France on the occasion of the Paris World Exhibition in 1889, remains a problematic theatrical and media object to this day. But at the Belle Epoque and until the Second World War at least, it requires to be approached with all the more caution because it is always the fruit of multiple manipulations, either at the time of the making of the shots (mandatory posing of actors, specific lighting, etc.), or at the time of their "post-production" (printing, but especially edition in review or volume). A complex and particularly rich object that must be studied in its context (publications or archives), stage photography is then offered as much as a document to be deciphered as a fiction to be deconstructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between memory and history, which has preoccupied historiography and the philosophy of history since the middle of the nineteenth century, took a particular course in France at the end of the millennium. The forms this relationship took in this particular context have been the subject of heated debate around whether the reconstruction of the past should bear the sign of a moral imperative or, on the contrary, it should be kept away from any moral conditioning. To address this question and underline its particular relevance to the present, I will revisit a significant debate, based around Paul Ricoeur's interpretation of the duty of memory developed in his book Memory, History, Forgetting. I will do this by means of a three-step approach. First, a short introduction will provide several guidelines for understanding the issues at stake in the debate in which Ricoeur was caught and explanations regarding the significance of the main notions around which the discussions took place, i.e., the duty and work of memory. Second, I will identify how historical debates, political decisions and civic concerns about the past gradually coagulated into two different "camps" in France during the 1980s and 1990s, i.e., the advocates of memory against those of history, foreshadowing the emergence of a historiographical crisis, the stakes of which I will analyse in detail. Finally, I will show how Ricoeur's solution to this debate, i.e., an incomplete dialectic between the duty and the work of memory, developed on the horizon of justice, continues to have relevance for the present, being an innovative form of "defatalizing" the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]