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Conviction rate is the primary indicator through which the efficiency of a criminal justice system can be measured. Unfortunately, Pakistan has a poor conviction rate due to the collective inefficiencies of the Police, the Prosecutors, the Judiciary, and the Lawyers. In this paper, the author has highlighted reasons behind the low conviction rate in three main categories: Crimes against person, Crimes against property, and Crimes under Anti-terrorism Act. The major reasons outlined for low conviction rate are false statements by applicants, flaws in investigation due to limited resources, weak prosecution, and the lack of timely disposal of cases by courts due to overburdened judges. To resolve this problem, holistic changes must be made rather than mere cosmetic changes as the problem is deep rooted in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to provide new evidence on the indirect cost of neighbourhood crime rates on mental wellbeing of residents. Crime places a heavy burden on the economy, and it receives significant attention from the public. Yet, the connection between crime and health for victims and non-victims is not well captured in the literature. Using spatial methodology, we differentiate the effect on mental wellbeing of residents due to the crime rates in their immediate neighbourhood (local) and crime rates in the surrounding areas (spatial). The main innovation of the paper is to use these crime rates at small geographical level (around 8500 residents) to better translate the changes in crime in the neighbourhoods and their effects on a person's mental wellbeing. This is different to other studies that looked at crime incidences in larger geographical units. Our estimation results show that the increase in local and spatial crime rates against the property negatively affect the mental wellbeing of residents. The negative impact of spatial crime rates against the person is also present and is 6.7 times larger than the effect of property crime rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of numerous human rights groups as well as legal instruments in the international arena, the rights and protection of people with disabilities are increasingly being guaranteed. However, in Nigeria, people with disabilities still live at the margins due to some cultural practices that continue to discriminate against them and undermine their rights and general wellbeing. The paper is an empirical study combined with some historical investigation of some of the extant literature to make a case that (a) there is connection between culture and the discrimination, neglect and abuse of person with disabilities; and, (b) that cultural practices undermine the rights and general wellbeing of persons living with disabilities in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and political development of society is always associated with the worsening of relations between its members. An extreme manifestation of the antisocial orientation of the actions of individual members of society is criminal activity. Criminality not only undermines the authority of state power, but also represents a threat both to the economic stability of society and to every citizen, that is why crimes against the person open the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Romania. Unlike previous criminal laws, this arrangement of the chapter indicates the priority of protecting the person, the group of crimes against the person being united by a single direct object, human life. The relevance of the subject of this paper lies in the fact that it highlights the specific general features of crimes against the person, in order to qualify these prejudicial acts criminalized in the articles of Title I of the Special Part - Criminal Code of Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is thought that deaf or hard of hearing individuals are at greater risk of abuse than the hearing population. The purpose of this paper is to systematically examine and integrate existing literature to determine the prevalence rates of neglect, emotional, physical and sexual abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV). A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria was determined. Following this a comprehensive search of numerous databases was conducted. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies reviewed the prevalence of sexual abuse, seven reviewed physical abuse, five reviewed emotional abuse, four reviewed neglect and six examined IPV. This exceeds 14 as numerous studies examined multiple types of abuse. Quality assessment indicated 12 studies were of 'moderate' quality and the remaining two were rated 'good' quality. Issues with similar samples, a tendency towards young, educated women within the IPV data, and small samples suggest caution is to be used when interpreting their results. The reliance on written measures and the absence of an interpreter or translation of materials in some studies further complicates the results. All types of abuse were found to be more prevalent within the deaf and hard of hearing population compared to the hearing population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptualisation of examining the layers of multiple societal identities, behaviors and social meanings associated with men, women, or transgender binds to construct the entity "gender". Gendered stereotypes are socialized across cultures thus, inducing subjugations and oppressions at various levels of the society. The primary objective of the paper is to investigate the chosen literary text with different aspects of intersectionality, under the perspective of gendered subalternity, experienced by the female characters of Naga tribes portrayed in the work. Further, the article interprets the horrendous turmoil of gendered marginalisation and discrimination imposed by the authoritative bureaucrats of the nation state through physical abuses and social customary laws against tribal women. The ways that the patriarchal view and the prevalence of unbalanced power relations in the society shatter the intersectional identities of tribal women are discussed in detail. Temsula Ao's short stories "The Last Song" and "The Night" from the collection These Hills Called Home: Stories from a War Zone are chosen to construe with the thematic notions of intersectionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines South Africa's migration policy framework development and the initiatives undertaken on the basis of the commitments to the Abuja Treaty and successive African Union (AU) frameworks regarding the free movement of people in the region. As such the paper outlines South Africa's compliance and contentions with the notion of free movement of people and how it tries to balance the dual roles of meeting the needs of its previously disadvantaged population at the same time as complying with principles of regional integration, which are important to its foreign policy. As will be shown in the paper, among other things, the country has been faced with implementation challenges in the enforcement of its migration policies to such an extent that non-state actors, such as communities, have resorted to violence against migrants due to perceptions that there has been an uncontrolled 'influx' of migrants resulting from lax law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the height of public debate surrounding the sustained booing of Indigenous AFL footballer Adam Goodes between 2013 and 2015, several media commentators routinely misheard the roar of the crowd as nothing other than acceptable social behaviour. To ears invested in the established order, the distinction between a ‘boo’ and a ‘boo’ is non-existent; to racialized others, like Adam Goodes, hearing the difference - and calling it out - is an act of resistance, sovereignty, and survival. Taking the booing of Adam Goodes as its starting point, this paper argues for a notion of political listening that attends to the sonic and sonorous histories of racial violence without displacing, or indeed replicating, its wounding effects. I consider the entangled relationship between sound, power and violence, moving beyond the sporting field to examine other acoustic territories where struggles for sovereignty, power and racial justice are playing out. By attending to the ways sound is unevenly deployed to target, silence, assimilate or oppress others along racial lines, this paper hopes to unsettle the listening logic and privileged position of the white, settler-colonial ear, to expose the norms of attention that condition and solidify their appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How should deontologists concerned with the ethics of killing apply their moral theory when we don’t know all the facts relevant to the permissibility of our action? Though the stakes couldn’t be higher, and uncertainty is endemic where killing is concerned, few deontologists have an answer to this question. In this paper I canvass two possibilities: that we should apply a threshold standard, equivalent to the ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ standard applied for criminal punishment; and that we should fit our deontological ethical theory into the apparatus of decision theory. I show that the first approach faces insurmountable obstacles, while the second holds much more promise for deontologists than they (and their critics) might first have assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, it is known that, it is a big problem to search for a person who is lost, who has stolen any items from us, who is accused of any crime or who performs any unauthorized work in an organization. Sometimes, we also know about this person, but we are unable to find the current or past working details, acting, or moving status of this accused person; how will we find that person, secure society and aware a specific area of people from human crimes is a big challenge of the security system. For this, an effort has been made to design an online trapping system based on web enable application to solve the above problems. Data were gathered from people who wants to complain online, control all services, and trap the criminal. This system provides the facility to trap a person who is accused in any crime and moving anywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is defined by the World Health Organization to include: ‘procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons’. It is a practice that affects many females in England and Wales and as a result, specific legislation has been introduced to tackle it. This paper explores the development of the criminal and civil law relating to FGM in England and Wales. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches adopted and considers whether they are effective. The paper concludes that the creation of a specific criminal offence has proved to be ineffectual; that the introduction of civil FGM protection orders is a more appropriate and effective means of combatting the practice and that legal measures need to be supplemented by non-legal interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Currently, about 150 million migrant workers reside in the major Chinese cities, where they are treated like second-class citizens by the local city governments and denied access to government jobs and welfare entitlements, with large differences existing in their treatment across the cities. In this paper, we use a new and unique dataset of urban natives and rural to urban migrants from 15 different cities in China to document this differential treatment. We apply a relatively new non-parametric technique, Nopo decomposition, which takes into account differences in the distribution of observable characteristics to decompose the wage gap that exists between the two groups and estimate the extent of discrimination faced by the migrants. Rural-to-urban migrants are found to be discriminated in the urban labour market, but to a lesser extent than has been argued in the literature. We also find that a large gap exists between the national legislation on the treatment of migrants on one hand and the implementation and enforcement by city governments on the other, and that this differential treatment helps explain part of the level of discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime is more than just a sociological and psychological phenomenon. The economic effects of any criminal activity are intriguing and vice versa. This paper attempts to profile crime scenario in Pakistan in the socio-economic context at aggregated and disaggregated level. Three crime supply models have been constructed using formal econometric techniques i.e., aggregated crime, crime against person and crime against property. These models depict the various socioeconomic variables effecting different crimes. The paper also captures the deterrence effect but on a very limited scale using police strength as proxy. The paper has drawn many conclusions indicating effects of social and economic injustices making people choose illegal activities over lawful ways of earnings and the role of government to intervene and promote socio-economic equity. Government should introduce effective social security programs to create more jobs and to minimize income inequalities. Policing and effective justice system is key to control crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Antalya Bilim University Law Review is the property of Antalya International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Direito GV is the property of Fundacao Getulio Vargas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Text mining (TM) is a domain used to find valuable patterns from various text documents. Cyberbullying is the term used to abuse a person online or offline platform. Nowadays, cyberbullying has become more dangerous to people who are using social networking sites (SNS). Cyberbullying is of many types, such as text messaging, morphed images, videos, Etc. It is a challenging task to prevent this type of abuse of the person in online SNS. Finding accurate text mining patterns gives better results in detecting cyberbullying on any platform. Cyberbullying is developed with the online SNS to send defamatory statements or orally bully other persons, or by using the online forum to abuse in front of SNS users. Deep Learning (DL) is one of the significant domains used to extract and learn the quality features dynamically from the low-level text inclusions. In this scenario, Convolution neural network (CNN) are DL models used to train text data, images, and videos. CNN is a compelling approach to preparing these data types and achieving better text classification. This paper describes the Ensemble model with the integration of Term Frequency (TF)- Inverse document frequency (IDF) and Deep Neural Network (DNN) with advanced feature-extracting techniques to classify the bullying text, images, and videos. Feature extraction technique extracts the features of cyber-bullying patterns from the text and images. A limited number of datasets are used to classify the data. The proposed approach also focused on reducing the training time and memory usage, which helps the classification improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual violence has been firmly put on the internal agenda of the humanitarian community. Despite commendable advances in both policy and practice, there continues to be a gap between what is recommended and the reality in the field. In this paper, I argue that, notwithstanding the profound challenges of working in humanitarian emergencies, our understanding of sexual violence in conflict is watered down to such an extent that it impedes effective humanitarian action. First, humanitarians' reductionist approach to sexual violence not only disregards victims/survivors other than the stereotypical but also exempts perpetrators from scrutiny-including the international humanitarian community itself, through whose extensive depoliticisation of sexual violence has erased the link between gender inequality and violence. Second, the international humanitarian community has positioned itself as the white, western, heroic protector of vulnerable women and girls (and not men and boys)-a narrative that not only escalates power differences between humanitarian and beneficiary but also reproduces the subordination of women. Third, an exposé of silences in international discourses about sexual violence in armed conflict shows the humanitarian community's complicity in reproducing systems of gender inequality that allow for sexual violence to occur and remain unaddressed, by refusing to transform the restrictive political environment that ultimately impedes effective humanitarian action. This analysis of humanitarian sexual violence discourses indicates a mismatch between the nature of the issue and the way in which it is understood, leading to ineffective programmes on the ground. Humanitarians' engagement with critical research, as well as researchers' engagement with feminism, may recreate meanings that benefit our understanding rather than impede it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption, i.e. an abuse of power by a person in a position of authority in exchange for personal benefits, is a major challenge in international business. It increases the cost of doing business and discourages foreign direct investment (Cuervo-Cazurra, 2006). Due to its importance to international business, corruption has been the subject of numerous theoretical and empirical studies which aim to ascertain its antecedents and predictors. National culture (or certain dimensions thereof, in particular) has been found to be a strong predictor of high corruption levels. In this study, we revisit Husted's (1999) and Seleim and Bontis (2009) seminal articles on the relationship between the dimensions of national culture and the perception of corruption. We retest their hypotheses using newly available measures of culture (the GLOBE Project) and a larger data set (1120 country-year observations) and go on to develop and test a follow-up hypothesis about the role of future orientation as an important predictor of the level of corruption. We juxtapose our results to the original ones and other key studies in the literature on corruption and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maltreatment can influence normative development and negatively impact emotional, behavioral, and social functioning in youth. As a result, it is not surprising that maltreated youth, as compared to non-maltreated youth, tend to underperform academically. Research on the academic performance of maltreated youth has increased over the last decade and several review papers have been published in this area. While the conclusions of these review articles have been that maltreated youth are at greater risk for academic deficits as compared to their non-maltreated peers, there are several conflicting findings within the literature that make it difficult to determine if or to what extent maltreated youth may demonstrate academic difficulty. Using a multilevel, structural equation model meta-analysis technique, the current study sought to provide a quantitative synthesis of the literature by examining the mean difference between maltreated and non-maltreated youth on measures of academic performance. Moreover, the current study also examined group differences between academic subject and maltreatment type. A total of 72 effect sizes were extracted from 32 studies that met inclusion criteria. Results demonstrated an overall negative, medium effect size, such that maltreated youth tended to perform slightly greater than half a standard deviation below non-maltreated youth on measures of academic performance. Moderation analyses suggest deficits may be greater on measures of general academic performance, as compared to language arts measures. No differences were observed for maltreatment type. These findings highlight the need for increased focus on academic difficulties among maltreated youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the visualisation of rape and sexual assault in legal and scholarly language. It begins with a critique of the Court of Appeal ruling in R v. Evans (Chedwyn) and its forensic examination of the details of a female rape complainant's consensual sexual activity with other men. The case is analysed in light of a visual metaphor used by Ellison and Munro to describe the removal of popular misconceptions about rape. The paper contextualises that discussion with reference to the idea of the male gaze and its affirmation of a phallocentric cultural and social world in which the objectification of female difference is entrenched. The paper finally challenges that assessment, however, sketching an alternative approach to visual-critical scholarship that embraces interdisciplinarity and a literary sensibility to break (or at least to loosen) the association between the prurient eye of the male voyeur and the criminal justice gaze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decisions under the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) may be made in a person’s best interest. This concept is objective, unclear and places discretion in the hands of the decision-maker. Currently, a person’s wishes, feelings, beliefs and values are not accorded primacy status amongst the checklist of factors to be considered under Section 4 MCA. In 2017, the Law Commission (LC) in their report on Mental Capacity and Deprivation of Liberty proposed amending the best interest test under Section 4 of the MCA to require the decision-maker to ascertain wishes and feelings and elevate the status of the ascertained wishes and feelings amongst the other factors under Section 4. These proposals, contained in a Draft Bill, would be of general application under the Act. This paper argues that the trajectory begun by Lady Hale in the Supreme Court in Aintree in asserting the individual at the heart of her destiny and the LC proposals are to be welcomed but do not go far enough to be aligned with the principle of supported decision-making set out in international frameworks, such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the means for the exclusion of groups deemed undesirable within the Lockean liberal tradition, particularly as the American Federalists modified it. It further explores the consequences of the practical application of this vision for immigration in the American case. The author contends that controversies about immigration in America demonstrate a deeply communitarian strain within Lockean liberalism that feeds rationalized exclusionary practice. This argument turns on an analysis of liberal theories of consent in Locke and early American thinkers. The goal of the paper is to make the Lockean tradition and its American adaptations speak more clearly about immigration, so that the issue can be better defined. In framing both the use and abuse of immigrants and the foundations of such behavior as problematic, the author hopes to provoke fresh thinking about the nature of and possible solutions to American exclusionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this study was to, first, determine the demographic predictors of the extent a visitor would feel sympathetic after a visitor harassment (VH) episode and, second, to ascertain whether there were any significant connections between a visitor feeling sympathetic after such an episode and his or her loyalty intentions toward the destination.Design/methodology/approach A survey research was conducted. Snowballing was used for the online survey and accidental sampling for the paper survey. The data were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression analyses. A total of 634 surveys were analyzed.Findings The following were found. First, sympathy was not a common emotion visitors experienced after being harassed by a trader at a tourist destination. Second, the demographic factors age, gender, income and educational levels were not significant predictors of the extent to which visitors would be sympathetic after a VH episode. Sympathy was a significant predictor of visitors’ intention to recommend the destination and support the traders in the future but not of visitors’ intention to return to the destination.Research limitations/implications The study was exploratory, and hence, the findings were preliminary.Practical implications The findings could lead to “new” local responses to the problem of VH at tourist destinations.Originality/Value The study was the first known to look at visitor sympathy after a VH episode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Varstvoslovje: Journal of Criminal Justice & Security is the property of University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice & Security and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to characterize crimes of encroachment on the lives of law enforcement officers, special government agencies and military personnel in Kazakhstan from the point of view of defining the elements of the crime, criminological characteristics and foreign regulatory experience. The article used methods of statistical analysis, analogy and generalization, as well as formal legal and formal logical approaches. The study identified the features of proving this category of crimes and proposed recommendations for its improvement directly in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The features of the criminological characteristics of crimes against persons representing the authority of public authorities are highlighted, as well as recommendations for the special prevention of criminal attacks provided for in Art. 380-1 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to trace the development of the victims vs. perpetrators discourse as an integral part of the historical master narrative of Latvia since the end of the 19th century till nowadays. The narrative of abuse plays an essential role in historical master narratives of many modern national communities, as their integrity is strongly dependent on defining themselves via binary oppositions. According to Anthony Smith, in this self-identification process of a nation culture, mass communication and education play a particular role [Smith, 1991]. Maurice Halbwachs has specified that school textbooks, media and cultural production actually do not care much about the 'real history' - what is being implemented, refers to 'collective memory', adapted to the requirements of the actual presence [Halbwachs 1980]. The research paper analyses how this collective memory pattern has been shaped throughout time in the historical master narrative of Latvia as reflected in literature, media and school textbooks. The research focuses on the 'official' master narrative, as the research objective was to reveal how the past has been adjusted to present under changes of political regimes and social developments. However, in the context of the second half of the 20th century contrasting voices have been included in order to suggest the presence of the multiplicity of narratives and to pose a series of questions to the current cultural and socio-political interpretation of the past of Latvia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among HIV+ patients, alcohol use is a highly prevalent risk factor for both HIV transmission and poor adherence to HIV treatment. The large-scale implementation of effective interventions for treating alcohol problems remains a challenge in low-income countries with generalized HIV epidemics. It is essential to consider an intervention's cost-effectiveness in dollars-per-health-outcome, and the long-term economic impact -or "return on investment" in monetary terms.Methods: We conducted a cost-benefit analysis, measuring economic return on investment, of a task-shifted cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention delivered by paraprofessionals to reduce alcohol use in a modeled cohort of 13,440 outpatients in Kenya. In our base-case, we estimated the costs and economic benefits from a societal perspective across a six-year time horizon, with a 3% annual discount rate. Costs included all costs associated with training and administering task-shifted CBT therapy. Benefits included the economic impact of lowered HIV incidence as well as the improvements in household and labor-force productivity. We conducted univariate and multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of our results.Results: Under the base case, total costs for CBT rollout was $554,000, the value of benefits were $628,000, and the benefit-to-cost ratio was 1.13. Sensitivity analyses showed that under most assumptions, the benefit-to-cost ratio remained above unity indicating that the intervention was cost-saving (i.e., had positive return on investment). The duration of the treatment effect most effected the results in sensitivity analyses.Conclusions: CBT can be effectively and economically task-shifted to paraprofessionals in Kenya. The intervention can generate not only reductions in morbidity and mortality, but also economic savings for the health system in the medium and long term. The findings have implications for other countries with generalized HIV epidemics, high prevalence of alcohol consumption, and shortages of mental health professionals.Trial Registration: This paper uses data derived from "Cognitive Behavioral Treatment to Reduce Alcohol Use Among HIV-Infected Kenyans (KHBS)" with ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT00792519 on 11/17/2008; and preliminary data from "A Stage 2 Cognitive-behavioral Trial: Reduce Alcohol First in Kenya Intervention" ( NCT01503255 , registered on 12/16/2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the effect of the #MeToo movement on the language used in judicial opinions on sexual violence related cases from 51 U.S. state and federal appellate courts. The study introduces various indicators to quantify the extent to which actors in courtrooms employ language that implicitly shifts responsibility away from the perpetrator and onto the victim. One indicator measures how frequently the victim is mentioned as the grammatical subject, as research in the field of psychology suggests that victims are assigned more blame the more often they are referred to as the grammatical subject. The other two indices designed to gauge the level of victim-blaming capture the sentiment of and the context in sentences referencing the perpetrator. Additionally, judicial opinions are transformed into bag-of-words and tf-idf vectors to facilitate the examination of the evolution of language over time. The causal effect of the #MeToo movement is estimated by means of a Difference-in-Differences approach comparing the development of the language in opinions on sexual offenses and other crimes against persons as well as a Panel Event Study approach. The results do not clearly identify a #MeToo-movement-induced change in the language in court but suggest that the movement may have accelerated the evolution of court language slightly, causing the effect to materialize with a significant time lag. Additionally, the study considers potential effect heterogeneity with respect to the judge's gender and political affiliation. The study combines causal inference with text quantification methods that are commonly used for classification as well as with indicators that rely on sentiment analysis, word embedding models and grammatical tagging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This policy brief examines the issue of domestic violence, specifically focusing on male perpetrators and the need for early intervention strategies. The authors analyzed a 10-year dataset from the Calgary Police Service and found a pattern of increased criminal behavior among male perpetrators leading up to a charge in 2019. The data also showed a rise in police interventions related to domestic violence complaints during that period. The brief emphasizes the importance of working with men at risk of perpetrating violence before they commit domestic violence offenses. The Calgary Police Service is actively working to address domestic violence and reduce the trauma experienced by victims and their families. Their research agenda focuses on understanding the background and criminal history of perpetrators to identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of future charges. The goal is to develop legislation, policies, and programs that can prevent male violence before it occurs and hold both perpetrators and the systems that perpetuate misogyny accountable. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the significance of experiences and understandings of targeted harassment to the identities of youth subcultural participants, through case study research on goths. It does so against a context of considerable recent public discussion about the victimization of alternative subcultures and a surprising scarcity of academic research on the subject. The analysis presented indicates that, although individual direct experiences are diverse, the spectre of harassment can form an ever-present accompaniment to subcultural life, even for those who have never been seriously targeted. As such, it forms part of what it is to be a subcultural participant and comprises significant common ground with other members. Drawing upon classic and more recent understandings of how subcultural groups respond to broader forms of outside hostility, we show how the shared experience of feeling targeted for harassment tied in with a broader subcultural discourse of being stigmatized by a perceived 'normal' society. The role of harassment as part of this, we argue, contributed to the strength with which subcultural identities were felt and to a positive embrace of otherness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many national governing bodies are experiencing difficulties retaining referees at the grass roots level, especially young referees (Warner, Tingle & Kellett, 2013). Abuse and aggression from players and spectators are the most commonly given reasons for referees leaving. Without consideration of the development, nurturing and management needs of the referee there could be a decline in the participation numbers within the sport. This research paper used an online questionnaire to explore the levels of abuse that rugby union referees are subjected to in the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset and Hampshire. The results indicated that referees from various levels on the Rugby Football Union's referee continuum were subjected to a significant level of abuse. The sources of this abuse ranged from the players, coaches and spectators. Furthermore, the research illustrates that the referees believe that there has been an erosion of the 'core values' of rugby union specifically indicating a decline in the enjoyment factor of officiating within rugby union and its effect on the retention of referees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the discourse of the leadership of professional and public policy responses to the scandals of the care and treatment at the private Winterbourne View and NHS Calderstones Hospitals which demonstrates the lost learning from earlier attempts to provide humane care for the enduring numbers of people contained in similar settings. Design/methodology/approach - An analysis of the use of general management and managerialism through commissioning, rather than a focus on pro-active self-leadership within professional practice or through collaborative, collegiate or distributed leadership has arguably been responsible for the lack of progress. Findings - The emphasis on direction and action by government ministers, quangos, and managers across the NHS and local government has ignored and stifled the potential for initiative and selfleadership by professionals. This is notable for social work, aggravated by the absence of an engaged professional body for social workers. Originality/value - This case study addresses the limitations of leadership approaches which focus on policy direction, general management, managerialist and commissioning approaches to the reform and delivery, contrasted with the potential of professionals self-leadership by practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex work is currently a topical issue in Scotland, having being subject to various legislative and policy developments in recent times. These have included attempts to criminalise the purchase of sex and sauna raids, purported to reduce harm and provide protection to sex workers and communities. Within this paper, I draw upon findings from my Ph.D research that explores responses to violence associated with sex work in Scotland, using qualitative interviewing methods. These are used as a basis for examining the nature and extent to which Scottish legislative and policy responses to sex work have changed, with a particular focus on how this involves and relates to violence. Specifically, the paper considers the role relationship violence has within current Scottish legislative and policy responses to sex work: how violence is defined in law and policy and by individuals; understood and experienced by both sex workers and service providers; how they conceptualise violence as it applies to law and policy development, and perceive the implications of such developments. It is concluded that more continuities (related to ongoing stigmatisation and marginalisation of sex workers, and service provision issues in engaging with sex workers) than changes can be attributed to recent law and policymaking surrounding sex work in Scotland, resulting in a climate of violence-involving further stigma, exclusion and marginalisation for sex workers, as well as access challenges for service providers, which may contribute towards increased violence and issues of safety for sex workers. An approach, which takes account of a variety of sex worker perceptions and experiences of violence, is recommended, in order to sustain positive social and political change relating to sex work and sex workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers constructions of institutional culture and power in the cover-up of child sexual abuse (CSA) by clergy in the Roman Catholic Church of Australia. The issue of cover-up has previously been considered in international inquiries as an institutional failing that has caused significant harm to victims of CSA by Catholic Clergy. Evidence given by select representatives of the Catholic Church in two government inquiries into institutional abuse carried out in Australia is considered here. This evidence suggests that, where cover-up has occurred, it has been reliant on the abuse of institutional power and resulted in direct emotional, psychological and spiritual harm to victims of abuse. Despite international recognition of cover-up as institutional abuse, evidence presented by Roman Catholic Representatives to the Victorian Inquiry denied there was an institutionalised cover-up. Responding to this evidence, this paper queries whether the primary foundation of cover-up conforms to the 'bad apple theory' in that it relates only to a few individuals, or the 'bad barrel theory' of institutional structure and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durkheim’s theory of suicide remains one of the quintessential “classic” theories in sociology. Since the 1960s and 1970s, however, it has been challenged on theoretical and empirical grounds. Rather than defend Durkheim’s theory on its own terms, this paper elaborates his typology of suicide by sketching suicide’s socioemotional structure. We integrate social psychological, psychological, and psychiatric advances in emotion research and argue that (1) egoistic, or attachment-based suicides, are driven primarily by sadness/hopelessness; (2) anomic/fatalistic, or regulative suicides, are driven by shame; and (3) mixed-types exist and are useful for developing a more robust and complex multilevel model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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The rise in crime against a person in rapidly growing cities poses significant risks to societies and economies, affecting both microeconomic and macroeconomic aspects. This trend could potentially deter economic performance and domestic investment. Consequently, this study aims to analyze the impact of crime against a person on domestic investment in Dubai spanning 1989–2021. Dubai is considered an emerging economy and a highly competitive global city. It is also acknowledged as one of the world's smart cities. This study employed the novel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach to investigate the impact of both the escalation and contraction of crime against a person on domestic investment in Dubai. The findings exhibit that the fluctuation in crime against a person has an asymmetrical impact on domestic investment. In addition, estimations of the positive and negative long-run asymmetric coefficients indicate that crime against a person has a negative impact on domestic investment in Dubai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the study is on types of crime and their relationship with tourism destinations and tourism support among northern tourist areas. The main objective of the study was to shed light on the types of crime and their association with tourism destinations and tourism support with the framework of the social control theoretical model (inner and outer control). Face-to-face quantitative data was collected from (n=501) respondents. The study analyzed data with partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM version 4). The path analysis showed that crimes against persons, property, and victimless crime significantly decreased tourism support. A similar phenomenon, such as crimes against person and property, decreased tourism destinations, and victimless crime was insignificant. Based on the study's findings, the results concluded that types of crime have made unsuccessful tourism support and tourism destination in the northern region. The study put forward recommendations to policymakers that criminal activities should be controlled through crime control systems among different tourist destinations in northern areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the effect of crime rates while measuring the cost-benefit analysis in infrastructure investments. It discusses the estimation of negative externalities affecting the property prices through the use of hedonic regression, the hedonic regression for Melbourne, and regional Victoria is estimated.

This paper addresses the performance of Indian states in controlling sexual assault or rape, on the basis of the data published by National Crime Record Bureau in India, the rape or sexual assault control performances of 28 major Indian states. The relative efficiencies of the states are evaluated by applying stochastic frontier analysis on a two decadal time period, namely, 2001 and 2011. Among the Indian states, although Kerala is recognised as the region where women are very progressive; unfortunately, our findings suggest that the performance of the state in controlling sexual assault is not impressive. On the contrary, Gujarat seems to be the most efficient state in controlling rape. The results also show that all states with better rape control instruments do not have efficient control over sexual assault. The study concludes that investment only to improve law and order would not result in better control of sexual assault. Efficient management of the investments on the crime-control instruments and along with that improvement in the social indicators, viz., female education, favourable sex ratio, etc., are required for efficient control of sexual assault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ways in which particular forms of violence, namely violence against women and one-punch assaults, are framed in discourses of violence prevention in Australia. In denouncing certain acts, individuals and groups, I show that condemnatory responses--what I refer to here as 'tough talk'--serve to reinforce, rather than challenge, hierarchical (gendered, raced, classed) difference as normative. Based on assumptions that link violence to particular 'types' of men, such approaches overlook the nuance, complexity and contextual meanings of violence. Preventing violence, I argue, requires that we engage with cultures of violence by focusing less on some men's violence, instead recognising the interconnectedness of gender and other hierarchies of identity as the critical context for violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increased recognition of the possibility of treatment heterogeneities of policy changes has resulted in the rise of comparative case studies. Our analysis uses the synthetic control method (SCM) to examine if the passage of the Stand Your Ground (SYG) laws had dissimilar effects on homicides and firearms deaths in the US states that passed these laws during the first wave (between 2005 and 2007). Using 22 years of data (1991-2012) to study each state separately, we find that these laws did not have uniform effects across states: in three out of 14 states - Florida, Alabama and Michigan - they led to increased (non-suicide) firearms deaths (and by different magnitudes). These three states imposed a duty to retreat prior to their SYG laws and saw a marked departure in self-defence treatment as their SYG laws passed. As for murder and non-negligent manslaughter, only for Florida was an effect found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the findings of the Marikana Commission of Inquiry against Lonmin - the mining company at the centre of a wage dispute that led to the deaths of 34 protesting mineworkers in South Africa's platinum belt - and the South African Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), particularly in relation to: (1) Lonmin's failure to provide adequate housing to mineworkers; (2) DMR's failure to exercise appropriate oversight over Lonmin; (3) how Lonmin and the DMR helped create an environment conducive to the massacre; and (4) how little will change without direct community involvement and oversight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on how caregivers can unknowingly abuse their children, and offers ideas for analysts in their work with emotionally wounded patients. A number of viewpoints are examined, including how each child's mind develops to become a unique agency of its own, and each mind generates its own individuality to shape caregiver behavior and cope with caregiver abuse. To best understand emotional abuse analysts are urged to consider the nature of the conscious and unconscious interactive collusions between caregiver and child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]