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"The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it." Well said by Robert Swa. This research paper focuses on this belief that we need to pay attention towards green initiative for environment conservation and energy efficiency as it is very essential for earth for long term sustainability. PCMC (Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Co-orporation) has planned to spend Rs. 5000 crores on Green projects. One of Greenest and first in India Corporate Campus in World is Suzlon One earth situated in Magarpatta road, Hadapsar, Pune. This Campus is completely relying on renewable energy sources, utilizing a combination of hybrid wind turbines, solar panels, and photovoltaic cells for power generation. This studies depicts importance of green building initiative and by 2025, the majority of residential areas in PCMC are expected to transition into selfsustaining real estate developments. The PCNTDA (Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority) has outlined a structured, forwardthinking, and eco-conscious approach to real estate development in PCMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surge in interest surrounding renewable energy stems from concerns regarding pollution and the finite supply of nonrenewable resources. Solar PV and wind hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are increasingly recognized as practical and cost-effective solutions, particularly in remote areas. However, the intermittent nature of solar and wind power presents a challenge. To address this, incorporating a hydrogen source into the system has been proposed. This study focuses on modelling and sizing a hybrid energy system tailored for remote areas, accommodating both home and electric vehicle loads. The simulation is conducted for Siliguri, West Bengal, India, with the goal of optimizing productivity, minimizing expenses, and considering economic factors using HOMER Pro software. The integration of green hydrogen-based power generation with photovoltaic and wind HRES emerges as an effective solution. Solar power, in particular, showcases promising opportunities for the electrolysis process and HRES systems. The presented work facilitates the modelling of a green hydrogen-based green energy system, taking into account capacity, cost, and emission constraints. Various case studies are conducted to enhance system efficiency and reduce the costs of energy (COE). In this paper, three cases of grid-connected and three cases of off-grid or grid-disconnected systems are considered for highlighting the benefits of hydrogen energy incorporation in both types of systems. This research contributes to sustainable energy solutions, advancing a greener and more efficient energy landscape, especially in addressing the recent development in load combinations of home and electric vehicle loads in both grid-connected as well as grid-disconnected system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main hindrances to the large-scale development of renewable-energy projects are the lack of bankability and the inability to align investments and investors with suitable financial instruments or robust policy measures. To illustrate a bankable project, this paper presents a research-based case study on the installation of solar photovoltaic panels on the rooftops of 195 trains of the Indian Railways. Detailed information on the annual running hours, exposure to sunlight, efficiency of solar photovoltaic generation and electrical power demands of each rail coach is considered to conduct a quantitative measure of the tentative amount of fossil fuel savings. The purpose is to provide insight into the types of renewable-energy projects that can be highly attractive to financial institutions and promoters due to their lucrative internal return on investment. As seen in this case study, there are annual savings in diesel of 12 323 088 litres and a CO2 reduction of 32 755 tonnes, with return on investment of 1.3 years. Furthermore, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the limitations of existing renewable-energy project financing mechanisms in India. Subsequently, three policy measures are recommended to develop a robust financial mechanism that can effectively meet the needs of investors and investors. These measures include increasing equity injection through a buy-and-hold strategy, providing direct tax benefits to promoters and financing through real-estate investment trusts. The findings are highly relevant to address the challenges associated with bridging the financial gap between access to finance and capital investment in the renewable-energy sector, especially for Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the exhaust rate of the conventional sources has geared up already, this is compelling the power industries to install the power plants based on the non-conventional sources so that future demand of the energy supply can be fulfilled. Among the various sources of renewable energy like wind, hydro, tidal etc., solar energy is the most easily accessible and available renewable energy source. Ensuring the feasibility of any energy source not only technical but also the economical perspective is the most important criteria. This paper has incorporated both the perspective and has done the techno-economic analysis to determine the optimum combination of the PV array size and battery size to minimize the overall electricity generation per unit. In this paper, a standalone solar PV system has been analyzed for the location of Jamshedpur, where an effort has been done to choose the optimum combination of the solar array and battery size within the desired range of LLP so that the electricity generation cost per unit can be minimized. The overall duration of the analysis has been done for a year and the outcome of the research has been verified with the help of MATLAB software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of reducing emission of carbon dioxide became possible with the increased penetration of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. The variable and intermittent nature of solar PV power generation affects the stability of the distribution grid. It comes to be necessary to forecast the generated PV power to avoid such type of uncertain conditions. This paper presents the empirical comparisons of six developed supervised learning algorithms to predict the solar power generation for the Dehradun region in India. The algorithms namely multiple linear regression (MLP), ridge regression, decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) are modified in accordance with the higher prediction accuracy. The detailed empirical comparisons of results are discussed on the basis of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean squared error (RMSE). It is found that the best performance of RF method with MAPE as 2.2790% and RMSE as 0.8792%. Tree based algorithms have shown the improved performance among all the methods while SVM and ridge techniques perform quietly low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a day's there's a drive to encourage L.P.G. gas in India in order to meet the rising demands for energy. Therefore use of induction heater is on increase in urban and other parts of the country. To run induction heater electricity is required. However electricity doesn't reach all the villages in India. In order to overcome this problem, solar based induction heater is currently being created. This paper deals with the creation of solar based induction heater and additionally it'll be discussed that whether or not it'll occupy the market share it deserves. The stability analysis of the solar based induction heater is going to be done in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is marching forward to achieve solar power generation, with a target of 100 GW by the year 2022. This paper reports the recent progress and developments in solar power sector in India. It also supports the prevailing progressive path for solar power projects and recommends future course of actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present universal energy framework and expenditure rate are considerably more startling because of the massive increase in electrical power demand. Comprehensive generation through conventional fossil fuels is one of the fundamental causes and contributors to several environmental problems. Therefore, there has arisen a necessity for ecologically sound and sustainable alternative energy sources. Renewable energy resources (RER) may be extremely functional for environmental and economic goals. Solar energy is the most auspicious of RER and this industry has flourished enormously during the last decade. Photovoltaic cells are spreading in popularity because they are sustainable, clean, and efficient modes of power generation. Researchers are endeavoring meticulously to select superior photovoltaic materials. In this paper, a real-time multi-objective solar-thermal power dispatch problem is framed and optimized for two different photovoltaic materials by using the novel α- constrained simplex method (ACSM). The presented problem is developed to satisfy cost and environmental objectives for Tirumala in the Andhra Pradesh state of India, for two test systems. In the first test system, polycrystalline silicon is used as the photovoltaic material, whereas Copper Indium Gallium Selenide is employed in the second test system. The results of both test systems are compared with each other to procure the finer material. Also, the outturns attained by using ACSM are collated with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the evolutionary method (EM). The results reveal the precedence of ACSM over PSO and EM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the analysis of the diffusion of photovoltaic systems is performed using the Bass model. The historical data of installed rooftop photovoltaics are not enough for the model, as the installation of photovoltaics was almost non-existent; hence data of solar water heaters are utilised to calculate the parameters for the model. The trajectory of growth for solar water heaters in the market presents a congruence for the growth of solar photovoltaics due to inherent similarities in the technologies and their application. India was used as a case study of the application of this borrowing approach in a market where PV is also used to provide electricity to local communities. Data from India’s solar water heater market were used, indicating an innovator parameter of 0.00105 and an imitator parameter of 0.12219. The study is significant as it forecasts the diffusion of photovoltaics in the market, which is essential for achieving India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions goals and Renewable Energy targets. The results indicate that residential rooftop photovoltaic diffusion will tend to present slower in India than in other markets if no additional policies are implemented to foster this market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has aggressive plans for scaling up photovoltaic installations in the coming decades. Currently fixed tilt, flat plate crystalline silicon (c‐Si) technology sets the standard for cost and performance and is both robust and relatively easy to deploy. Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) systems have a different cost structure; using solar cells with the highest efficiencies, system efficiencies greater than 30% are possible, but the system is also more sensitive to meteorological conditions. India has a complex and varied atmosphere that prevents a straightforward comparison of technologies, and hence, in this paper, we use a computer model to simulate the power output from CPV systems located in locations in India where the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations are based and additionally, in Bangalore where we have a CPV test station. We quantify the increased intermittency suffered by CPV systems that arises from the larger dynamic range in direct beam irradiance over global irradiance. Nevertheless, by calculating the target system costs required to attain a competitive levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), we find that CPV systems in some, but not all locations have the opportunity to compete against dual‐axis tracked and inclined c‐Si based PV in India The potential for solar power in India is huge and is likely to be tapped using conventional photovoltaic panels. However, concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems can offer some advantages, but the complex atmospheric conditions in India make the comparison of CPV systems with conventional technology difficult. Here, we use a computer model to simulate the energy yield from CPV systems located at four locations in India using detailed meteorological parameters. From this analysis, we establish a target CPV system cost that is required for the technology to become competitive against flat plate technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the techno-economic analysis of standalone PV/wind hybrid system for remote household in North East (NE) region of India, where grid connectivity is not a feasible option. HOMER simulation software is used for sizing, optimization, and to perform the economical analysis of the hybrid system. Sensitivity analysis is carried out with solar radiation data, wind speed data, cost of PV and wind system for a 1 kW PV/wind hybrid system. The analysis is made on the assumption of an annual peak, scaled annual average, and the average load of 694W, 3.95 kWh/day, and 0.165 kW, respectively, for a remote household. The optimal sizing, cost of electricity (COE), battery profile, and converter profile of PV/wind hybrid system for different NE states are presented in this paper. The outcome of this study shows that COE for the NE states is found to be in the range of 0.271-0.510 $/kWh, which is a acceptable margin and a hybrid PV/wind system will go a long way in addressing the shortage of power faced by a large section of the population on daily basis in the rural areas of the aforementioned region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Techno-economic analysis of hybrid solar-wind-biomass-battery system is proposed. • Numerical modelling and varied operational scenarios for the system are formulated. • Evaluating system feasibility across various power loss probabilities is conducted. • Giza Pyramids construction outperformed by $177 saving and 8% less simulation time. The economical electrification of rural settlements extensively utilizes renewable energy sources. In recent years, the deployment of solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, and biomass gasifier-based power generation technologies for electricity accessibility in remote regions has received greater prominence. This paper presents an optimal component design of a hybrid solar PV-wind and battery system along with a biomass gasifier to provide continuous electricity for rural communities of Uttarakhand, India. In this study, a recently developed population-based giza pyramids construction (GPC) methodology is applied to determine the optimal component sizing. The findings of the GPC method are contrasted with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) methodology to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method. The annualized system cost and levelized cost of energy of the hybrid renewable energy system have been minimized subject to technical reliability indicators such as loss of power supply probability and renewable fraction. Moreover, a systematic exploration of the system has been conducted to assess its optimal feasibility across different values of power loss probability ranging from (0% to 4%). The simulation indicates that the proposed method adeptly identifies globally optimal values, leading to a $177 decrease in annual cost and 8% reduction in average simulation time compared to PSO. The research reveals that the balanced point (relative attainment), where system reliability and cost-effectiveness intersect optimally, is achieved at a 3% power loss level, resulting in the most significant cost reduction of $199 compared to other probability levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy system such as solar, wind, small hydro and biogas generators can be used successfully in rural off-grid locations where grid connection is not possible. The main objectives of this study are to examine which configuration is the most cost-effective for the village. One renewable energy model has been developed for supplying electric power for 124 rural households of an off-grid rural village in eastern India. The load demand of the village was determined by the survey work, and the loads were divided into three sub-heads such as primary load I, primary load II and deferred load. Locally available energy sources such as solar radiation and biogas derived from cow dung and kitchen wastes were used as sensitivity variables. This study is unique as it has not considered any diesel generator for supplying unmet electricity to the households; rather it completely depends on locally available renewable resources. Here in this paper, two different models were taken and their cost and environmental benefit were discussed and compared. The net present cost, levelised cost of energy and operating cost for various configurations of models were determined. The minimum cost of energy of $0.476/kWh with lowest net present cost of $386,971 and lowest operating cost ($21,025/year) was found with stand-alone solar-biogas hybrid system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the negative climate impact of fossil fuel power generation and the requirement of global policy to shift towards a green mix of energy production, the investment in renewable energy is an opportunity in developing countries. However, poor economy associated with limited income, funds availability, and regulations governing project funding and development are key factors that challenge investors in the energy sector. Given the various power generation resources, including renewables, it is necessary to evaluate the possible power generation investment options from an economic perspective. To realize this objective, solar PV, wind and diesel power generations are economically compared, considering the incremental rate of return and incremental benefit to cost ratio techniques. The alternative investment options of distributed generation technologies are evaluated for Maharashtra, India under different depreciation methods, and the effect of the latter on selecting the best investment candidate is investigated. The paper also conducts sensitivity analysis to examine the impact of capital cost, operation and maintenance cost, and fuel cost variations on the selection decision considering a comparison of the different general projects' cash flow structures discussed in the literature. The economic aspects of selecting a project among possible alternatives for an investment in the power sector are analyzed, and the presented review provides comprehensive comparisons with respect to the literature approaches. The results reveal that, in the benchmark case study, the PV project is rejected and disregarded from further comparisons with other candidate projects since its equity internal rate of return (10.25%) is less than the minimum accepted rate of return, leaving the selection between wind and diesel energy projects. The study reveals that the incremental rates of return under such a comparison are 37.88%, 45.94% and 37.50% when MACRS, declining balance and straight line depreciations techniques are applied, respectively. Thus, the wind energy project is the favored option in this case. For the economic assessment of other case studies, the application of both sensitivity analysis on the capital cost and operation and maintenance cost and literature approaches to structure the projects reveal that wind energy for Maharashtra, India is a more attractive and feasible option compared to other distribution generation projects, while diesel is only considered to be a good option when its fuel cost is reduced by 5%. Finally, the paper highlights policy implications that can influence the decision to move towards investment in distributed generation technologies as a future research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the evolution of India's power sector to 2050 and identifies crucial low carbon technologies to meet its NDC and long-term climate change mitigation targets under various carbon emission rights allocation schemes using a multi-region global energy systems model TIAM-UCL where India is modelled as a separate region. Six scenarios were developed – reference case, NDC, global 2 °C and three scenarios where CO 2 emissions of all model regions converged in 2050 based on criteria of GDP/capita, emissions intensity of GDP and per capita emissions. The analysis shows that emission rights allocation schemes influence the total energy system development costs, long-term electricity generation requirements, and share of renewables especially solar PV generation to meet the 2 °C target. The model runs also show that solar-PV is the single most important generation technology for decarbonisation of India's power sector. Limiting the share of solar-PV generation can lead to 20% reduction in total electricity generation and increase system costs substantially for 2050. Further, the results also indicate that India may have 200–215 GW of stranded coal generation assets in 2050 in the low carbon scenarios. Our analysis suggest that India is one of those countries which are at the development stage and also highly risked with the lock-in in carbon emitting infrastructure especially coal-based generations unless action taken in the near-term. • Solar-PV is the most important technology for decarbonisation of electricity sector in India requiring 800GW-1100GW by 2050. • Stranded assets of coal power plants could be a real threat to the financial health of the power sector. • Early introduction of CCS for the power sector in India can significantly reduce the cost of overall emissions reductions. • India is one of those countries which are highly risked with the lock-in in carbon emitting infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is going to be a major component of global energy generation. Loss due to dust deposition has raised a great concern to the investors in this field. Pre-estimation of this reduced generation and hence the economic loss will help the operators' readiness for efficient and enhanced economic energy management of the system. In an earlier article, a physics–based model is proposed for assessment of dust accumulation under various climatic conditions which is validated by data of a single location. In this paper, the universality of this model is established and is used to demonstrate the effect of generation loss due to dust deposition and of cleaning. Variation in the soiling pattern due to climatic covariates has also been studied. Generation loss is calculated for Solar Photovoltaic power plants of different capacities at various locations in India. Finally this model has also been extended to predict the generation accounting for the soiling loss in Photovoltaic system. All the calculated and predicted results are validated with the measured values of the above plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines 718 dye sensitised solar cell (DSSC) research articles published by Indian scientists during 2011-15, which were indexed in Web of Science. It looked into the entire gamut of research performance by performing sectors, institutions, multifarious collaborative aspects, co-authorship and citations etc. Private universities figure among top performing institutions and nano-related aspects dominated DSSC research. DSSC research by Indian researchers was found to be in tune with the mainstream science in the area as about 90 per cent of the research found place in international journals published from USA, the UK and other advanced countries of Europe with respectable impact factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses attention on the environmental impacts of solar photovoltaic (PV) module production, use and disposal. The present study estimates the goodwill capital embedded within market valuations of the 9 publicly listed PV module manufacturing firms. These goodwill scores are correlated with the ‘solar scores’ awarded by the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. Correlation between such scores and the generated goodwill capital appears weak and inconclusive. The study also finds no significant correlation between long-term planning demonstrated by managers within these firms, the environmental impacts of their processes and the goodwill generated among investors. Informing investors of the variants of solar PV technologies, and of the range of potential environmental consequences, could help appropriately internalize risks and rewards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equality between economic progress and environmental sustainability is essential for a developing country like India. In the present time, the economy of India is growing rapidly in a vibrant mode and an efficient way, which in turn demands huge uninterrupted energy supplies. The country's energy needs are met mostly by the usage of fossil fuels and nearly 70% of electricity is generated from coal based power plants. In India, nearly 840 million people depend on traditional biomass to satisfy their energy necessities. Approximately 74 million rural people do not have access to modern lighting systems and around 81 million households do not have access to electricity, which is a major challenge to India's energy security. In order to achieve stable sustainable energy in the long-run, significant progress in renewable energy sectors is needed. Favorably, due to India's geographic location, the country is blessed with abundant renewable energy resources, which has not yet been exploited completely. So the central and state governments of the country have framed various policies and are providing subsidies to encourage the utilization of solar photovoltaic systems. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the potential, current developmental status and prospects of solar energy of India is briefed. The various applications of solar energy such as water heaters, desalination units, pasteurizers, food drying units, water purifier, space heating systems, air-conditioning units, cookers, water pumps, aerators, solar-wind hybrid systems and grid connected photovoltaic systems are explained. The study also mentions the current renewable energy policies, the barriers blocking the progress of the solar manufacturing units and some possible future recommendations that might speed up renewable energy developments in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Indian electricity system with very high shares of solar photovoltaics seems to be a plausible future given the ever-falling solar photovoltaic (PV) costs, recent Indian auction prices, and governmental support schemes. However, the variability of solar PV electricity, i.e., the seasonal, daily, and other weather-induced variations, could create an economic barrier. In this paper, we analyzed a strategy to overcome this barrier with demand-side management (DSM) by lending flexibility to the rapidly increasing electricity demand for air conditioning through either precooling or chilled water storage. With an open-source power sector model, we estimated the endogenous investments into and the hourly dispatching of these demand-side options for a broad range of potential PV shares in the Indian power system in 2040. We found that both options reduce the challenges of variability by shifting electricity demand from the evening peak to midday, thereby reducing the temporal mismatch of demand and solar PV supply profiles. This increases the economic value of solar PV, especially at shares above 40%, the level at which the economic value roughly doubles through demand flexibility. Consequently, DSM increases the competitive and cost-optimal solar PV generation share from 33–45% (without DSM) to ~45–60% (with DSM). These insights are transferable to most countries with high solar irradiation in warm climate zones, which amounts to a major share of future electricity demand. This suggests that technologies, which give flexibility to air conditioning demand, can be an important contribution toward enabling a solar-centered global electricity supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Geographical distribution of solar energy capacity in India. • The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is the initiative by the government of India for installing 100 GW of solar energy by 2022. • Solar Electricity for Industrial Applications in India. • Future Plan of solar power projects in India for Next Decade. Energy has a viable role-play in the socio-economicequilibrium of a country and improving overall quality of existence. Diminishing fossil fuel resources and high risks of environmental contamination associated with them has made it necessary to look for alternative and renewable resources. Due to development and necessity of new alternative renewable energy sources, bio-fuels, solar or wind energy, etc., are gaining constant popularity. Both the state and central government of India and have supported research over solar photovoltaic power during last decade. The present study discuss renewable energy and to be specific solar photovoltaic energy inclination in India along with the comparative studies of current and future developments. This paper also reviews policies and promotional steps taken by the Indian government. Finally, this review paper will assist to realize the present status, challenges and barrier for better planning and administration in setting up and utilizing alternative energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitigation of global energy demands and climate change are the most important factors in the modern days. Development and application of solar energy have been regarded by the government of India and common people, and they thought that solar photo voltaic energy can provide more energy in future compare to other renewable energies. In the last decade, solar photovoltaic energy research and development has supported by the central government and state governments. This paper discusses the progress of current solar photovoltaic energy in India. It highlights the renewable energy trend in India with major achievements, state wise analysis of solar parks and industrial applications. Finally, it discusses the Indian government policies and initiatives to promote solar energy in India. This review on solar photovoltaic energy will help decision makers and various stakeholders to understand the current status, barriers and challenges for better planning and management in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the design and analysis of a hybrid biomass-solar photovoltaic system for the textile industry with the goal of minimizing the cost and greenhouse gas emissions. The feasibility analysis of the hybrid system is performed based on the resource availability and the power generation potential of the existing biomass power plant near the textile plant at T.Kallupatti in Tamil Nadu, India. The power plant located at the site (9.66°N, 77.79°E) has an average daily global horizontal irradiance of 4.86 kWh/m², which has been validated through NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy data. The chosen site also has adequate biomass fuel availability. The biomass feedstock fuel price varies from $38.5 to $42 per ton on average for the fuels juli ora, bagasse, coconut shell, paddy husk, etc., which are purchased from nearby villages of the chosen region. The comparative analysis of grid-alone, standalone biomass-solar hybrid, and grid connected biomass-solar hybrid systems is performed using HOMER 2.81 software. In particular, an economic and environmental evaluation of the hybrid system is carried out based on the results of the optimization of biomass feedstock combination for maximum power output using the Neural Network toolbox of MATLAB 2010a. The results prove the effectiveness of the stand-alone solar-biomass hybrid system for the textile industry in terms of cost combined with emission reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating photovoltaic system for reservoirs is a recent innovative technology that is highly advantageous in reducing evaporation while generating solar power. In addition, the integration of floating photovoltaic systems with the existing hydroelectric power plants will increase renewable power production. The present study aims to assess the electrical performance of floating photovoltaic systems in major reservoirs with existing hydroelectric power plants in India. The reservoirs with large water surface area were selected for the study, and a model floating photovoltaic system with a 5-MW capacity was designed for the selected reservoirs. The numerical analysis showed that installing floating photovoltaic systems will result in an annual energy yield of 160 GWh. Further, the systems also save 1.40 million cubic meters of water per day and also help in generating additional energy of 514.80 MWh/day from the saved water through its integration with hydroelectric power plants. A single-axis tracking mechanism to the floating photovoltaic systems will increase the annual energy generation by 11%. The detailed cost analysis and carbon emission analysis were also carried out. The results indicate that the tracking mechanisms increase the total installation cost of the systems. The annual carbon emission reduction from the floating photovoltaic systems accounts for about 3.30 million tons of CO2. The obtained results highlight the suitability of this innovative technology for installation in Indian reservoirs and its effectiveness in reducing evaporation and carbon emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two ways by which solar energy can be harnessed viz. solar Photo-Voltaic (PV) and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP). This paper focuses on the parameters required for the commissioning of solar power plants in India using these technologies. The key parameters have been identified through the literature review and discussion with the experts. The parameters thus obtained, are classified under PV and CSP technologies and then categorized into technical and economical parameters. A survey is conducted to understand the perceptions of Indian key players in the area of solar energy and to rank forty one identified parameters. Analysis of survey shows that location of the site and direct investment cost are the highest preferred technical and economical parameters respectively. The results of this study will help decision makers and policy makers of solar technologies in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper justifies photovoltaic (PV)-powered electrodialysis (ED) as an energy and cost-effective means of desalinating groundwater in rural India and presents the design requirements for a village-level system. Saline groundwater, which underlies 60% of India, can negatively impact health as well as cause a water source to be discarded because of its taste. A quarter of India's population live in villages of 2000–5000 people, many of which do not have reliable access to electricity. Most village-scale, on-grid desalination plants use reverse osmosis (RO), which is economically unviable in off-grid locations. Technical and ethnographic factors are used to develop an argument for PV-ED for rural locations, including: system capacity, biological and chemical contaminant removal; water aesthetics; recovery ratio; energy source; economics of water provision; maintenance; and the energetic and cost considerations of available technologies. Within the salinity range of groundwater in India, ED requires less specific energy than RO (75% less at 1000 mg/L and 30% less at 3000 mg/L). At 2000 mg/L, this energetic scaling translates to a 50% lower PV power system cost for ED versus RO. PV-ED has the potential to greatly expand the reach of desalination units for rural India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme weather conditions, which affect photovoltaic output power, can have a major impact on electricity generated by PV systems. In India, an annual PV power density of 2000kWh/m-2 may be used. Renewable energy (RE) is expected to play a rising part in the nations in coming years. The sun's radiation is the primary source of renewable energy (RE). With the objective of predicting PV output power with the least amount of error in mind, it is vital to analyse the impact of major environmental parameters on it. The researchers looked at a variety of environmental factors in this study, including irradiance, humidity levels, meteorological conditions, wind velocity, PV global temperature and dust deposition. Countries such as India would gain immensely from this since it will increase the quantity of PV power generated in their national networks. ANN-based prediction models and multiple regression models were used to predict PV system hourly power output. There were three ANN models that predicted PV output power with RMSEs of 2.1436, 6.1555, and 5.3551, respectively, utilising all features using the correlation feature selection (CFS) or relief feature selection (ReliefF) approaches. It is possible to reduce bias to enhance accuracy by employing two distinct bias calculation methodologies, which were applied in this study. For example, the ANN model outperforms linear regression, M5P decision trees and GAUSSIAN process regression (GPR) models in terms of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to rapid depletion of fossil fuels and environmental risk, several non-conventional sources of energy like water, wind, geo-thermal, nuclear and solar photovoltaic, have been taken into account for power generation. Solar energy is finite energy resources to meet up long term global energy crisis. In the last decade the demand of power in India has increased manifold, therefore government has announced the National Solar Mission of generating 100 GW of solar power up to 2022. Around 60% of the total National Solar Mission target is allotted to the national/international large-scale solar power developers/investors. Environmental friendly, reduced installation cost, improved power quality, abundant availability of source makes photovoltaic based distributed generation as one of the most popular alternative source of energy production. Many industries operate 24 hours in a day, practically every day of the year. They expect full reliability and availability from their power systems, with very low tolerance for outages or shortfalls. Such industries operate at a 70% to 90% annual load factor relative to their peak load, but peak loads can occur at any time of day in any season. Due to their inherent variability, most renewable technologies, like photovoltaic panels (PV) and wind, can only address a small fraction of the energy needs, and are not reliable enough for off-grid power so we propose a hybrid grid system for the same. This report analyzes the key barriers and bottlenecks faced by solar power and diesel power developers in achieving the target and their growth and propose an automated method to do the economic calculation of solar power plant at any location. We compare this with diesel plant economics to find the best possible power generation solution for situations. They could be singly used or in a hybrid system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an optimal off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV)/hydrogen fuel cell (FC) (HFC) based energy system is proposed for renewable energy generation to supply electricity to the end-user load demand in north-east (NE) Indian states. The energy system is modeled and simulated in the HOMER software. The monthly average global horizontal solar radiation (GHSR) and ambient temperature of the NE states are found to be 3.95–4.79 kWh/m2 and 12.9–25.3 °C, respectively. The synthesized typical AC electrical load profile of 10 kWp is assumed to have a scaled daily annual mean value equal to 138 kWh/d and an average base demand value equal to 5.75 kW. With the considered connected load, the available GHSR and ambient temperature, the optimal sizes of renewable energy components for the considered eight geographical locations (latitude: 23° 30′-27° 3′ North, longitude: 88° 37' – 94° 7′ East) are determined based on the minimum levelized cost of energy (COE) and lowest net present cost (NPC). The optimal system architecture range obtained is 110–120 kW PV array, 10–15 kW FC, 30–60 kW electrolyzer, 40–60 kg hydrogen tank capacity and 15 kW converter. Based on optimization results, the levelized COE and NPC range obtained are 0.509–0.689 $/kWh and $ 3,27,557–4,43,004, respectively, which confirm the cost-effectiveness of the proposed optimal energy system. Besides, with a renewable fraction of 100%, the electricity generated by the PV/HFC system satisfied the load demand and produced excess electricity with capacity factor found to be 16.4–31.2% in all the NE Indian states. Moreover, the optimized electrical profile, PV profile, inverter profile, and hydrogen production from an FC are compared and analyzed in terms of monthly average and annualized values for all the NE states. Also, the range of net hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer over the year obtained is 1538–1856 kg/yr. [Display omitted] • Recommended an optimal off-grid PV/HFC energy systems for eight India north east (NE) states. • System profiles are compared, analyzed and discussed for all the NE states. • The levelized COE is 0.509 – 0.689 $/kWh and NPC is $ 3, 27,557-4, 43,004. • Excess electricity produced in NE states ranges from 21.4-41.4%. • Net hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer over the year is obtained as1538-1856 kg/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full exploitation of solar photovoltaic electricity generation potential is being pegged back by land availability and the imbalance between demand and generation capacity. In the present work, a land-use-constrained generation model is proposed to identify natural pathways for energy flows within a politically administered region so as to evolve a sustainable nexus between electricity generation and consumption in a decentralized power generation scenario. The model envisages district-level coordination of electricity generation on barren rocky waste land and state-level coordination of distribution. Application of the model to five south Indian states, individually and together, demonstrates how the model is able to account for intra- and interstate disparities in electricity consumption and photovoltaic electricity generation potential. Two of these states can go completely renewable by using all available barren rocky area for electricity generation while the other three will have to rely on as yet untapped off-shore wind power and nuclear power to move towards carbon neutrality in power generation. When considered together, almost all the day time electrical energy demand of all the states can be met by utilizing barren rocky waste land for harnessing solar energy, thus saving considerably on storage losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the geographic smoothing of solar photovoltaic generation from 15 utility-scale plants in California, Nevada, and Arizona and from 19 commercial building installations in California. This is the first comparison of geographic smoothing from utility-scale and building-mounted PV and the first examination of solar PV smoothing in this region. Our research questions were (1) how does geographic smoothing of commercial building rooftop PV compare to that of utility scale PV?, (2) is the geographic smoothing found for utility-scale plants the same for the western US as in India?, and (3) how does the geographic smoothing for PV compare to that of wind? By examining the power output of these generators in the frequency domain, we quantified the smoothing obtained by combining the output of geographically separated plants. We found that utility-scale and commercial rooftop plants exhibited similar geographic smoothing, with 10 combined plants reducing the amplitude of fluctuations at 1 h to 18%–28% of those seen for a single plant. We find that combining a few PV sites together reduces fluctuations, but that the point of quickly diminishing returns is reached after ∼5 sites, and that for all the locations and plant sizes considered, PV does not exhibit as much geographic smoothing as is seen for combining wind plants. We present preliminary theoretical arguments for why geographic smoothing of PV plants is less effective than that for wind plants. The slope of the high-frequency part of the PV power spectrum can at best be geographically smoothed (steepen) to an asymptotic spectrum of f − 2 . This limit for PV has considerably less smoothing than that for wind's geographic smoothing, shown theoretically and from observed data to be f − 2.33 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a wind-solar photovoltaic based standalone hybrid energy system (HES) for an un-electrified village for central region of India - Madhya Pradesh. The inputs for the designing of HES are wind speed, solar radiation, temperature and the load demand which are variable with respect to time. In this study, hourly values of meteorological data and hourly load demand are considered over a year. For sizing and performance analysis of this standalone HES, ant colony optimisation technique has been used. The performance analysis of the system is done for the various parameters such as total cost of the system, power generated by various sources, state of charge of battery, contribution of various sources, continuity of supply to the load demand and unmet load. The obtained optimal configuration of the proposed HES is found to provide minimal energy cost with excellent performance and reduced unmet load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide photovoltaic power generation is affected by deposited dust on photovoltaic (PV) systems, which creates soiling losses. In this work, factors that have a detrimental influence on dust deposition and an impact on PV systems performance were reviewed. The different ways that dust deposition can be a barrier for India's energy security plan involving PV were also discussed. Different available cleaning techniques were also introduced. The nature, size, and morphology of dust particles vary with geographical location. Any increase of the PV tilt angle, or high wind speed and heavy rain showers reduce dust deposition. Deposited dust reduces the incident transmitted light on the PV, which has an adverse impact on the reduction of short circuit current. However, the open-circuit voltage has a reduced effect due to dust deposition. The enhancement of temperature caused by dust-covered PVs is still a debatable area. A universal cleaning technique is required to eliminate the soiling losses from PV. India has a solar mission to generate 100 GW of PV power by 2022. However, India's poor air quality can undermine efforts to achieve this target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]