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Rumex abyssinicus showed strong cytotoxicity against HeLa cells (IC50 = 22.25 μg/mL) and weak cytotoxicity against PC3 and BJ cells with percent inhibition of 58.6, 25.8 and 29.7% at 30.0 μg/mL. It showed moderate antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger with a percent growth inhibition of 55.5% at 3000 µg/mL. It also strongly inhibited oxidative burst with IC50 value of 24.8 μg/mL. DCM (100%) and DCM: EtOAc (1:1) fractions showed strong cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, whilst pet ether: DCM (1:1) fraction showed strong cytotoxicity against PC3 cells with IC50 values of 29.3, 26.3 and 24.3 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the DCM: EtOAc (1:1) fraction inhibited ROS production with IC50 value of 18.8 μg/mL. Cytotoxic fractions afforded chrysophanol (1), physicon (2), emodin (3), citreorosein (4) and β-sitosterol (5). Among the isolated compounds, emodin (3) showed strong cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, whilst chrysphanol (1) and physicon (2) showed strong cytotoxicity against PC3 cells with IC50 values of 8.94, 22.5, and 28.5 µM, respectively. In addition, emodin (3) and citreorosein (4) showed strong inhibition against ROS production with an IC50 value of 16.2 and 38.2 μg/mL. The findings of this study suggest R. abyssinicus as a good candidate for cancer and inflammation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumex is one of about 50 genera in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. The genus comprises about 200 species with bisexual, or more commonly, unisexual flowers, with the species displaying monoecious, dioecious, synoecious (hermaphroditic) or polygamous reproductive systems. Some of the dioecious species have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, which is rare amongst angiosperms. We here present a plastid phylogeny of 67 species, representing all four subgenera. For this study, we used three chloroplast markers, rbcL, trnH-psbA, trnL-F and dense taxon sampling to reconstruct the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Rumex to date. The reconstructed phylogeny for this work resolves six major clades and one large grade in Rumex subg. Rumex. In addition, the species with known dioecious reproductive systems are resolved within a broader clade we term "the dioecious clade". These results suggest that the species with divergent reproductive systems are more closely related to each other than to other species comprising the rest of the Rumex genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative analysis of Rumex nepalensis var. remotiflorus revealed that its roots contain rich anthraquinones, which has emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion contents of up to 0.30, 0.67, and 0.98 mg/g, respectively. Further phytochemical study led to the isolation and purification of seven undescribed phenolic constituents, including one flavan derivative with a 13-membered ring, polygorumin A (1), two dianthrone glucosides, polygonumnolides F and G (2 , 3), two diphenylmethanones, rumepalens A and B (4 , 5), and a pair of epimeric oxanthrone C -glucosides, rumejaposides K and L (6a , 6b) from the roots of R. nepalensis var. remotiflorus. Furthermore, 1 undescribed natural product, 1- β -D-glucoside-6′-[(2 E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]-3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl (19), and 21 known phenolic compounds were obtained from the aforementioned plant for the first time. Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic data analysis. Notably, compounds 1 , 4 – 5 , and 7 – 9 exhibited inhibitory activity on α -glucosidase with IC 50 values ranging from 1.61 ± 0.17 to 32.41 ± 0.87 μM. In addition, the isolated dianthrone, chrysophanol bianthrone (14), showed obvious cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, and MDA-MB-231) with IC 50 values ranging from 3.81 ± 0.17 to 35.15 ± 2.24 μM. In silico target prediction and molecular docking studies demonstrated that the mechanism of the anticancer activity of 14 may be related to the interaction with protein kinase CK2. [Display omitted] • The chemical constituents of R. nepalensis var. remotiflorus were studied firstly. • Emodin, chrysophanol and physcion are major anthraquinones in the roots. • Seven undescribed phenols and one undescribed natural product were obtained. • Some isolates showed obvious inhibition on α -glucosidase and HL-60 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural hybridization between the native species Rumex madaio endemic to Japan and the congeneric invasive species R. obtusifolius, which frequently co‐occurs with R. madaio, was examined by molecular identification. At low frequencies, interspecific hybrids between the two species were confirmed using restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. Whereas these two species can hybridize because their flowering periods overlapped to some extent, the extremely low fertility of R. madaio caused by unknown genetic factors seemed to prevent extensive hybridization between these species. Population genetic analyses based on single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that there was a distinct population genetic structure in R. madaio, suggesting that local populations should be treated separately for genetic conservation of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecific hybridization has been suggested to occur frequently in Rumex (Polygonaceae). Several hypothesized combinations of parental species of hybrids based on their intermediate morphology have been suggested in the genus, but few of them have been phylogenetically tested. We analyzed nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data of a putative natural hybrid between Rumex crispus and Rumex obtusifolius from Korea to confirm its hybrid status and to determine the maternal parent. Analysis of the nuclear DNA pgiC region revealed that R. crispus and R. obtusifolius have contributed to the nuclear genome of the putative hybrids. The haplotype distribution pattern inferred from the combined sequence data set of five chloroplast DNA regions (matK, rbcL-accD IGS, trnK-rps16 IGS, ycf6-psbM IGS and psbA-trnH IGS) indicated bidirectional hybridization events between R. crispus and R. obtusifolius. This paper provides the first molecular evidence for interspecific hybridization between R. crispus and R. obtusifolius. In addition, our findings strongly suggested that Korean populations of Rumex japonicus have a hybrid origin, and R. crispus may represent one of the parental taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polygonaceae weed, Rumex dentatus L. grows in association with wheat, mustard and potato, while Polygonum glabrum Willd. grows in association with rice in India. Both larvae and adults of Galerucella placida Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) voraciously consume these weeds. Applications of synthetic herbicides to control weeds are harmful to the environment including beneficial organisms. We propose to find volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from both weeds causing attraction of the biocontrol agent, G. placida, in order to attempt to use the insect as a biological weed control. Behavioral responses of G. placida towards volatile blends characteristic of undamaged (UD), insect-damaged (ID), jasmonic acid-treated (JA) or mechanically-damaged (MD) plants were conducted by Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Cuminaldehyde was predominant in VOCs of UD R. dentatus, ID P. glabrum, and both JA and MD R. dentatus and P. glabrum. Geraniol was predominant in VOCs of UD P. glabrum, while 1,3-diethylbenzene predominated in VOCs of ID R. dentatus. Females were more attracted towards volatile blends of ID plants compared to UD or JA plants. Females did not show attraction towards volatile blends of JA plants. We identified two bioactive synthetics blends, one comprised of seven compounds – 16.65 µg 1,3-diethylbenzene, 10.72 µg acetophenone, 6.52 µg 2,6-(E,Z)-nonadienal, 2.46 µg 1-nonanol, 4.19 µg decanal, 9.86 µg 4-ethylacetophenone and 3.34 µg 1-hexadecene dissolved in 25 µl CH2Cl2 and the other containing five compounds – 2.50 µg 2-octanol, 6.84 µg limonene, 0.64 µg dodecane, 6.63 µg 4-ethylacetophenone and 0.24 µg geranyl acetone dissolved in 25 µl CH2Cl2. These two blends of volatile compounds could be used to attract the biocontrol agent during early vegetative period of these two weeds, which could lead to eradication of weeds from crop fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the palynomorphological features of pollen grains of Rumex scutatus (Polygonaceae) have been studied. Samples of flowers and pollen grains were found and collected during field expeditions by various plant individuals in the "Shebenik" National Park in Albania. Two methods have been used for the preparation of pollen slides: acetolysis according to Erdtman and basic fuchsine method according to Smoljaninova and Gollubkova. The Kisser method was used to fix the slides. The results obtained regarding the palynomorphological features and the size of pollen grains for Rumex scutatus have been studied for the first time in the albanian literature and they are compared with those of the other two species, Rumex pulcher and Rumex acetosella, previously studied by other authors. The study showed that the pollen grains of Rumex scutatus are monads with radial and isopolar symmetry. Their dimensions at the polar and equatorial axis and the dimensions of their colpi and pores are larger than those of Rumex acetosella but smaller than those of Rumex pulcher. The exine layer had a thickness of about 1.45 µm and was presented perforate, unlike that of Rumex acetosella (reticulate) and Rumex pulcher (microreticulate). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research dealt with study of cladistics taxonomy of five species related to the genus Rumex L. and Polygonum L. from family polygonaceae in Iraq by using Mesquite software V.2.75. This research support strongly delimiting the species P. aviculare L. and P. lapathifolia L.as suggested in floras publication while R. dentatus L. is setted in single group whereas R. vesicarius L. and R. conglomeratus Murray were included in the same group. Also, this study involved characteristics of shape, dimensions, color, and ornamentation of seeds and fruits as the seed forms were ranging from lenticular to trigonous. In terms of size calculations, the seeds of R. vesicarius was recorded the higher range (4.0- 4.5) mm in length while, P. aviculare recorded the lowest (1.5-1) mm in length. However, the shape was lenticular in P. lapathifolia and trigonous in the remaining species. Color of seeds and surface ornamentation is recognized. fruits shape is an important characters in identification of selected species as two groups are distinguished: persistent tubercules tepals which are spine teeth in R. dentatus and tongue like shape in R. conglomeratus, the second group is persistent tepals which are papery in P. lapathifolia, biconvex in P. aviculare and cordate to winged as in R. vesicarius beside that, colors, dimensions and surface nature is also recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the capacity of Lupinus polyphyllus (Leguminosae) and Rumex acetosella (Polygonaceae) to promote nutrient accumulation and microbial activity on tephra from the volcanic eruption of the Chilean Puyehue–Cordon Caulle complex (Northern Patagonia) in June 2011. In December 2015, February 2016 and September 2016, we sampled (1) barren substrate ('Barren'), (2) substrate under R. acetosella ('R. ac. substrate'), (3) substrate under L. polyphyllus ('L. po. substrate'), (4) R. acetosella rhizosphere substrate ('R. ac. rhizosphere') and (5) L. polyphyllus rhizosphere substrate ('L. po. rhizosphere') (n = 5). Soil properties (moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic C, available P, inorganic N and total N) and microbial activity (enzymatic activities) were assessed. 'Barren' presented the lowest moisture, organic C, total N and enzymatic activities. 'R. ac. substrate' and 'L. po. substrate' showed similar levels of organic C (0.23–0.30 g kg−1), and however, R. acetosella was associated with lower inorganic N ('R. ac. substrate' = 0.7 and 'L. po. substrate' = 2.3 mg kg−1) while L. polyphyllus tended to promote higher total N, especially in the rhizosphere ('R. ac. rhizosphere' = 0.19 and 'L. po. rhizosphere' = 0.34 g kg−1). 'L. po. substrate' and 'L. po. rhizosphere' presented the highest enzymatic activities. After five years, L. polyphyllus and R. acetosella have increased tephra organic C, total N and microbial activity, and however, L. polyphyllus has maintained the best substrate N availability. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broad-leaved dock is a perennial weed, which infests mainly pastures, annual crops and perennials in the Southern of Brazil. Because it is a perennial plant, control becomes more difficult due to regrowth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and development characteristics of cow-tongue plants in a non-competitive environment. The objective of this work was to monitor phenology and to evaluate the growth and development characteristics of broad-leaved dock plants in the non-competitive environment. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, after the seeds germinated in the BOD chamber, the seedlings were transplanted to pots filled with Cambisol Haplic. Destructive analyzes were performed at 0, 33, 94, 124, 156, 186 and 215 days after transplanting (DAT). The plants were collected separating the aerial part of the root system and the inflorescence, each part of the plant was taken to the drying oven by forced circulation of air for later determination of the dry mass. It was observed that the broad-leaved dock plants present initial growth rather slow. The total dry mass distribution was 56.8% of the total accumulated in the root system, followed by inflorescence (31.6%) and shoot (11.6%). The average number of seeds produced was 3,406 (± 389) per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Rumex crispus (curly dock) is a wild perennial herbaceous plant, which products are considered as a rich source of biologically active molecules with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The aim of this study was to estimate of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of aqueous extract of curly dock fruits. Methods. The aqueous extract of curly dock fruits was evaluated for its antioxidant activity by in vitro assays for ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), NO⋅, OH⋅ and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging activities and the influence on lipid peroxidation in liposomes. The cytotoxicity of tested extract was examined in vitro in human cervix carcinoma (HeLa), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cells. Results. The tested extract showed a potential antioxidant activity manifested in scavenging of free radicals as well as an ability to decrease lipid peroxidation in liposomes. The results indicated tissue-selective cytotoxicity of R. crispus fruit extract in vitro. The most prominent antitumor activity was observed towards HeLa and MCF7 cell lines. Conclusion. The investigated aqueous fruit extract of R. crispus had potential antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, with necrosis as a main mechanism of induced cell-death. Different methods of extraction of R. crispus fruits, apart from aqueous, are recommended for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Sexual dimorphism in flowering phenology traits may have evolved under sexual selection and vector‐mediated selection. The conspicuous sexual dimorphism and sex‐specific selection pressures in flowering phenology traits have been investigated mainly in entomophilous dioecious plants, whereas little is known about this in anemophilous plants. Methods: We examined sexual dimorphism in flowering onset, flowering peak, flowering duration, maximum proportion of open flowers per inflorescence branch, maximum proportion of newly opening flowers on a given date per branch, and longevity of individual flowers in natural Rumex acetosa populations. Correlations between flowering phenology traits and the degree of flowering overlap with the opposite sex were examined. We also tested whether the overlap of female flowering with male flowering enhanced seed set in female plants. Results: Little sexual dimorphism was observed in flowering onset, peak, duration, and maximum proportion of newly opening flowers. Females had greater floral longevity and greater maximum proportion of open flowers than males. Flowering overlap with the opposite sex significantly increased with the maximum proportion of newly opening flowers and decreased with temporal deviation in the flowering peak in both sexes. Females with greater flowering overlap with males set more seeds in two of the three study populations. Conclusions: In wind‐pollinated R. acetosa, little sexual dimorphism in phenological traits may have evolved to achieve synchronous flowering with the opposite sex. Our results suggest that, in angiosperms, not only common selection but also anemophily‐specific selection may shape little sexual dimorphism in R. acetosa, unlike in entomophilous plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-four compounds were obtained from Pteroxygonum giraldii and were classified as five triterpenes (1 – 5), two sterols (6 and 7), two quinones (8 and 11), three stilbenes (9 , 10 and 18) and twelve flavonoids (12 – 17 , 19 – 24). Seventeen of these compounds were obtained from the genus Pteroxygonum for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of this plant was also discussed. Compounds 10 , 12 and 23 can serve as the fingerprints for P. giraldii , and compounds 12 , 13 , 17 and 22–24 are recognized as typical metabolites of P. giraldii. Both Pteroxygonum and Polygonum might have the same origin and could be classified into the same tribe among Polygonaceae. Furthermore, due to the presence of stilbenes, Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationships with Fallopia , Rumex and Reynoutria. • Twenty-four compounds are reported from Pteroxygonum giraldii. • The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and data comparison. • Seventeen of these compounds were isolated from Pteroxygonum for the first time. • Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationship with Fallopia , Rumex and Reynoutria. • The compounds indicate relationships between Pteroxygonum giraldii and others within the family Polygonaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present part of the series provides new records of locally introduced native species in Hungary (Apium repens, Crypsis schoenoides, Limonium gmelinii, Rumex confertus, Sagina apetala). The spread of Crypsis schoenoides and Limonium gmelinii on roadsides is due to winter salting of roads, whereas the appearance of Apium repens and Sagina apetala is likely the consequence of the use of soil or peat material containing their seeds. The reports of Knautia dipsacifolia from the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain and Spiraea crenata from the Hungarian-Romanian-Ukrainian border region is ascertained here concluding that the report of the first taxon was based on a misidentification of K. drymeia, whereas the record of Spiraea crenata is a consequence of mislocation. New records of two spreading aliens (Eragrostis virescens, Sporobolus vaginiflorus) are discussed here along with a herbarium revision of Eragrostis, which showed that all previous Hungarian records of Eragrostis parviflora refer to E. virescens. Further species discussed in the paper escaped from cultivation (Asparagus verticillatus, Euphorbia characias, Nassella tenuissima, the latter two new for the country). The fi rst record of the sedge hybrid Carex ×leutzii in Hungary is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • RP-UHPLC–DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS and MS/MS analysis of Hydromethanol extracts of Rumex tunetanus flowers and stems was performed. • 60 compounds from 12 families were tentatively identified for the first time in Rumex tunetanus. • Flavonoids and tannins were the principal groups. • Results suggest the potential of Rumex tunetanus as a source of bioactive ingredients. Abstract Rumex tunetanus is an untapped resource with no available information about their chemical composition. That is why, the present study has conducted comprehensive metabolites profiling of the hydromethanol extracts of the Rumex tunetanus flowers and stems using RP-UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. As results, 60 compounds were characterized for the first time in Rumex tunetanus between them, 18 photochemical were firstly identified in the Polygonaceae family in negative ionization mode. In this regard, quercetin-3- O -glucuronide and (−)-epicatechin gallate were the most abundant phenolic compounds in flowers and stems, respectively. Moreover, positive correlations were found between the antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and FRAP assays with the total phenolic compounds (r = 0.98; r = 0.99, respectively) and the abundance of some phenolic subfamilies such as hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonols and flavones with r > 0.86. The compounds displaying significant (P < 0.01) and good correlations with the antioxidant activity (r > 0.93) were hydroxybenzoic acid, rutin, quercetin-3- O -glucuronide, quercetin-3- O -glucoside, quercetin and luteolin-7- O -rutinoside. In conclusion, Rumex tunetanus flowers and stems showed different bioactive compound profiles and significant antioxidant properties and could be further used in food and nutraceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Rumex subgenus Rumex is resolved as monophyletic. • Rumex subgenus Rumex has an origin in the Plio-Pleistocene. • Rumex subgenus Rumex has very low nucleotide diversity in its plastid genomes. • Morphology and genetics support the docks and the sorrels as distinct lineages. The genus Rumex L. (Polygonaceae) provides a unique system for investigating the evolutionary development of sex determination and molecular rate evolution. Historically, Rumex has been divided, both taxonomically and colloquially into two groups: 'docks' and 'sorrels'. A well-resolved phylogeny can help evaluate a genetic basis for this division. Here we present a plastome phylogeny for 34 species of Rumex , inferred using maximum likelihood criteria. The historical 'docks' (Rumex subgenus Rumex) were resolved as monophyletic. The historical 'sorrels' (Rumex subgenera Acetosa and Acetosella) were resolved together, though not monophyletic due to the inclusion of R. bucephalophorus (Rumex subgenus Platypodium). Emex is supported as its own subgenus within Rumex, instead of resolved as sister taxa. We found remarkably low nucleotide diversity among the docks, consistent with recent diversification in that group, especially as compared to the sorrels. Fossil calibration of the phylogeny suggested that the common ancestor for Rumex (including Emex) has origins in the lower Miocene (22.13 MYA). The sorrels appear to have subsequently diversified at a relatively constant rate. The origin of the docks, however, was placed in the upper Miocene, but with most speciation occurring in the Plio-Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial bioactivity-guided isolation of the root extract of R umex dentatus L. resulted in the characterization of nineteen natural products, including three undescribed compounds (rumexs A−C). Rumexs A and B are rare anthraquinone-anthrone dimers consisting of an emodin-10-C-glycoside linked via C-10 to C-7 of a chrysophanol moiety. They differed only in their configuration at C-10; their absolute configurations were determined by NOESY and ECD analysis. LC-HRMS analysis was performed to identify nineteen compounds. Anthraquinone derivatives such as anthraquinone aglycone, oxanthrone C-glycoside, anthraquinone O -glycoside and anthraquinone dimer were found to be the dominant components of R. dentatus. In addition, naphthol, naphthoquinone, chromone, flavonoid, isocoumarin, and lignanamide derivatives were also identified. Chrysophanol and emodin were the most abundant compounds in the crude ethanol extract; their contents were determined by HPLC to be 7.38 and 5.74 mg/g, respectively. The fractions and isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Candida albicans , and Escherichia coli. Most of them showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus , some fractions and 2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against C. albicans, and 2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone had moderate inhibitory effects against E. coli. Emodin exhibited inhibitory activity against NO release in LPS-reduced RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. [Display omitted] • Nineteen compounds were isolated and identified from the roots of Rumex dentatus guided by antimicrobial activity. • Rumexs A and B are rare anthraquinone-anthrone dimers, and rumex C is an undescribed isocoumarin. • Most of compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against S. aureus. • Emodin exhibited anti-inflammatory activity against NO production. • The contents of chrysophanol and emodin in the crude ethanol extract were determined by quantitative HPLC analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Hybridisation between locally common and rare plant species is of conservation concern as it may lead to the extinction of the rare taxon.Rumex aquaticus(2n= ca. 200, Polygonaceae) is a widespread Euro-Siberian species but rare in the British Isles. It hybridises freely with the locally abundant congenerR. obtusifolius(2n= 40) producing fertile and viable hybrids. Aims:We aimed to establish whether hybridisation poses an extinction threat toR. aquaticusin Britain. Methods:Flow cytometry, AFLPs and morphological characters were used to assess the extent of hybridisation betweenR. obtusifoliusandR. aquaticus. Results:Flow cytometry was the most useful tool to distinguish between hybrids and parental species and indicated that out of 88 samples from two hybrid populations, 85% were likely to be F1s and only 15% were likely to be back-crosses toR. aquaticus. AFLP markers were only able to identify putative F1 hybrids reliably and 11 morphological traits could not distinguish unambiguously between hybrids and pureR. aquaticus. Conclusions:Although our data suggest that genetic assimilation of pureR. aquaticuspopulations is unlikely to be the case in the future, there is a potential threat from demographic swamping by hybrids and targeted protection ofR. aquaticushabitat is proposed as a management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Rumex tianschanicus x Rumex patientia is a prospective plant as a source of renewable energy and is also an important medicinal plant. In the present experiments an efficient and reproducible method for plant regeneration through the direct induction of shoot buds from hypocotyls was developed. The highest frequency of organogenetic response of explants was obtained on 7- and 12-day-old hypocotyls that had been cultured on the regeneration medium MS + 0.17 mg/l IAA + 2.2 mg/l BAP + 2% sucrose (44.06% and 48.88%, respectively). Successfully rooted plantlets were acclimated to in vivo conditions with more than a 90% survival rate. Histological analysis revealed direct organogenesis. Shoot buds arose from stele tissues and also from regenerated leaves (secondary organogenesis). Histological and SEM analyses showed a membranous-fibrillar structure, which was similar to the extracellular matrix (ECM), around non-morphogenic callus cells. The nuclear DNA content in leaves of plantlets regenerated in vitro , estimated using flow cytometry, was similar to donor plants (about 4.6 pg/2C). This is the first report concerning the micropropagation protocol for hybrid sorrel and the first DNA 2C-value estimation for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumex dentatus is well known plant of Polygonaceae family which is widely used in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal tract. R. dentatus at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg significance decreased (p<0.001) the elevated level of ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin induced by paracetamol and results are comparable (p<0.001) with silymarin. The results were supported by histopathological investigations, phytochemical screening and detection of hepatoprotective active constituents e.g quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin by HPLC. So, it is concluded that R. dentatus has hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol liver damage in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First reports on Pancreatic Lipase inhibition of Rumex nepalensis anthraquinones. • An optimised extraction conditions developed for the maximum extraction yield. • New report on HPTLC based simultaneous quantification of chrysophanol and physcion. • Direct correlation between anthraquinone content with pancreatic lipase inhibition. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. (Polygonaceae) is an edible plant rich in anthraquinones, that significantly inhibits Pancreatic Lipase (PL), a key enzyme in the dietary fat digestion. The effectiveness of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) of R.nepalensis was investigated using ethyl acetate as a solvent. Further, optimization of extraction conditions required for maximizing the PL inhibitory activity was determined using response surface methodology with Box-Behnken Design (BBD with three factor, 17 experimental runs). Extraction time (A, min), solid: solvent ratio (B, g/mL) and temperature (C, °C) were selected as the variables. The optimum conditions were established as extraction time (37 min), solid: solvent ratio (1:10.5) and extraction temperature 33 °C. However, till date, no HPTLC reports are available for the simultaneous quantification of chrysophanol and physcion from R. nepalensis. Thus, chrysophanol and physcion were quantified in various extractives of R. nepalensis via. a validated HPTLC method and a positive correlation were obtained with PL inhibition activity (Pearson's r = 0.801 and 0.755 for chrysophanol and physcion respectively), that justified the PL inhibition potential of R. nepalensis derived anthraquinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]