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Maximizing the carbon reduction in substations with minimum cost investments can be achieved by taking advantage of the potential of substations in terms of the envelope and renewable energy, which is significant in promoting carbon reduction in substations. Therefore, firstly, the relationship between building cost–energy consumption–carbon emissions is explored, and then the global optimal calculation model of substation envelope–renewable energy is established, with the lowest life-cycle carbon emission of the substation as the optimization goal. Finally, the validity of the model is verified based on a case study of a typical 110 kV outdoor substation. The model calculation results show that, without considering the cost constraint, Harbin has the highest maximum carbon reduction of 180,350 kg, which is 25.15% and 13.74% higher than the maximum carbon reduction in Shanghai and Haikou, respectively. Furthermore, based on the comparison of the cost and benefits of each carbon reduction technology, a prioritization of various carbon reduction technologies is given for each climate zone. The model established in this paper can provide the optimal configuration of substation carbon reduction technologies with different incremental cost constraints, and provide a reference for the low-carbon design of substations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper took hydrogen transportation as a breakthrough to make a comprehensive study on the economic assessments of hydrogen delivery pathways, so as to promote the low-cost and large-scale hydrogen energy development. A specific transportation model for gas-hydrogen trailers, liquid-hydrogen tank trucks, and hydrogen pipelines with various technical levels was developed to explore the cost reduction pathways. To verify the feasibility of the model, a case study was conducted in Shanghai, China, to obtain more realistic cost data. Accordingly, the gas-hydrogen trailer was found to be feasible for short distances, while the liquid-hydrogen tank truck was economic for long distances. By increasing the hydrogen storage pressure and liquefaction scale, the transportation cost of gas-hydrogen trailers and liquid-hydrogen tank trucks could be significantly reduced. However, their economic advantage could not surpass that of pipelines when its utilization rate is high. By improving the utilization rate of hydrogen pipelines, the transportation cost could be significantly reduced. In addition, we attempted to determine the more economical and feasible option between long-distance hydrogen transportation and local hydrogen production. With the large-scale utilization of renewable energy resources, only when the electricity price is reduced to approximately 0.1–0.2 yuan/kWh and hydrogen production efficiency is increased above 60%–80%, local hydrogen production can be more economical than long-distance hydrogen transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly analyses two systems in Shanghai. A Building Attached Photovoltaic (BAPV) system of 3 kWp and a Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system of 10 kW. This BAPV system is the first practical application of grid-connected roof-mounted BAPV systems in China. It has great significance to the research of BAPV systems and the development of China renewable energy. The output yields, monthly performance ratio (PR), and monthly system efficiencies of the two systems of the two systems are illustrated. This paper used net present value (NPV) and the payback period (P d ) to analyze system benefits. PV SOL is used to simulate these two systems combined with three load profiles. The simulation results including economic and performance states are illustrated in this paper. Moreover, energy payback time (EPBT) and greenhouse-gas payback time (GPBT) are used to evaluate environmental impacts. EPBT of the two systems are 4.2 years and 3.1 years, for GPBT they are 1.3 years and 0.4 years. The economic benefit of contaminating emission reduction of the two systems is also assessed to promote the development of PV industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Energy technology patents are used to characterize energy technology innovation. • LCCP policy can make energy technology innovation generate clean direction. • LCCP policy has produced crowding out effect on other technological innovation. • The quality of energy technology innovation has not been improved. Energy technology composed of renewable and fossil energy is not entirely beneficial to the environment. Consequently, we believe that the direction of energy technology innovation should be clean to achieve sustainable development. This paper takes the low-carbon city pilot as a quasi-natural experiment, employs the difference-in-difference method and the energy technology patent data with A-share listed enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2007 to 2019 to explore the incentive effect, mechanism, and heterogeneity of low-carbon city pilot on the direction of energy technology innovation. We found that (1) the low-carbon city pilot has an incentive effect on the direction of energy technology innovation by promoting renewable energy technology, which indicates that the clean direction of energy technology innovation is taking shape. (2) The incentive effect of low-carbon city pilot on energy technology innovation is not the leverage effect superimposed on the established innovation activities of enterprises, but the crowding out effect on other technological innovation. This means that the pilot policy is suspected of negatively the productivity of enterprises. (3) The quality of energy technology innovation has not been stimulated, renewable energy technologies that are easy to generate high economic benefits are favored by enterprises, and environmental information disclosure profits to improve the policy effect of low-carbon city pilot. This study provides implications for the effective implementation of environmental policy and the synergistic of renewable and fossil energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research purpose is to analyze how block‐based programming, introduced in parallel with classical school education, will be an effective tool for developing environmental awareness among students. The research proposes a well‐developed theoretical program on environmental literacy and a practical Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) project creating an eco‐house model with a weather station and alternative energy sources in a regular secondary school in Shanghai. The sample involved school students of the seventh grade, equally divided into two groups: the control group (learnt only a theoretical program) and the experimental group (learnt both a theoretical program and a practical STEM project). At the end of the school year, students passed an environmental literacy test. The differences between the control and experimental groups were statistically significant. The experimental group has the advantage in all parameters: it has the highest scores and a large number of students who showed a high and very high level of knowledge. The results prove the methodology effectiveness of the experimental group in terms of developing sensitivity to the environment, cognitive abilities, ecological analysis, and preserving the environment. It was found that overall academic performance correlates significantly with both test scores and project scores. The highest scores were for the project, which indicates the effectiveness of block‐based programming in the learning of the experimental group, their implementation of new ideas based on the acquired knowledge, success in decision‐making, and experience that went beyond previous achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable‐dominated power systems (RDPS) in the context of pursuing deep decarbonisation targets necessitates suitable exploitation of the peak shaving capacity (PSC) of central air conditioning loads (CACL) in multiple time scales. Based on the evaluation framework of CACL participating in the RDPS PSC and the CAC apparent temperature model and its operation mode, the CACL PSC evaluation model related to the resource allocation in multiple time scales is proposed. For the time scale of online dispatching, the capacity evaluation model for rapid CACL response to power system emergency peak shaving command and its continuous response potential is constructed. The method of optimising CACL PSC based on the load aggregator model is developed. For the intraday pre‐scheduling time scale, the evaluation model of CACL's remaining capacity after undertaking the peak shaving task and the ability to respond continuously to the peak shaving command is constructed. For the day‐ahead dispatching time scale, the PSC of CACL under different weather conditions, temperatures, holidays, and other typical scenarios is evaluated. Finally, case studies carried out on 14 central air‐conditioned buildings in Shanghai city comprehensively validate the effectiveness of the proposed CACL PSC evaluation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although investment and R&D activities can exert significant effects on energy-related industrial CO2 emissions (EICE), related factors have not been fairly uncovered in the existing index decomposition studies. This paper extends the previous logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition model by introducing three novel factors (R&D intensity, investment intensity, and R&D efficiency). The extended model not only considers the conventional drivers of EICE, but also reflects the microeconomic effects of investment and R&D behaviors on EICE. Furthermore, taking Shanghai as an example, which is the economic center and leading CO 2 emitter in China, we use the extended model to decompose and explain EICE changes. Also, we incorporate renewable energy sources into the proposed model to carry out an alternative decomposition analysis at Shanghai׳s entire industrial level. The results show that among conventional (macroeconomic) factors, expanding output scale is mainly responsible for the increase in EICE, and industrial structure adjustment is the most significant factor in mitigating EICE. Regardless of renewable energy sources, the emission-reduction effect of energy intensity focused on by the Chinese government is less than the expected due to the rebound effect, but the introduction of renewable energy sources intensifies its mitigating effect, partly resulting from the transmission from the abating effect of industrial structure adjustment. The effect of energy structure is the weakest. Although all the three novel factors exert significant effects on EICE, they are more sensitive to policy interventions than conventional factors. R&D intensity presents an obvious mitigating effect, while investment intensity and R&D efficiency display an overall promotion effect with some volatility. The introduction of renewable energy sources intensifies the promotion effect of R&D efficiency as a result of the “green paradox” effect. Finally, we propose that CO2 mitigation efforts should be made by considering both macroeconomic and microeconomic factors in order to achieve a desirable emission–reduction effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the consumers’ attitudes towards green energy in China and their willingness to buy green electricity or renewable energy systems. A survey was conducted in the Shanghai region and 232 respondents answered the questionnaire. Generalized linear regression models were used in analyzing the results. The willingness to buy an own renewable energy system (e.g. solar water heater) is affected by age, how promising the renewable energy potential is seen and whether the person can choose the water heating and cooling system. The willingness to pay for a specific green electricity product is influenced by income, building type, how promising the renewable energy potential is seen, and whether the person can choose the water heating and cooling system. Our results show that price and equipment issues (operation, maintenance) were often seen as barriers to buying green energy. Energy savings and energy security were most often chosen as motivations for buying green energy and environmental reasons were less frequently chosen. Yet, buying green energy would have a strong environmental meaning for many respondents. Several respondents mentioned that lower prices and government subsidies could motivate them to buy green energy, and that more information and advertisement campaigns are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the transaction path configuration of renewable energy cross-regional consumption, there are several critical problems such as the key node identification, the maximum delivery quota, and the transmission cost allocation (TCA). To solve these problems, firstly, the simplified graph model of the ultra-high-voltage (UHV) network is constructed, and the network connectivity and the vulnerability of the key nodes are analyzed from the perspective of the system topology. Secondly, the source and sink nodes are set corresponding to the electricity seller and buyer in the power market, and the Edmonds–Karp algorithm is utilized to search for the augmenting path. Also, the maximum transmission quota of the transaction path is achieved effectively and rapidly. Finally, the social welfare is set as the optimization objective, and the optimal allocation of multiple power flows in multiple feasible transaction paths is carried out. The case study was conducted based on the 17 cross-regional transactions in China including the typical Gansu-Shanghai renewable energy consumption case. Compared to the existing TCA method, the simulation result shows that the proposed method can effectively utilize the transmission potential, decrease the overall transmission cost, and provide proper economic signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has begun a new round of electricity market reform since 2015, aiming to transform the regulated form into a competitive one. Since the generation cost of clean energy is still relatively high compared to coal-fired power plants, the major source of the energy sector in China, the environmental outcomes from market reform would remain uncertain. Therefore, green policies play a critical role during the process of reform and hence would determine whether China can achieve the goal of carbon-neutral in 2060. In light of these concerns, this paper performed a simulation study based on the agent-based model (ABM) to analyze the market performance and environmental conditions after reform. Our results demonstrate that given current cost disadvantages, the market share will flow to coal-fired power plants in the competitive electricity market without the support of green policies, resulting in the increase of CO2, NOX, SO2, and smoke emissions by 4.85 %, −1.7 %, 6.48 %, and 6.86 %. Further scenario analysis shows that to improve such environmental outcomes, policies should focus on pushing the replacement of coal-fired energy, either by renewable or gas energy. The simulation results of green policy scenarios demonstrate significant co-benefits, that carbon and other pollution emissions will decrease simultaneously. Despite the environmental gain from green policies, results of the policy efficiency analysis indicates that the FIT on renewable energy is the least effective, while pollution tax turns to be the most effective. Our results imply that green policies should be well considered when constructing the competitive electricity market in China, to effectively achieve both the national carbon-neutral and local environmental goals. • Green policies should be well designed during electricity market reform. • The environmental condition may get worse without green policies. • Green policies in the electricity market in China should focus on the replacement of coal-fired energy. • Green policies demonstrate significant environmental co-benefits on carbon and pollution control in the energy sector. • Pollution tax in the electricity market shows the highest efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residents' willingness to use green energy products is a major concern for different stakeholders and policymakers due to the reformed Chinese electricity market since 2015. This study focused on the Chinese consumer's willingness to opt and pay for environmentally-friendly electricity sources in Shanghai's residential sector. A questionnaire survey was used to find out the influence of gender, age, education, awareness and income level on consumers' attitudes to alter their energy sources to green ones. The results indicated that income level and awareness are significant barriers in the usage of green energy products. Increasing the respondent's awareness about the issues of non-green energy products convinced 97% of them to change their electricity sources completely or partly, in line with their monthly income. This clearly shows that clarifying the benefits of green energy products is a key tool to achieve a green environment in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]