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This paper presents interval estimation for the population mean and coefficient of variation in a two-parameter exponential distribution. The new generalized pivot, profile likelihood function and likelihood ratio statistic are derived and used to construct the confidence intervals. A highlight of this paper is that the generalized and likelihood ratio confidence intervals for the mean and coefficient of variation perform well in terms of coverage probability in many cases. Finally, two real-data applications on the air pollution of particulate matter (PM2.5) and the renewable energy through wind power of Thailand are used for illustration purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FIT policy are widely adopted in the world to promote the utilization of renewable energy technology (RET). Tariff rates, tariff regression mechanisms, contract term, and quota constraints are all components of the FIT policy. This policy has also been adopted by Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN countries to optimize their renewable energy (RE) potential. This paper examines the utilization of RET in power generation under the FIT policy from the perspective of the growth of renewable energy, environment, and investment which applied in five major ASEAN countries in term of the biggest generation capacity, such as: Indonesia Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. This study shows that the FIT has been successful in accelerating renewable energy growth compared to pre-FIT, where annual RE capacity growth was 7.52% in Thailand (2007-2021), 16.38% in Vietnam (2011-2021), 4.56% in Indonesia (2012-2021) 2021), 9.11% in Malaysia (2012-2021), and 5.21% in the Philippines (2012-2021). FIT also managed to keep CO2/kWh emissions production stable in Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand while increasing RE production in their power systems. Otherwise, due to the low utilization of RET in Indonesia and the Philippines, CO2 emissions in them has increased significantly, 6.67% per year at Indonesia, and 15.25% per year at the Philippines after the introduction of the FIT. Generally, FIT has succeeded in increasing the value of international funding investments in RE sector in Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an important alternative energy source in terms of both sustainable growth and climate change. In this paper, the causality nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth is analyzed in 15 emerging countries covering the period from 1990 to 2015. The paper adopts the bootstrap panel causality test which is developed by (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978–992, 2006) to consider the cross-sectional dependence. The results of (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978–992, 2006) prove the validity of the neutrality hypothesis in all countries. Then, we analyze asymmetric causality among the variables. Asymmetric test denotes a causality from negative shocks of economic growth to negative shocks of renewable energy consumption in South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey. Thus, a negative shock in economic growth hampers renewable energy consumption in these countries. Our results demonstrate the consequences of the application of disaggregated data in the analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coupling innovations in everyday social and technological practices to close energy poverty delivers local sustainable development. Although case studies on the linkages between energy access and sustainable development had been far-reaching, we know very little about their interactions in everyday practices, such as cooking. A focus on access to renewable energy for everyday activities as cooking has substantial implications for the energy justice principles of equity, accessibility, and affordability. Energy justice underlines the necessity for all people to have access to energy services fairly. At the same time, one should ensure that these energy systems do not inflict damage upon the present and future generations. This paper used a Grounded Theory approach to show how an energy transition in everyday practices such as cooking can deliver just, local, sustainable development while emerging as a sociotechnical innovation in rural Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, deep learning techniques have become popular and are widely employed in several research areas, such as optimization, pattern recognition, object identification, and forecasting, due to the advanced development of computer programming technologies. A significant number of renewable energy sources (RESs) as environmentally friendly sources, especially solar photovoltaic (PV) sources, have been integrated into modern power systems. However, the PV source is highly fluctuating and difficult to predict accurately for short-term PV output power generation, leading to ineffective system planning and affecting energy security. Compared to conventional predictive approaches, such as linear regression, predictive-based deep learning methods are promising in predicting short-term PV power generation with high accuracy. This paper investigates the performance of several well-known deep learning techniques to forecast short-term PV power generation in the real-site floating PV power plant of 1.5 MWp capacity at Suranaree University of Technology Hospital, Thailand. The considered deep learning techniques include single models (RNN, CNN, LSTM, GRU, BiLSTM, and BiGRU) and hybrid models (CNN-LSTM, CNN-BiLSTM, CNN-GRU, and CNN-BiGRU). Five-minute resolution data from the real floating PV power plant is used to train and test the deep learning models. Accuracy indices of MAE, MAPE, and RMSE are applied to quantify errors between actual and forecasted values obtained from the different deep learning techniques. The obtained results show that, with the same training dataset, the performance of the deep learning models differs when testing under different weather conditions and time horizons. The CNN-BiGRU model offers the best performance for one-day PV forecasting, while the BiLSTM model is the most preferable for one-week PV forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the components of CO2emission changes in Thai industries by using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) approach. The analyses of historical trends during the period 1990–2007 show the key factors influencing CO2emissions. Changes in CO2emissions can be decomposed into five effects: activity, structural, energy intensity, fuel share, and emission effects. In this study Thai industries are categorized into nine subindustries: nonmetallic, chemical, food and beverage, fabricated metal, textile, basic metal, paper and pulp, wood and furniture, and others (unclassified) industries. This study considers CO2emissions from five fuel types: coal, petroleum, natural gas, renewable energy, and electricity. In 2007, results show that CO2emissions increased by 129.3% when compared with the 1990 level. Results also show that the nonmetallic, chemical, basic metal, and fabricated metal industries are the major CO2emitters. Finally, results indicate that policy measures on efficiency improvement would result in CO2mitigation in Thai industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes decarbonization pathways for Thailand based on a review of the status of renewable and fossil energies, technology evaluation and scenario studies. Results show that renewable electricity generation needs to grow at a 7.1% average annual growth rate (AAGR) between now and 2050 for the power sector to achieve net-zero by 2050. This would require it to reach 400 TWh, exceeding its technical potential. We propose a more achievable scenario of between 5% and 6% AAGR wherein renewable electricity will grow from 51 TWh to 217–291 TWh between 2020 and 2050. Gas-powered electricity will grow from 127 TWh to 185–111 TWh, requiring carbon capture and storage (CCS) to mitigate 75–45 Mtpa CO2 by 2050. For the transport sector, electric vehicles have the highest decarbonization potential, but they would add 45 TWh of electricity demand by 2050. For the industry sector, installing CCS in existing plants has the highest decarbonization potential. Overall, CCS is a key decarbonization technology and its large-scale implementation will be needed for Thailand to achieve net-zero by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In power system planning, the growth of renewable energy generation leads to several challenges including system reliability due to its intermittency and uncertainty. To quantify the relatively reliable capacity of this generation, capacity credit is usually adopted for long-term power system planning. This paper proposes an evaluation of the capacity credit of renewable energy generation using stochastic models for resource availability. Six renewable energy generation types including wind, solar PV, small hydro, biomass, biogas, and waste were considered. The proposed models are based on the stochastic process using the Wiener process and other probability distribution functions to explain the randomness of the intermittency. Moreover, for solar PV—the generation of which depends on two key random variables, namely irradiance and temperature—a copula function is used to model their joint probabilistic behavior. These proposed models are used to simulate power outputs of renewable energy generations and then determine the capacity credit which is defined as the capacity of conventional generation that can maintain a similar level of system reliability. The proposed method is tested with Thailand's power system and the results show that the capacity credit depends on the time of day and the size of installed capacity of the considered renewable energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of climate change and financial development on agricultural production in ASEAN-4, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand from 1990 to 2016. Further, we explore the role of renewable energy, institutional quality, and human capital on agricultural production. Since the shocks in one country affect another country, we use second-generation modeling techniques to find out the relationship among the variables. The Westerlund (2007) cointegration tests confirm long-run relationship among the variables. The results from cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model reveal that climate change negatively affects agricultural production; on the other hand, renewable energy, human capital, and institutional quality affect positively agricultural production. Moreover, renewable energy utilization, human capital, and intuitional quality moderates the effect of carbon emission on agricultural production. In addition, a U-shaped relationship exists between financial development and agricultural production, suggesting that financial development improves agricultural production only after reaching a certain threshold. Hence, this study suggests that ASEAN-4 countries must adopt flexible financial and agricultural policies so that farmers would be benefitted and agricultural production can be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid state transformers using selective harmonic elimination technique for solar farm applications are presented in this paper. As known, the usage of photovoltaic to generate electricity in the form of solar power plants in Thailand is one of the major renewable energy resources. In addition, a Solid-State Transformer (SST) with the application on the solar power plant in Thailand begins to be considered as an alternative solution. Since an SST has the ability to eliminate the core losses during non-operating condition, it can gain more efficiency compared to a conventional transformer. In addition, an SST is smaller and lighter than a conventional transformer because it will normally operate at high frequency. In addition, an SST has a variety of functions, which can be ancillary service devices for an electrical system to help maintain electrical stability, harmonic filter, power fluctuation regulator, power flow controller and increasing of the limitation of transmission lines etc. An SST can gain higher efficiency by using Selective Harmonics Elimination (SHE) techniques for generating Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals. This technique offers several advantages such as simple implementation, uncomplicated techniques, and compatibility with various sequences harmonic elimination in a seven-level cascaded h-bridge multilevel inverter. The proposed SHE technique can search a set of angles that gives the lowest percentage of the total harmonic distortion voltage (%THDv). Then, the calculated angles can be used to fine tune again for optimal angle in the proposed controllers. The proposed seven-level cascaded h-bridge multilevel inverter is developed to validate the proposed controller for transferring power via a High Frequency Transformer (HFT) at 10 kHz. The results show that the power losses with the SHE technique using the optimal angles can be reduced up to 1.45% at HFT comparing to quasi-square waveform techniques. The performance of this proposed SST is validated with both simulation and experimental results. The validated results illustrate that the developed SST is a promising solution for a solar farm application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As countries implement renewable energy policies, it's important to understand the impacts of policies on sustainability. Population, economic and production changes affects in land use, water consumption and emissions along with trade-offs for limited resources to achieve food and energy security. Thailand faces increasing electricity imports and agricultural production, causing residue burning, a resource utilized for electricity generation. Thailand implemented a renewable energy policy and another to curb sugarcane residue burning addressing above challenges. The paper uses an extended input-output model in Thailand and the Northeast to understand impacts of these policies on output, labor income, employment, land and water use, etc. The study concludes these policies lead to supplementary increase in income, employment and value added contributing towards achieving SDGs through energy security, climate action, decent work and economic growth. At a national level, renewable energy policy is unable to capture a large potential of biomass electricity, while the no burn policy is better able to achieve sustainability through total output, income, employment, and water use. The renewable energy policy in Northeast Thailand is better able to capture the electricity potential. The Northeast also sees land use shifts from rice to cane, which could cause food security challenges. • Thailand faces growing challenges with energy security and crop residue burning. • To address the challenges, they implemented RE policies and crop burning policies. • The study uses extended input-output models in Thailand and Northeast Thailand. • We see positive effects of the policies on the economy, society and environment. • The policies fall short in capturing the full potential of biomass electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some countries, renewable energy resources have become one of the mainstreams of energy savings and sustainable development. Thailand is one of the major countries to use renewable energy generation facilities in public buildings. In particular, public educational institutes consume large amounts of electricity from the grid. To reduce the electricity dependency on the national grid connection and greenhouse gas emissions, this paper introduces potential optimized solutions of renewable energy generation systems for a public university in Thailand, Chiang Mai University. Based on the simulation results from HOMER software, the potential configuration organized by PV panels, batteries and converters is proposed. The suggested configuration achieves 100% of the renewable fraction with $0.728 of the cost of energy for per electricity. Moreover, the greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced. Both the implications and limitations are presented based on simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand had summited its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) in 2015 and ratified the Paris Agreement in September 2016. Its INDCs stated that by 2030 GHG emissions will be reduced by 20–25% when compared to the business- as -usual (BAU) scenario by using mainly domestic renewable energy resources and energy efficiency improvement. Therefore, this paper assesses the potential of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction by the use of renewable energy in Thailand's INDCs and the economic impacts from GHG emission reduction. This paper employed the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model/Computable General Equilibrium (AIM/CGE). Besides the BAU scenario, four mitigation scenarios are assessed at given GHG emission levels and renewable power generation targets. Results show that Thailand's INDC can be achieved under the current renewable energy target in Thailand's Power Development Plan 2015. As a result, macroeconomic loss will be small under the light GHG reduction target; however, it will be large under the stringent GHG emission reduction target. The GDP loss ranges from 0.2% in the case of a 20% reduction target to 3.1% in the case of a 40% reduction target in 2030. Thus, the availability of land for deploying the renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind and biomass needs to be assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a methodology to develop generation expansion plans considering energy storage systems (ESSs), individual generation unit characteristics, and full-year hourly power balance constraints. Generation expansion planning (GEP) is a complex optimization problem. To get a realistic plan with the lowest cost, acceptable system reliability, and satisfactory CO2 emissions for the coming decades, a complex multi-period mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model needs to be formulated and solved with individual unit characteristics along with hourly power balance constraints. This problem requires huge computational effort since there are thousands of possible scenarios with millions of variables in a single calculation. However, in this paper, instead of finding the globally optimal solutions of such MILPs directly, a simplification process is proposed, breaking it down into multiple LP subproblems, which are easier to solve. In each subproblem, constraints relating to renewable energy generation profiles, charge-discharge patterns of ESSs, and system reliability can be included. The proposed process is tested against Thailand's power development plan. The obtained solution is almost identical to that of the actual plan, but with less computational effort. The impacts of uncertainties as well as ESSs on GEP, e.g., system reliability, electricity cost, and CO2 emission, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a systematic decision-making approach for the assessment of hybrid renewable energy applications with techno-economic optimization, with application to the Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya (Trang Campus) in southern Thailand. Using the hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) Pro simulation tool, the techno-economic aspects of a grid-connected combined solar photovoltaics, wind turbine generator, and energy storage (Li-Ion battery), are optimized in order to minimize the net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The model inputs are NASA-Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications databases, and monthly power loads of the campus analyzed. The results are compared and optimized amongst four combinations. It is found that the optimal hybrid renewable energy power system offers the lowest NPC and the lowest LCOE to satisfy the full load of the campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Techno-economic feasibility analysis of SLBs for a zero-emission microgrid. • Optimally sized hybrid system design using HOMER-Pro. • Four hybrid configurations assessed under six scenarios with fresh and SLBs. • Sensitivity analysis of optimal SLB and system sizes w.r.t multiple parameters. With the increasing adoption of variable renewable sources (VRE) and the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) in the market, the share of harmful carbon emissions is reducing continuously. Forming a microgrid (MG) is the best way to integrate renewable energy sources (RES) to make a low-carbon path for electrification. Second-life batteries (SLBs), derived from the first-life application of batteries used in EVs, are lower in price as compared to fresh EV batteries and have sufficient remaining capacity as energy storage for MG applications. Therefore, to show the techno-economic feasibility of SLBs, this paper shows a comparative study of MG consisting of photovoltaic (PV)/floating PV/wind/biogas with fresh Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and SLBs. This paper analyses 4 hybrid models with fresh LIBs in off-grid and grid-connected mode, and based on HOMER-Pro an optimal model is finalized for the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Pathumthani, Thailand. From, six different cases of fresh LIBs, the optimal case is also selected by considering the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). With the significant amount of reduction in NPC and COE, the grid-connected hybrid models are found to be more economically viable than the off-grid models. The grid-connected optimal hybrid model is further analyzed with SLBs where a range of cost multipliers (CMs) and energy throughputs are considered as the sensitivity parameters for SLBs. The results obtained from HOMER-Pro show that the grid-connected optimal model with SLBs reduces the NPC and COE by 36% and 35%, respectively, compared to the fresh LIBs. Hence, the optimal system shows the lowest NPC and COE as, 4,136,254$ and 0.0411$/kWh, respectively, with the SLBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the problems about the environmental effects of traditional energy use are growing, Thailand has a rapid response by increasing its renewable energy (RE) policy. Even though Thailand has seen rapid growth in RE, it has been focusing on supporting the producers and not considering the users. In addition, there were few studies on RE receivers in Thailand. To reach sustainable growth and increase the empirical study, this research aims to analyze the socio-economy, electric consumption behavior, attitude, opinions, and cognition of households in Bangkok Metropolitan to willingly pay for RE alternatives in Thailand. A questionnaire survey was carried out for 250 households covering six administrative districts, selected through multistage and stratified sampling techniques. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and conditional logit regression. It is found that the overall household in Bangkok still unchanged the status of electricity production based on the findings of socio-economy, behavior, and psychological factors. Considering to pay for RE alternatives, households are willing to pay (WTP) for solar energy at the highest level among other types, and biomass is the least willing to pay when the RE share is expected to reach 40%. These results are relevant for the planning of RE in the metropolitan region and the methodology applicable to other regions for extending RE opportunities to the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in disruptive technologies along with the cost reduction of photovoltaics have been transforming business models in the electricity sector worldwide. The rise of prosumers has led to a more decentralized and open local green energy market through the emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading, where consumers and prosumers can buy or sell electricity through an online trading platform. P2P energy trading has the potential to make green energy more accessible at the local level, provide a customer choice that aligns with community values, and promote the use of renewable energy (RE) for local consumption. Although P2P energy trading has already been adopted in some countries, its implementation remains challenging in other countries, including Thailand. In this work, we investigated the drivers and challenges of implementing P2P energy trading in Thailand based on the perspectives of P2P energy trading pilot project developers participating in the regulatory sandbox program. A strategic framework was used to identify the respondents' standpoints on the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) factors that can influence the implementation of P2P energy trading. This can help businesses, policymakers, and regulators better understand drivers and barriers of P2P energy trading, which is a potential local energy market. This paper also provides policy recommendations for regulatory changes for the future development of P2P energy trading, including opening a third-party access (TPA) regime, enabling a liberalized market in the electricity market, and integrating the role and responsibilities of the prosumer for P2P energy trading into existing law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the energy targets of the Vietnamese government, solar energy is expected to become the main source of renewable energy in the future. Solar energy is moving forward, with Vietnam outstripping Thailand and becoming the country that installed the largest capacity of solar power generation in Southeast Asia, reaching 16,362 MW in new installations in December 2021. In this study, we have experimentally analyzed and designed a capacity of 47.5 MW grid-connected photovoltaic plant mounted on the floatation system at Da Mi hydropower reservoir in Binh Thuan province. This was selected to be utilized as the first effort to develop the first large-capacity floating solar power plant on a hydroelectric reservoir in Vietnam. A detailed examination of the electrical analysis, including DC to DC converters, AC inverters to the transmission network, and PV module connectivity configurations, are in scope. The present research has the potential to make a contribution to the design of the DC electrical part, the AC electrical part, and the layout PV modules—Inverter—Floatation system—Floating bridge of FPV plants which are less described in the former articles. The performance of the plant after the first 2 years of operation has confirmed that it has met the expectations and exceeded the investor's target, with the power output of the first 2 years being higher than the design by 102.58% to 105.59% and no serious damage has occurred to the equipment from 1 June 2019 to 31 August 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated Supply Chain Management (SCM) in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand, Slovakia, and Poland and compared the SCM practices among the three countries. The sole purpose was to first determine the various factors that influence SCM operations and SCM practices in each of the countries and then find out whether there is a difference among the three countries in terms of SCM operations and practices. The study was conducted using primary data collected from SME management personnel from the three countries. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data using a 5-point Likert scale. The data was analyzed using multi-group Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of the study indicated that supply chain management practices and operations adopted by the small and medium enterprises in Thailand, Slovakia, and Poland were invariant. The environmental sustainability elements in SCM and the social aspects of sustainability in SCM have positively influenced SCM practices in all countries. The study recommended that SMEs in the countries should consider adopting the factors that support SCM, operationalizing the SCM through enhancing the capabilities of the end-user, and vitally taking into consideration the environmental sustainability elements in SCM, such as environmentally-friendly production processes, taking action towards waste management, and adopting production processes that inhibit the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by encouraging the implementation of policies that foster the use of renewable energy sources in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an optimum location definition and technique for a better placement location of renewable power generations in a wide area power system using repeated power flow technique considering voltage stability limit. In this study, for a better understanding, the author have implemented the newly proposed idea on Thailand's power system especially focusing on renewable generation support plan from the government policy under the current Power Development Plan (PDP 2015). The study results have compared between: 1) installation the renewable generation at the newly recommendation area and 2) installation the renewable generation facilities throughout into distribution system in the Northeastern area of Thailand. The study results focus on impaction to voltage stability when system has load demand increasing and generation capacity decreasing. This study, a Modified-Thailand's power system during peak load in 2013 was used as a system base case with generation capacity around 27,400 MW and load demand around 26,810 MW while system losses 590 MW. The results found that the newly proposed technique can define optimum location for install renewables generation in wide area to enhance system security in term of voltage stability impaction. This technique may also carry to define the installation of other equipment as FACTS devices or define generation dispatch for Automatic Generation Control system (AGC) for power system stability enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored energy inputs and consumption patterns to determine energy and economical indices for maize cultivation in Thailand. To assess the energy performance of four used cropping systems, namely, highland cult ivation in wet season (HLWS), highland cultivation in dry season (HLDS), plains cultivation in wet season (PLWS), and plains cultivation in dry season (PLDS), data from energy consumed and produced show Net Energy Value (NEV) gains of +77.0, +106.5, +191.6, and +228.5 GJ/ha, respectively. Positive signs indicate that the required energy was less than energy produced which reveals sustainability. Use of fertilizer accounted for the major input energy in all systems, followed by fossil fuels, human labor and seeds. A cost performance analysis demonstrated PLDS production exhibited the highest profit earnings (1,365.2 USD/ha). To establish an alternative way to reduce the amount of energy consumed together with increased profit returns to farmers, the renewable energy from waste manure was used to replace dependence on chemical fertilizers. Scenarios using manure from cows, chickens, and farmyards were considered. Results showed that the use of farmyard manure created greater amounts of energy efficiency and economical return rates. Moreover, the benefits increased with increased amounts of organic material applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand's power system has been facing an energy transition due to the increasing amount of Renewable Energy (RE) integration, prosumers with self-consumption, and digitalization-based business models in a Local Energy Market (LEM). This paper introduces a decentralized business model and a possible trading platform for electricity trading in Thailand's Micro-Grid to deal with the power system transformation. This approach is Hybrid P2P, a market structure in which sellers and buyers negotiate on energy exchanging by themselves called Fully P2P trading or through the algorithm on the market platform called Community-based trading. A combination of Auction Mechanism (AM), Bill Sharing (BS), and Traditional Mechanism (TM) is the decentralized price mechanism proposed for the Community-based trading. The approach is validated through a test case in which, during the daytime, the energy import and export of the community are significantly reduced when 75 consumers and 25 PV rooftop prosumers participate in this decentralized trading model. Furthermore, a comparison analysis confirms that the decentralized business model outperforms a centralized approach on community and individual levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian peel (DP) and spent mushroom compost (SMC) are considered as agricultural wastes. These two materials have potential for the briquetting process according to their quantities. In this study, cold densification method and extrusion process are adopted for solid bio-fuel briquettes. DP and SMC were pyrolysed, milled and combined together by adding 10% of cassava starch as a binder. The study has varied the mass ratio of DP and SMC chars at 10:0, 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8 and 0:10 respectively. Physical properties of the briquettes were investigated for heating value, ash and moisture content. The results show the highest heating value of 5,880 cal/g and 5,303 cal/g for the briquette made with DP and the mixture of DP and SMC at a mass ratio of 8:2 (Mix 4), respectively. The lowest ash content of 7.9% and 12.4% for the briquette made with DP and Mix 4, respectively. A heating value higher than 5,000 cal/g is acceptable in the market according to the Thailand community standard. DP and Mix 4 briquette had a good propertied as fuel and suitable as an environmentally friendly alternative energy source. Moreover, a payback period of DP and Mix 4 briquette less than three years can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate appropriate sites for Small Power Producers (SPP) hybrid, firm renewable energy-based power plants and their scenario suitability, focusing in the southernmost provinces of Thailand. The siting suitability of renewable SPP hybrid, firm power plants was assessed by employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Para rubberwood distribution map, 1-km resolution Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) map, and high resolution (50 m) wind potential map are overlaid in possible regions for site selection. The inclusion of energy storage is also assessed in order to achieve the firm output of the optimized power plant, as per the requirement of the SPP policy. In total, 14 possible combinations of renewable SPP scenarios, ranging from 10 to 50 MW, were analyzed in order to identify an optimum scenario in terms of technical power potential, environmental suitability and socio-economic viability. The cost of each renewable SPP hybrid scenario was analyzed, as well as the annual energy production (AEP) for each scenario. The cost-benefit and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) were analyzed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in the ranking of all scenarios. Results show that the optimum scenario is a 40 MW solar PV power plant, complemented with a 10 MW biomass power plant and with a substantial energy storage system (ESS). This configuration has the highest generation capacity, at over 1,200 PWh/yr, the lowest LCOE, at 11.2 US cents/kWh, and avoiding CO 2eq emissions of nearly 38 ktonnes per year. The methodology developed, based on a cost-benefit analysis, levelized cost of energy and greenhouse gas emission reductions, can also be applied in other jurisdictions characterized by the availability of biomass, solar and wind resources for electricity generation. • Sites for Small Power Producers hybrid, firm power plants are assessed. • The power plants are based on renewable energy resources, in southern Thailand. • Wind, solar and biomass resources, including energy storage systems, are assessed. • The levelized cost of energy is analyzed in the ranking of 14 power plant scenarios. • The optimum scenario is a hybrid 40 MW solar PV and 10 MW biomass power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the key facts on the current proven reserves, production, sources, and supply of coal. The research provides an overview of the energy situation in Thailand; how the demand for coal and the clean coal activities being undertaken in Thailand. Coal production is currently a large industrial of energy source. In recent years Thailand's economy has grown rapidly, resulting in increased energy demand. This demand is met almost entirely by fossil fuels which provide 90% of the country's supply; gas makes up 70%, coal 20%, and there are some oil-fired plants. The remaining 10% comes mainly from hydroelectricity and other renewables. Several international institutions operating in Southeast Asia play an important role in contributing to the long-term energy strategy in Thailand. However, their work on promoting the use of clean coal technologies is limited in Thailand. The use of coal in Thailand will increase if all the planned new coal-fired power stations are built. Therefore, it is important that information on, and research into, the use of clean coal technologies within Thailand are supported and increased to better inform the wider community [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand has stepped up its efforts to increase the share of renewable energy to its energy mix since the 2002 public administration reform. Recently, Thailand has adopted its integrated energy blueprint. In addition, Thailand has voluntarily submitted its intended nationally determined contribution at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties in Paris. These developments, as well as the steps and challenges Thailand must face to achieve its ambitious targets and commitments are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand has stepped up its efforts to increase the share of renewable energy to its energy mix since the 2002 public administration reform. Recently, Thailand has adopted its integrated energy blueprint. In addition, Thailand has voluntarily submitted its intended nationally determined contribution at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties in Paris. These developments, as well as the steps and challenges Thailand must face to achieve its ambitious targets and commitments are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009 electricity production in Thailand was heavily dependent on fossil fuels (more than 92.73%). Domestic natural gas fields are a plentiful energy resource but it is projected to be available only for the next decade. Using domestic natural gas would reduce national energy security. However, coal will dominate in electricity generation in Thailand due to its low price. Utilization of coal results in increasing CO2emissions. To comply with the low-carbon society policy of the Royal Thai Government, a high target of achievement in alternative energy share of 20.40% in total energy consumption in 2022 has been proposed. The obvious answer to this challenge is to take advantage of Thailand as an agriculture-based country, especially in domestic renewable energy and clean power generation. Thailand’s renewable power development plan strategy is considered by increasing the share to 2.40% in 2024. Electricity generation in this scenario is compared with future fossil-based power plants with carbon capture and storage and nuclear power in the long-term energy planning. Finally, the low carbon socity scenario for the emission abatement policy is introduced to mitigate emissions. Results are presented in total supply system cost, the incremental cost of CO2mitigation and the co-benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation when compared to the business-as-usual scenario. Finally, Thailand could reduce CO2emissions from the power sector by 15.27% in 2026. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Southeast Asian region is fast growing in terms of economy with rapid population growth, high energy consumption, and pollution. Understanding these linkages are crucial to guidance of appropriate policy. This study aims to examine the causal relationship between energy consumption with economic growth and CO2 emissions of the four selected Asian countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand between the years 1971–2017 using Johansen cointegration method combined with Granger causality model. The results found the evidence of cointegration in all countries implying a long-run relationship among energy consumption, economy and pollution exists. The causality main results show the evidence of unidirectional causality running from economic growth to energy consumption in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, while the opposite direction was found in Philippines. The results of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand support "conservative hypothesis" suggesting that energy conservation policies could be adopted in these countries as it would not constrain growth of the economies. Whereas the results of Philippines appear to support "growth hypothesis" implying that energy is a key driver to stimulate economy. Limiting the use of energy could affect the economy. Instead, the policies, therefore, should focus on promoting other alternative energy source such as renewable energy in order to maintain sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the challenges of Thai energy-from-waste (EFW) development from an institutional perspective. Policy capacity, described as conditions for effective policy development and implementation, of the main government organizations involved in EFW development under the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2015 is examined. Adopting the variables used under the institutional analytical and development (IAD) approach, we modified the analytical framework for policy capacity by categorizing factors contributing to policy capacity into elements (skills, resources, and process) that affect the decisions and actions of actors of government organizations. Then, the results from the in-depth interview were interpreted through a modified analytical framework to examine policy capacity at the organizational and systemic level of government organizations involved in EFW development. We believe that a modified analytical framework for policy capacity is compatible with the IAD approach and can facilitate the utilization of policy capacity for further analysis under the IAD approach. Moreover, the modified framework can encourage a better understanding of current policy capacity and its impacts on other organizations, since an organization values its own policy capacity and others' policy capacity differently. Consequently, this understanding can benefit the improvement of cooperation among Thai government organizations involved in EFW development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]