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1. Socioeconomic and Fiscal Impact of Large-Scale Gold Mining in Mali

Author

Sanoh, Aly and Coulibaly, Massaoly

Subjects
PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING, INVESTMENT, PUBLIC SERVICE, TAX, INFRASTRUCTURE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, BUDGET, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY, WATER, health care economics and organizations, FISCAL SPACE, INVESTMENTS, LOCAL CAPACITY, MUNICIPALITIES, SUB-NATIONAL, FISCAL BURDEN, GOVERNMENTS, RETURNS, POVERTY, SHARES, RESERVES, GOODS, PUBLIC SPENDING, METALS, TAX COLLECTION, GOVERNMENT BUDGET, CITY, REVENUE COLLECTION, LIVING STANDARDS, DISTRICT, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, SUBSIDIES, MARKETS, PROFIT, LEAD, EXPORTERS, SANITATION, POLLUTION, TRANSFERS, STATUTORY LAWS, DISTRICTS, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, REVENUE LEVELS, NATIONAL BUDGET, SERVICES, PUBLIC SECTOR, CORPORATE INCOME TAX, MARKET, DURABLE, PAPER, CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA, LOCAL CAPACITIES, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, COEFFICIENTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE, CENTRAL BANK, OIL BOOM, ELECTRICITY, TEXTBOOKS, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FUNDS, IRRIGATION, POLITICAL ECONOMY, EXCHANGE, ROADS, ACCOUNTING, BUDGETS, TAXATION, INCOME TAX, SECURITY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL MARKETS, STATE BUDGET, DECENTRALIZATION, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, COMMUNITY, FISCAL IMPACT, DISTRICT LEVEL, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, GOOD, EQUIPMENT, PUBLIC RESOURCES, REVENUE, TURNOVER, TAX BURDEN, TAXES, EQUITY, TREASURY, LAND, SPENDING, CURRENT EXPENDITURES, FUELS, SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, MATERIALS, GOVERNMENT REVENUE, TAX REVENUES, EXPENDITURES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, INTERNATIONAL BANK, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, PUBLIC, MANAGEMENT, LABOR, PROFIT MARGINS, EQUITY RETURNS, HOUSING, BUDGETING, PUBLIC GOODS, LOCAL ECONOMY, STREET CLEANING, REVENUES, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC WORKS, CAPITAL EXPENDITURE, LOCAL TAXES, SHARE, INVESTMENT SPENDING, POVERTY RATE, MINING, EXPENDITURE, TAX SYSTEM
Abstract

This paper analyzes the socioeconomic, fiscal, and governance impact of gold mining in Mali. The analysis finds that, at the national level, mining plays an important role by contributing to export earnings and overall government fiscal revenue. In 2013, the mining sector represented 7 percent of gross domestic product, contributed 1.5 percent to growth in total gross domestic product, and accounted for 65 percent of total export earnings and 25 percent of total government budget revenues. At the local level, despite higher population growth, there is some evidence that outcomes (poverty and infrastructure services) are marginally better in mining communes compared with non-mining communes. Local governments receive fiscal windfalls that are spent significantly on education capital expenditures and current expenditures (salaries and non-salaries). Non-salary current expenditures are 10 times higher in mining areas. Analysis of the political economy of public service provision at the local level suggests that technical or absorptive capacities may be the bottleneck to increasing the local benefit of mining instead of corruption or accountability.

Published
2015

2. The relation between cigarette price and hand-rolling tobacco consumption in the UK: an ecological study

Author

Lucas Rothwell, John Britton, and Ilze Bogdanovica

Subjects
Inflation, Male, Paper, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, media_common.quotation_subject, Public Policy, cigarette prices, Environmental health, Tobacco in Alabama, Tobacco, Prevalence, Medicine, Humans, hand rolling tobacco prices, health care economics and organizations, media_common, Tobacco harm reduction, Consumption (economics), business.industry, Public health, Research, Tobacco control, Smoking, Commerce, Ecological study, General Medicine, Tobacco Products, Taxes, United Kingdom, Price index, cigarette prices, hand rolling tobacco prices, smoking prevalence, Female, business, smoking prevalence
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Cigarette price increases reduce smoking prevalence but as a tobacco control policy are undermined by the availability of lower cost alternatives such as hand-rolling tobacco. The aim of this descriptive study is to explore time trends in the price of manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco, and in the numbers of people who smoke these products, over recent years in the UK. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: UK. OUTCOME MEASURES: Trends in the most popular price category (MPPC) data for cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco from 1983 to 2012 adjusted for inflation using the Retail Price Index, and trends in smoking prevalence and the proportion of smokers using hand-rolling tobacco from 1974 to 2010. RESULTS: After adjustment for inflation, there was an increase in prices of manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco between 1983 and 2012. Between 1974 and 2010, the prevalence of smoking fell from 45% to 20%, and the estimated total number of smokers from 25.3 to 12.4 million. However the number of people smoking hand-rolling tobacco increased from 1.4 to 3.2 million, and MPPC cigarette price was strongly correlated with number of people smoking hand-rolling tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Although the ecological study design precludes conclusions on causality, the association between increases in manufactured cigarette price and the number of people smoking hand-rolling tobacco suggests that the lower cost of smoking hand-rolling tobacco encourages downtrading when cigarette prices rise. The magnitude of this association indicates that the lower cost of hand-rolling tobacco seriously undermines the use of price as a tobacco control measure.

Published
2015