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Numerous studies have shown that heat exchanger fouling may lead to 1-2.5% of global CO SB 2 sb emissions. The International Conference on Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning has been held in bi-yearly intervals since 1995 and has helped to bridge the gap between academia and industry. The complete refereed proceedings from the 2003-2017 conferences can be accessed free of charge from the conference website, www.heatexchanger-fouling.com. [Extracted from the article]

• 21 150 × 200 × 11,000 mm3 Salzmann pine rafters from 18th century building were analysed. • Criteria were established to assign the most adequate nominal cross-section dimension. • NDT measurements were used to optimize the nominal size dimensions assignment. • Central area cross-section showed the best MOE estimation with ToF methods. • Global mean cross-section showed the best MOE estimation with vibration analysis. The frequent highly irregular geometry of the elements in existing timber structures complicates the structural verification of members and influences the use of non-destructive testing (NDT), affecting the inspection time, cost and results obtained. This process therefore needs to be improved. The main aim of this paper is to analyse how to obtain a representative nominal cross-section (NCS) of members, and its influence on determination of the static modulus of elasticity (MOE sta). 21 150 × 200 × 11,000 mm3 Salzmann pine (Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco) timber rafters from the 18th century Royal Coliseum of Charles III theatre (in Aranjuez, Madrid, Spain) were acoustically tested (by ultrasound, stress wave and vibration). The MOE sta was determined by mechanical testing, and different criteria for determining the NCS were analysed. Good correlation was obtained between the MOE sta and NDT parameters, and the best criterion to assign NCS was proposed to improve the accuracy of the models obtained by reducing the number of NCS measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geo-referenced 3D models are currently in demand as an initial knowledge base for cultural heritage projects and forest inventories. The mobile laser scanning (MLS) used for geo-referenced 3D models offers ever greater efficiency in the acquisition of 3D data and their subsequent application in the fields of forestry. In this study, we have analysed the performance of an MLS with simultaneous localisation and mapping technology (SLAM) for compiling a tree inventory in a historic garden, and we assessed the accuracy of the estimates of diameter at breast height (DBH, a height of 1.30 m) calculated from three fitting algorithms: RANSAC, Monte Carlo, and Optimal Circle. The reference sample used was 378 trees from the Island Garden, a historic garden and UNESCO World Heritage site in Aranjuez, Spain. The time taken to acquire the data by MLS was 27 min 37 s, in an area of 2.38 ha. The best results were obtained with the Monte Carlo fitting algorithm, which was able to estimate the DBH of 77% of the 378 trees in the study, with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 5.31 cm and a bias of 1.23 cm. The proposed methodology enabled a supervised detection of the trees and automatically estimated the DBH of most trees in the study, making this a useful tool for the management and conservation of a historic garden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]