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The histories of Business Schools (BS) are usually produced from U.S.-centric perspectives. Seeking to recenter the Global South in the making of these histories, this paper aims to analyze the history of BS in Brazil via dependency studies. Dependency is the condition of a hierarchical relationship between two or more economies that become entangled for the benefit of the richer countries. Dependency studies aim to examine dependent conditions prevailing since colonial times to overcome them. We analyze the creation and dissemination of five BS from 1937 to 1961, a period marked by the emergence of the first undergraduate courses in the field and a heavy push towards industrial development in the country. We argue that dependency macro factors were the main drivers behind the creation, implementation, and dissemination of BS in Brazil. We posit local agents performed dependency ambiguity, that is, exploring context drivers within the Brazilian technological-industrial dependency and seeking external support to establish early BS in the country. We claimthat through dependency lenseswe can reposition the narratives about the development of BS in the Global South away from a U.S.-centric explanation, emphasizing the role of local contextual factors and actors within Global South countries dependency longue duree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research illustrates how electoral incentives shape candidates' decisions to reduce ambiguity by cultivating specific group identities. Extending this literature, I argue that electoral contexts may instead incentivize candidates to cultivate ambiguity around their group identities. Drawing on theories of policy platform ambiguity, I argue that by cultivating an ambiguous identity candidates enhance their ability to attract voters across groups by reducing aversion they would otherwise experience from out-group voters. Accordingly, candidates will tend to cultivate ambiguous identities when electoral victory requires attracting voters across social groups, which will tend to be the case under less proportional rules and when their group is small. I examine this theory in the context of Brazilian municipal elections and show that office-seeking Evangelical Christian clergy tend to cultivate Evangelical identities when electoral victory can be achieved by narrowly targeting Evangelical voters but ambiguous identities when victory requires attracting both Evangelical and non-Evangelical voters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We seek to provide practicable approximations of the two-stage robust stochastic optimization model when its ambiguity set is constructed with an f-divergence radius. These models are known to be numerically challenging to various degrees, depending on the choice of the f-divergence function. The numerical challenges are even more pronounced under mixed-integer first-stage decisions. In this paper, we propose novel divergence functions that produce practicable robust counterparts, while maintaining versatility in modeling diverse ambiguity aversions. Our functions yield robust counterparts that have comparable numerical difficulties to their nominal problems. We also propose ways to use our divergences to mimic existing f-divergences without affecting the practicability. We implement our models in a realistic location-allocation model for humanitarian operations in Brazil. Our humanitarian model optimizes an effectiveness-equity trade-off, defined with a new utility function and a Gini mean difference coefficient. With the case study, we showcase (1) the significant improvement in practicability of the robust stochastic optimization counterparts with our proposed divergence functions compared to existing f-divergences, (2) the greater equity of humanitarian response that the objective function enforces and (3) the greater robustness to variations in probability estimations of the resulting plans when ambiguity is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out a data-driven approach for targeting environmental policies optimally in order to combat deforestation. We focus on the Amazon, the world's most extensive rainforest, where Brazil's federal government issued a "Priority List" of municipalities in 2008—a blacklist to be targeted with more intense environmental monitoring and enforcement. First, we estimate the causal impact of the Priority List on deforestation (along with other relevant treatment effects) using "changes-in-changes" due to Athey and Imbens (2006), finding that it reduced deforestation by 43 |$\%$| and cut emissions by almost 50 million tons of carbon. Second, we develop a novel framework for computing targeted optimal blacklists that draws on our treatment effect estimates, assigning municipalities to a counterfactual list that minimizes total deforestation subject to realistic resource constraints. We show that the ex post optimal list would result in carbon emissions over 10 |$\%$| lower than the actual list, amounting to savings of more than |$ \$ $| 1.2 billion (34 |$\%$| of the total value of the Priority List), with emissions over 23 |$\%$| lower on average than a randomly selected list. The approach we propose is relevant both for assessing targeted counterfactual policies to reduce deforestation and for quantifying the impacts of policy targeting more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For developing economies, agents' disagreement (risk) about future inflation can be tricky, mostly when the range of possibilities is not clear (ambiguity). We use the Brazilian survey of inflation forecasts to model ambiguity and risk in inflation expectations, considering 1, 6, and 12 months ahead. Our results indicate that an ambiguity inflation expectations shock (6 and 12 months time window) can negatively affect Brazilian economic cycles. On the other hand, risk shocks seem to have a moderate and significant effect only for 1 month ahead of expectations. This evidence shows that the maintenance of short and medium-run monetary policies, such as forward guidance, may depend on dynamics that go beyond first-order volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a new ambiguity analysis method to investigate the remanence of a uniformly magnetized source. We wrote the unit vector of the total‐magnetization direction as the weighted sum of the unit vectors of the induced‐ and remanent‐magnetization directions. The unit vectors of the induced‐ and remanent‐magnetization directions are weighted, respectively, by the ratio between the induced and total‐magnetization intensities (λ), and by the multiplication of λ by the Koenigsberger ratio Q $\mathcal{Q}$. We obtained analytical estimators for Q $\mathcal{Q}$ and the remanent magnetic inclination Ir and declination Dr. We constructed a family of ambiguity curves of Ir×Q ${I}_{r}\times \mathcal{Q}$, Dr×Q ${D}_{r}\times \mathcal{Q}$, and λ×Q $\lambda \times \mathcal{Q}$ for a fixed total‐magnetization direction and for λ value. We estimated the total magnetic inclination It and declination Dt via the equivalent‐layer technique constrained by an all‐positive magnetic‐moment distribution. We also used some total‐magnetization directions associated with prespecified data‐residual errors. We performed a systematic search for both It and Dt to obtain a discrete data‐residual map on the plane It × Dt. We picked some It and Dt from the data‐residual map associated with a percent of data‐residual error and created some families of ambiguity curves of Ir, Dr, and λ versus Q $\mathcal{Q}$. These ambiguity curves are quickly built up because we inverted the data only once. Tests with synthetic and field data from the Goiás Alkaline Province, Brazil, illustrated a wider perspective of the relationships between the remanent‐magnetization direction and Q $\mathcal{Q}$ for different data‐residual errors. Plain Language Summary: We have presented a novel ambiguity analysis method for appraisal of the remanent‐magnetization directions and the Koenigsberger ratio Q $\mathcal{Q}$. The method is grounded on a new formulation of the total‐magnetization direction unit vector, that is described as the sum of the induced‐ and remanent‐magnetization directions unit vectors weighted by the ratio between the induced‐ and total‐magnetization intensities λ; the multiplication of λ by Q $\mathcal{Q}$. We derived analytical estimators for the remanent inclination Ir, declination Dr, and Q $\mathcal{Q}$. For each total‐magnetization direction and the values of λ, we construct a family of curves of Ir, Dr, and λ versus Q $\mathcal{Q}$. We use the total‐magnetization direction estimated via the equivalent layer constrained by an all‐positive magnetic‐moment distribution. We also use some total‐magnetization directions associated with prespecified data‐residual errors. Each family of ambiguity curve is related to each total‐magnetization direction associated with a percent error in the data residuals. These ambiguity curves are quickly built up because we used the derived analytical estimators and we inverted the total‐field anomaly only once. Tests on synthetic and field data show that the knowledge about the interval of Q $\mathcal{Q}$ can assist in the scan of remanent‐magnetization directions. Key Points: Ambiguity analysis method for the remanent‐magnetization directionQuick construction of a family of ambiguity curves of the remanent‐magnetization vector and the Koenigsberger ratioMathematical estimators for calculating the remanent‐magnetization direction and Koenigsberger ratio [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Domínios de Lingu@gem is the property of Dominios de Lingu@gem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Lusofona de Educacao is the property of Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, CEIEF and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Ambiguity Dilution of Precision (ADOP) is a well-known scalar measure that can be used to infer the strength of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) model of the carrier phase ambiguities involved in precise relative GNSS positioning. Odijk and Teunissen (2008a) derived closed-form expressions for single-baseline GNSS models that allow verifying the factors affecting the ambiguity resolution as well as the probability of its correct resolution as integer values. However, this weighted-ionosphere ADOP closed form assumes that the standard deviation of the ionosphere delay is dependent on a function associated with the baseline length. This means that a baseline of the same length at different locations around the world and in different moments in time would have the same standard deviation, which in practice is not true. This becomes even worse in regions like Brazil, where the ionospheric anomalies are more intense and frequent, especially in periods of high solar activity. In this work, a new method for calculating the ionospheric delay standard deviation that considers the ionospheric scintillation S4 index is proposed to improve the closed-form ADOP performance. Experiments with a baseline of 280 m located in Presidente Prudente, Brazil (magnetic latitude of around −13°), were carried out. The results showed that in periods of both weak and strong ionospheric scintillation, the introduction of S4 into the ionospheric delay standard deviation was beneficial for ADOP. The average improvement of the ADOP closed form was of around 72% in the analyzed period of weak scintillation and of 35% in the period of strong scintillation. In addition, the results showed that in periods of strong scintillation, relative positioning accuracy is around 100 times worse, up to 30 m, when compared to periods of weak ionospheric scintillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the history of Carletto, considered one of the most famous criminals in the history First Republic in Brazil. Before his trial, he underwent a meticulous psychiatric examination. We take the story of Carletto as a gateway to understand the psychiatric-forensic practice in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the period. We conclude that the construction of the figure of Carletto as a dangerous criminal and not an irresponsible mental patient relates, on the one hand, to the interweaving of the psychiatric discourses with the images of Carletto in the popular imaginary, and, on the other, with the limits and ambiguities of the degeneracionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alfa: Revista de Lingüística is the property of Alfa: Revista de Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mapping widespread dyke swarms shed light on the tectonic processes that culminate in continental fragmentation, especially in the early phases of the crustal extension and magma emplacement. Airborne magnetic data are an effective geophysical tool to clarify the extent of dyke swarms in continental-scale areas due to the expressive magnetic contrast between magmatic bodies and host rocks. However, many geological features display similar magnetic patterns, making the qualitative interpretation of magnetic anomaly maps quite subjective and ambiguous. To improve and optimize the predictive mapping of dyke swarms, this research presents a multivariate analysis of airborne geophysical surveys, applying a Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) approach using two magnetic and three gamma-spectrometric variables. This semiautomatic technique has allowed an integrated spatial analysis and the classification of the lithological units based on their magnetic and gamma-spectrometric signatures. We applied the SOM method to investigate a set of mafic dyke swarms that intruded in the Neoproterozoic Borborema Province (BP), Parnaíba Basin (PB) and the São Francisco Craton (SFC) in NE Brazil. These dykes are part of a large magmatic event associated with the continental breakup, which formed the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean in the Early Cretaceous, denominated EQUAMP. First, the SOM hyperparameters were defined by running the algorithm in a representative area in the central part of the BP. This training test area worked as a SOM template through which all data from the area were processed. The SOM analysis identified seven different populations, according to responses found in the five geophysical input variables. Two of these populations were associated with the mafic dykes, reducing the ambiguity of the magnetic anomaly interpretation. These populations represent high SOM quantization error, which means that these groups are the most anomalous data, evidenced in airborne magnetic data. These results were checked during fieldwork, revealing that dyke swarms occur more widely than were previously known, throughout the BP intruding the SFC, and showing some occurrences embedded in the Paleozoic sedimentary infill of the eastern border of the PB. • An unsupervised data mining approach for mapping mafic dykes. • Prediction of dyke swarms using self-organizing maps. • Integrated spatial analysis and classification of airborne geophysical data. • Optimization of geophysical and geological mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article stems from an interest taken in discussing the usage of the terms ambivalence and ambiguity, which are very present in Psychology's publications and savoir faire. It is important to reiterate that in common sense and even in scientific publications these terms are often used as synonyms or notions of little conceptual delimitation. The relevance of such differentiation is proposed once these notions participates of the emergence of the new in human subjective experience, and, in a methodological approach, ambiguity and ambivalence are dimensions that leads the researcher goes beyond a repetitive sterile description of the subject's speech, moving towards new perspectives of the psychological data. This paper aims to retrieve the qualifying power of such notions by making a broader reflection on the functions of language in the production of interpretive realities. We also propose to bring up a reflection about ambiguity in the construction of meaning and to reiterate ambivalences as inherent to human nature, its affective record and the process of human becoming. As a way to explain the proposed themes, we will analyse an excerpt from the documentary "Últimas Conversas", produced by the Brazilian filmmaker Eduardo Coutinho, in which high school students from public state schools in Rio de Janeiro tell their stories, speaking of dreams and shared challenges. The character Rafaela was selected for this article because of the emergence of unspeakable emotions from her narrative about an expected future as a promise of reconciliation with the alterity of her life story.

To perform network RTK positioning, a user must receive and apply the information generated from a network. Corrections are generated for the user to consider the atmospheric delays (ionosphere and troposphere) between ther location and the network stations. In order to generate reliable corrections and send them to users, one must resolve the ambiguities in the processing step of the network stations. Ambiguities are the number of integer cycles of the carrier phase in the first data collection epoch and are introduced as parameters to be estimated in the processing. Thus, the ambiguity resolution process becomes a prerequisite for obtaining high accuracy in network RTK positioning. This process can be divided into two steps: estimation and validation. The estimation step aims to obtain the integer values of ambiguities and in the validation step it is inferred if the estimated integer value may or may not be accepted. In this work, the LAMBDA (Least squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment) method was used to obtain the integer ambiguity estimate and for the validation the Ratio and FF-RT (Fixed Failure Ratio Test) tests were used. The objective of this work was to investigate the performance of the ambiguities validation tests for long baselines. The results showed that the FF-RT test presented the highest fixed ambiguity percentages when compared to the Ratio test in all analyzed periods. Thus, for long baselines positioning, in periods of either weak or strong ionospheric activity, the use of the FF-RT test will cause a greater number of fixed ambiguities to be used in the process of generating the corrections for the user. • Evaluation of ionospheric activity effects on GNSS ambiguity resolution. • Data considering the last solar maximum (2012–2014). • Evaluation at the south crest of the equatorial anomaly in Brazil, one of the most affect countries. • The use of fixed failure rate for the critical value in ratio test improves the number of fixed ambiguities when compared to the commonly used critical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]