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Around 1900, legal literature and publishing in Germany underwent a significant process of expansion and transformation. This development is, in part, due to the codification of important areas of law, especially the advent of the German Civil Code. The new codes instigated a vast quantity of legal literature; legal commentaries took the lead in explaining the new law. However, it is only through a look at the history of books and publishing, as well as the general history of science, that the development of legal literature can be fully appreciated. This paper shows that the growth and transformation of legal literature before and after 1900 is part of a larger development, i.e. the emergence of a literary mass-market, on the one hand, and the formation of what Adolf von Harnack called a 'large-scale industry of science', on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the nineteenth century, European booksellers and publishers, mostly from France, England, Germany and Spain, produced textual materials in Europe and introduced them into Mexico and other Latin American countries. These transatlantic interchanges unfolded against the backdrop of the emergence of the international legal system to protect translation rights and required the involvement of a complex network of agents who carried with them publishing, translating and negotiating practices, in addition to books, pamphlets, prints and other goods. Tracing the trajectories of translated books and the socio-cultural, economic and legal forces shaping them, this article examines the legal battle over the translation and publishing rights of Les Leçons de chimie élémentaire, a chemistry book authored by Jean Girardin and translated and published in Spanish by Jean-Frédéric Rosa. Drawing on a socio-historical approach to translation, I argue that the arguments presented by both parties are indicative of the uncertainty surrounding the legal status of translated texts and of the different values then attributed to translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the life and works of philosopher, composer, and visionary Hildegard of Bingen. Information regarding his three major manuscripts including the book "Liber Divinorum Operum (Book of Divine Works)," focusing on humanity's relationship to God, are mentioned. The article also discusses the medical writings of Hildegard.