Search

As one of the four major bay areas in the world, the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is a highly integrated mega urban agglomeration and its unparalleled urbanization has induced prominent land contradictions between humans and nature, which hinders its sustainability and has become the primary concern in this region. In this paper, we probed the historical characteristics of land use and land cover change (LUCC) in the GBA from 2005 to 2015, and forecasted its future land use pattern for 2030, 2050, and 2070, using a cellular automata–Markov (CA–Markov) model, under three typical tailored scenarios, i.e., urban development (UD), cropland protection (CP), and ecology security (ES), for land use optimization. The major findings are as follows: (1) The encroachments of build-up land on the other land uses under rapid urbanization accounted for the leading forces of LUCCs in the past decade. Accordingly, the urban sprawl was up to 1441.73 km2 (23.47%), with cropland, forest land, and water areas reduced by 570.77 km2 (4.38%), 526.05 km2 (1.76%), and 429.89 km2 (10.88%), respectively. (2) Based on the validated CA–Markov model, significant differences are found in future land use patterns under multiple scenarios, with the discrepancy magnified over time and driven by different orientations. (3) Through comprehensive comparisons and tradeoffs, the ES scenario mode seems optimal for the GBA in the next decades, which optimizes the balance between socio-economic development and ecological protection. These results serve as an early warning for future land problems and can be applied to land use management and policy formulation to promote the sustainable development of the GBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmitting traditional music for sustainability has been a common theme in global music education. Recently, the school systems of Hong Kong and Guangdong have been encouraged by governmental authorities to teach Cantonese opera aiming at enhancing the sustainability of the genre and promote a Chinese cultural identity within students. This paper details a survey of school music teachers working in Hong Kong and Guangdong examining the current state of Cantonese opera teaching in the schools of both regions and investigate how it is affected by teacher variables including their interest in Chinese opera, the confidence in teaching the subject, and their perceptions of their Chinese cultural identities. A total of 1,974 valid questionnaires were received and examined. Descriptive and inferential statistics including MANOVA and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. Findings reveal that Cantonese opera teaching is limited in both regions. While teachers are modestly interested, confident, and knowledgeable about teaching the genre, there is a significant relationship between the music backgrounds of teachers and their interest in Cantonese opera. The article discusses the findings within the context of a historical predominance of Western music within music education curricula and wider societies. Implications for policy makers are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe Typhoon Koinu passed south of Hong Kong on 8 and 9 October 2023, triggering the issuance of the Increasing Gale or Storm Signal No. 9, the second highest tropical cyclone (TC) warning signal in Hong Kong. Koinu was a difficult case for TC warning service due to its compact size and rather erratic movement over the coastal waters of Guangdong. To monitor Koinu's movement and wind structure, the Hong Kong Observatory utilized various observational platforms, including meteorological aircraft, ocean radar, and synthetic aperture radar on polar orbiting satellites. The paper presents major observations derived from these measurements. The aircraft probe and dropsonde data suggested boundary layer inflow, warm core structure, eyewall updraft, and high turbulence in the eyewall of the typhoon. The weather radar observations indicated the occurrence of a waterspout in the vicinity of the typhoon. Additionally, the study highlights the forecasting performance of the AI‐based Pangu‐Weather model, which could outperform the conventional global numerical weather prediction models in forecasting TC track in the region. The documentation of these observations aims to provide valuable references for weather forecasters and stimulate further research on forecasting this type of tropical cyclone. Key Points: Observations from meteorological aircraft, ocean radar, and synthetic aperture radar show the structure of Severe Typhoon KoinuWeather radar observations suggest the occurrence of a waterspout in the vicinity of KoinuAI‐based Pangu‐Weather model could outperform the conventional global numerical weather prediction models in forecasting Koinu's track [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to summarize the conditions under which participatory art museums and local commercial traditions can have positive and sustained interactions. Design/methodology/approach: The methods include studying the quantity and content of exhibitions in the four cities of the Bay Area, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Shunde, to compare their academic positioning and influence on local commercial production. Through interviewing curators, artists and university scholars who are active in the Bay Area and are invited by the museums on a regular basis, it will let us understand the attitudes from the government, public and capital towards the regional art museums and how these attitudes influence the choice of theme in the participatory art museum practice. Findings: To summarize the findings, the author concludes that a participatory art gallery with commercial production in the Bay Area requires the following: a long tradition of local business and wealth accumulation; a local area is of a size where the community of acquaintances can interact on a regular basis; continued interest of a diverse local elite, including a mix of businessmen and gentry, government officials and various sectors of the public; and museums serving as intermediaries to coordinate the effective integration of the commercial and traditional resources. Originality/value: Participatory approaches and their impacts are a shared area of interest across urban planning, heritage studies and the creative arts. Crucially, solely relying on either the Latin bottom-up community-oriented approach (Barnes, 2003) or the British top-down policy-oriented approach (Heijnen, 2010) did not maximize benefits, though these distinctive two approaches were convinced that museums should play a larger role in becoming agents of contemporary social change. By contrast, in focusing on Chinese Art Museums, this study will explore participatory practice in the Asian context. In doing so, it will not only diversify the emerging literature on the social and economic impacts of arts and heritage organizations but also challenge the Western lens through which participatory approaches are viewed in the interdisciplinary literature. As Lefebvre acknowledged his lack of non-Western regions in his research, this study will offer new perspectives on museology and its contributions to the Production of Space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated development of culture and tourism is one of the important ways for China to promote rural revitalization in the new era. Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area uses the unique lychee cultural resources of the Lingnan region for tourism development, and has formed many local experiences and typical models on the road of integrated development of culture and tourism. This paper summarized the development connotation of litchi cultural resources in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Based on the existing studies on the integration of lychee cultural tourism, from the perspective of industrial economy, the experience of the integrated development of lychee cultural tourism in the Greater Bay Area is divided into four typical models: the integrated development mode of popular science research, the integrated development mode of cultural festival, the integrated development mode of picking experience, and the integrated development mode of industry and tourism joint operation. Through in-depth analysis of the main characteristics of different modes and typical case practice, the specific path and industry dynamics of the integrated development of lychee cultural tourism in the Greater Bay Area were clarified. Finally, from the perspective of problems, it is proposed that the Greater Bay Area can carry out mechanism innovation in the following aspects, such as government role, platform construction and public participation, so as to promote the integration of lychee culture and tourism to achieve a unified development direction of social benefits, cultural benefits and economic benefits. For the first time, this paper makes a comprehensive interpretation of lychee cultural tour, which relies on local fruit cultural resources to design rural revitalization road. The research results can provide some enlightenment for other areas to implement rural revitalization integrated development of cultural tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the analysis effect of traditional arts and crafts, this paper analyzes traditional arts and crafts combined with digital technology, builds an intelligent analysis system to improve the digital processing effect of traditional arts and crafts, and takes the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as an example to verify the system effect. In order to improve the accuracy of subsequent image alignment and defect detection, this paper compares the effects of the pixel-level edge detection algorithm and the subpixel-level edge detection algorithm and finally selects the subpixel-based edge detection algorithm to extract the edge of the image. In addition, this paper compares the traditional defect detection algorithm through research and experiment and proposes an improved image phase difference method according to the actual situation. The experimental research shows that the traditional arts and crafts intelligent analysis system based on digital technology proposed in this paper has a very good effect. At the same time, with the support of this system, the intelligent analysis of traditional arts and crafts in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area can be carried out efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the connotative development and characteristic construction under the background of the emerging engineering education, the applied chemistry major of Guangdong University of Technology, guided by the industrial demand of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area, has continuously deepened the multi-level and diversified talents training mode of industry education integration, school enterprise cooperation, and collaborative education, forming a distinctive professional characteristic advantage. This paper summarizes the measures and achievements of the electronic chemicals subject construction of the applied chemistry specialty from the aspects of the specialty feature, talent training, and production-education integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone (O3) pollution has negative impacts on human health and property. The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is facing severe O3 pollution problems due to rapid economic development. In this paper, we used sensitivity experiments and GeoDetector to analyze the effects of meteorological factors, anthropogenic emissions, and landscape patterns on O3 concentrations as well as the contributions of NOx and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds) to the variation of O3 concentrations and the causes of sectoral emissions in the GBA in 2017. The results revealed that, in GBA, the contribution of meteorology to the variation of O3 concentration was dominant both in terms of region and extent, and the contribution of emissions was relatively weak. The contribution of meteorology and emissions to O3 production was mainly contributory. Meteorology contributed significantly to O3, and its non-linear interaction with anthropogenic emissions and surface landscape affected O3 concentration changes. The degree of contribution of NOx and NMVOC varied widely among seasons, and the variation of their relative contribution areas was related to residential sector emissions and agricultural sector emissions. This article enriches the exploration of the O3 formation mechanism in the GBA and provides theoretical support for the implementation of differentiated regional and seasonal mitigation strategies for O3 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sand flat is an important part of agriculture in the Pearl River Delta, and it is also the land use mode with the most local characteristics of Guangdong. This paper takes the agricultural cultural heritage of Nansha sand flat as an example to study how to stimulate the new vitality of traditional cultural heritage. Nansha, located at the Pearl River Port, is a model of sand flat area in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Its formation is a history of continuous cultivation and expansion of sand flat. In the long history of reclamation of sand flat, Nansha people have created sand flat agricultural cultural heritage with rich connotation and unique characteristics. However, with the increasing industrialization and urbanization in recent years, the traditional sand flat farming culture is facing the disappearing crisis, so it is urgent to strengthen the inheritance and protection. For the inheritance and protection of agricultural cultural heritage in sand flat, Nansha, the primary core task is to activate the utilization. To adhere to the basic principle of "protection through utilization and utilization through protection", we can take measures such as strengthening publicity and education, promoting the application of sand flat agricultural heritage, strengthening government leadership and planning guidance, as well as advancing the integrated development of sand flat agriculture, culture and tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper took the social exchange and social cognitive perspectives to examine the effects between job values and organizational socialization and how to play a mediation in career exploration and moderating effect in demographic characteristics. The research collected 700 valid samples of the youth of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for statistical analysis and then subjected them to job value scale, career exploration, and organizational socialization scale. With structural equation model and correlation analysis, it verified that the proposed scale had demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity, a theoretical model of a good overall fit. In the final part, this paper used hierarchical regression analysis and path analysis. The results indicated that career exploration plays a mediation role between job value and organizational socialization, demographic characteristics are moderating effect between job value and career exploration, and demographic characteristics make a moderating effect between career exploration and organizational socialization, but demographic characteristics are not moderated on work value and organizational socialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national strategy of "Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macao Greater Bay Area" has replaced the original Pearl River Delta economic circle. As one of them, the economic development of Zhaoqing City ushered in a historic opportunity. Other cities in Greater Bay Area provide sufficient tourist resources for the development of Zhaoqing's tourism industry. Under the new situation, Seven Star Cave, the leading scenic spot in Zhaoqing, should firmly grasp the national strategic dividend of the "Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macao Greater Bay Area", accelerate the transformation and upgrading, and enhance the market competitiveness. In this paper, the data are collected by nominal group technique, and are integrated into SWOT matrix for analysis. The development strategy of Zhaoqing Seven Star Cave Scenic Area is obtained by matching internal and external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistic development is the only way which must be passed and a key point to achieve high-quality economic development. This paper regards regional synergetic development as a composite system, builds up the evaluation indicator system, and calculates the level of economic synergetic development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Urban Agglomeration, by using the collaborative degree model of composite system. The results show that each subsystem of the composite system has a high degree of order from 2007 to 2019, but compared with Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration and Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, the level of economic collaborative development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration in 2008–2019 is relatively low and has large spatial differences. The main reason is that under the background of "one country, two systems" policy, the institutional differences between Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao have not been effectively linked up and synergetic, Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration has not yet formed an organic whole, and the synergy effect of mutual support and promotion is relatively weak. Based on this, we should seize the great historical opportunity of the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, accelerate the construction of the mechanism for the synergetic economic development of the three areas, accelerate the establishment of an integrated market, build a reasonable division of labor system and collaborative innovation system, and jointly promote the synergetic economic development of Greater Bay Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of an ecological security pattern (ESP) is an important undertaking in ensuring the stability of the ecosystem and the long-term growth of humanity. Existing research, However, existing research often overlooks the quantification of policy implications in ESP development. The objective of this paper was to bridge this gap by integrating policy quantification analysis (PQA) with nature, society and into ESP construction and providing targeted ecological management recommendations. The policy texts were quantified into reusable research data, which served as a foundation for the selection of indicators and the optimization of ecological security patterns, by using machine learning techniques. The methodology "Patch-matrix-corridor" was used to create a spatially correlated ecological security pattern. Through factor analysis and Random Forest (RF), the impact of each indicator on ecological security was thoroughly examined, offering substantial support for policy development and ESP construction planning. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA) was selected as the study area, the study found that: (1) The proposed framework PQA based-ESP could provide a useful eco-management tools. (2) Policy adaptability had a substantial impact on environmental security in the GBA, but the ecosystem service index has the highest impact. (3) Applying the framework, we identified a total of 1,993 km2 of ecological sources, 23 key ecological corridors, 58 general ecological corridors, and 31 ecological nodes. An improved ESP, characterized as "one circle, two bays, three rivers, multiple areas, corridors, and nodes," was constructed in the GBA. (4) Given the multi-scale analysis, tailored ecological management policy recommendations were proposed for each city in the GBA. The study's findings offer actionable solutions for the international community facing growing ecological challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of the economy, the trade volume of customs clearance by land transportation between Guangdong and Hong Kong is increasing, but there are many problems in customs clearance by land transportation between Guangdong and Hong Kong. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the logistics mode of land transportation between Guangdong and Hong Kong, reduce the cost of customs clearance by land transportation between Guangdong and Hong Kong, and increase the trade volume by land transportation between the two places. This paper systematically analyzes the present situation of customs clearance efficiency in China and introduces BPNN (BP neural network) algorithm to optimize customs clearance. The detailed idea and process of the algorithm are introduced, and the BPNN trained by the algorithm is applied to function approximation. The simulation results show that this scheme can not only improve the convergence speed of the algorithm in the training process but also the trained BPNN has strong adaptive and self-learning ability. Comparing the customs clearance efficiency before and after the improvement, the results show that the improved customs clearance efficiency is higher and can save a lot of time, thus verifying the effectiveness and applicability of the model-solving algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To carry out the research on the vulnerability evaluation and influencing factors of the tourism economic system is the objective requirement of formulating the scientific development strategy of the tourism economy and improving the quality of regional tourism development. Methods. Based on the vulnerability analysis of tourism economic system based on BP neural network (BPNN), this paper takes the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) as the research object and selects 14 index data. The mean and standard deviation of the calculated weight values are used to formulate evaluation criteria for the tourism system. Results. The BP neural network (BPNN) model was used to predict the distribution law of vulnerability data within the standard range of the Greater Bay Area after 2020, obtained the spatial distribution law of vulnerability in the geographic structure distribution of the Greater Bay Area, and determined the vulnerability analysis framework and evaluation method. Conclusion. The cities in the Greater Bay Area should first pay attention to the industrial structure; increase financial investment; enhance the attractiveness of tourist destinations, in-depth development of tourism resources, and rational design of tourism products; help reduce the vulnerability of the tourism economic system; and improve regional self-recovery capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, people are facing enough challenges, either personally or technically, and some people do suffer from having to keep up with the current technological improvements. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GHKMGBA) is one of the areas that has been highly managed for tourism with economic networks in it. Here, the exploitation results in underground spacing management automate the alleviation process using various methods. Apart from the characterization, it is one such mandatory consideration to create a master plan with the rise of utilization and urban underground spacing planned to be placed among large cities for tourism is considered. This paper focuses on the strategy to understand the concepts and popularisation of urban underground spacing. This matter is followed by a complementary approach with a supportive technical system. This research focuses on economic development in the cities of GHKMGBA, and the analysis is carried out with the implementation of the backpropagation neural network (BPNN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (the Greater Bay Area) has injected new impetus into the development of the tourism economy and created new emerging tourism industries. Therefore, many tourism planning needs to be formulated, which generates new requirements for tourism planners in terms of quantity and quality of tourism planning. Different stakeholders have different views on the needs of tourism planners. From the perspective of different stakeholders, what are the factors affecting the training needs of tourism planners? There is little research on the training needs of tourism planners from the perspective of stakeholders. Most of the existing research on the training needs of tourism planners derive only from the perspective of students or the ones from supply and demand, rather than from multiple stakeholders. This paper aims to construct a conceptual framework identifying factors affecting the training needs of tourism planners from stakeholders' perspective. A qualitative method (semi-structured interviews) is applied in this study to investigate the factors affecting the supply and demand of tourism planners in the Great Bay Area. The results show educators focus on market demand, working competence and teacher resources. Enterprises are concerned about the tourism policy, market demand, educational requirements and working competence. Students focus on employment motivation and working competence. Market demand is a common concern of educators and enterprises. Working competence is a factor of common interest to all stakeholders. This paper also proposes theoretical and practical implications for the government, tourism planning companies, and tourism universities and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional tourism with urban agglomeration as the spatial carrier has become one of the flow characteristics of many tourists. Tourists visiting multiple cities at one time will certainly gain more value than visiting one city, but they will also pay more costs, thus affecting their emotions and willingness to travel. But the mechanism and theoretical boundaries have not been clarified. Based on the cognitive–affective–behavioral attitude model and the customer-delivered-value model, this paper takes the tourism destination tourists of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration as samples to explore the influence mechanism of tourists' perceived functional value, social value and knowledge value on positive emotion and travel intention, and to test the moderating mediating effect of monetary cost, energy cost and psychological cost on positive emotion. Social value and knowledge value positively affect travel intention. Functional value, knowledge value and social value positively affect positive emotion, and positive emotion positively affect travel intention. Positive emotion plays a complete mediating role between functional value, social value and travel intention, and plays a partial mediating role between knowledge value and travel intention. Monetary cost, energy cost and psychological cost respectively moderate the mediating effect of positive emotion between functional value and travel intention. Psychological cost moderates the mediating effect of positive emotion between social value and travel intention. Monetary cost and psychological cost respectively moderate the mediating effect of positive emotion between knowledge value and travel intention. Differences in the impact of consumers' perceived value at different levels on positive emotion and travel intentions. It opens up the differences in the effects of the interaction of different levels of perceived value and different types of perceived cost on positive emotion. From an empirical point of view, it is proved that the tourism boutique line design based on multicity destination combination in China is feasible as a method to promote tourism integration and regional tourism brand building. It also puts forward the management enlightenment of regional tourism integration and regional tourism brand building from the perspectives of enterprises, front-line service personnel, residents and government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Applying InVEST model to determine ecological sources. • Building ecological resistance surfaces for highly urbanized region. • Proposing a local evaluation model for ecological networks. • Summarizing the ecological network development suggestions. Metropolitan regions usually encounter sustainability difficulties such as overexploitation of resources, severe land scarcity, and ecological degradation, resulting in the progressive collapse of ecological networks (ENs). It is therefore essential to strengthen the construction and protection of ENs by integrating various resources, improving the quality of the urban ecological environment and creating a favourable living environment. Using the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as a case study, in this paper, the ecological resistance indicator system that balances natural condition and human disturbance is rebuilt. In doing so, a construction scheme (applicable to highly urbanised areas) is established to simulate ENs at a more precise scale. Moreover, a local evaluation model of ENs is proposed and the spatial patterns of multiple indicators are fully summarised. The findings show that the ENs of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area exhibit apparent spatial disparity. Disturbance through human activities seriously affects the spatial pattern of ENs, leading to structural imbalance and quality impairment of ecological corridors. Based on our assessment, the construction of complementary ecological corridors in the "two green belts" planning of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area will improve structural problems. The findings of this paper can provide a reference to the harmonisation of urban development and ecological protection, by guiding the scientific management of ecological spaces in highly urbanised regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration, one of the world's four largest bay area urban agglomerations, occupies an important position in China's national development. In this paper, the expansion hotspot model, an urbanization index, a gravitation model, and a socioeconomic location model are used to explore changes in the characteristics of the urban agglomeration in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. The research results can provide decision support for government urban agglomeration planning. The research reveals the following. (1) In the skeleton maps of the expansion hotspots in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, Jiangmen shows an irregular shape, Shenzhen shows an irregular H-shape, Dongguan and Hong Kong show a shape somewhat between a circle and a star, Zhongshan shows a gourd-shape, and Guangzhou, Foshan, Huizhou, Zhaoqing, and Zhuhai show a polygon shape. (2) In 2000, 2010, and 2018, the urbanization index for the urban agglomerations were 41.78%, 50.87%, and 54.41%, respectively. The level of economic development, household registration policy, and urban planning are important factors affecting the development of urbanization. (3) The city quality and spatial connection strength of urban agglomeration have significant spatial nonequilibrium distribution characteristics. The total city quality of Shenzhen, Hong Kong, and Guangzhou accounted for more than 41.5% of the total city quality of the city cluster at the same time, and that of the east coast of the Pearl River is much stronger than the west coast. (4) There are "faults" in the socioeconomic location of the 11 cities in the urban agglomeration, with significant polarization. The socioeconomic locations of Jiangmen, Huizhou, and Zhaoqing have been below the reasonable socioeconomic location range in the past 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies statistical and synthetic analysis methods to study the characteristics of the three types of tropical cyclone (TC) that landed in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 1981 to 2018 and the reasons for the differences of TC-induced wind and precipitation. The results show that there are interdecadal changes in the frequency and intensity of the landfalling TCs in the GBA, with decreased frequency but increased intensity in the 2010s. The TCs that landed in the west of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) have the highest frequency and the strongest intensity during landing, which bring the strongest winds; the TCs that landed in the PRE have the lowest frequency and the shortest duration after landing, which cause the strongest precipitation; the TCs that landed in the east of the PRE have the longest duration on the land. This study shows that near the center of the TCs that landed in the PRE, there is a weak anomalous cyclonic shear compared with the ones that landed in the west of the PRE. It is a confluence area of anomalous north wind and anomalous southwest wind, with better water vapor convergence and dynamic rising conditions, which is conducive to the formation of heavy precipitation. Compared with the TCs that landed in the PRE and in its east, there is a closed positive anomalous center of pressure gradient in the northwest center of the TCs that landed in its west, resulting in higher wind speeds in the west of the PRE. The characteristics of the three types of TCs in the GBA are highly related to TC-induced damage. In the future, the GBA needs to focus on preparing for TCs landing in its west. Zhuhai, Jiangmen and Huizhou are key cities to guard against TCs. The results of this study provide foundations for effective management and reduction of TC disaster risks in the future development of the GBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of economy, China's urbanization process is accelerated. As major urban cluster center, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is regarded as one of the most representative areas with the highest openness and the strongest economic vitality. Under the background of new era, main purpose of making development strategy of the Greater Bay Area is to build a world-class city cluster with great vitality, and establish a world-class science and technology innovation center with great influence. It also lays a good foundation for strengthening the construction of the belt and road initiative in China, and improves quality of life in the cooperation zone between the mainland and Hong Kong and Macao. Under the background, the tourism industry has new challenges, and the tourism spatial structure should be more closely linked. In this paper, tourism spatial structure of 9+2 urban agglomeration in the Greater Bay Area is taken as core research objective, and tourism resource of the urban agglomeration, and development of tourism economy and perfect transportation network in each city are analyzed. According to research results, the targeted suggestions and optimization methods are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Groundwater vulnerability zonation investigation is conducted for GHM Greater Bay Area. • Three different perspectives are comprehensively considered in this study. • Groundwater risk, function value and contamination status are superposed using the AHP method. • Quantification and visualization of groundwater contamination prevention regionalization. • The AHP-DRASTICH model is an effective method to evaluate the groundwater risk in shallow aquifers. The groundwater contamination assessment and prevention regionalization are an important part of groundwater investigation, which is of great significance to groundwater environmental management and contamination control. Although the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GHM Greater Bay Area) has faced significant groundwater contamination since 2020, there's been no investigation into its vulnerability zonation. In this paper, groundwater in a typical area of south China was taken as the research object. We analyzed groundwater contamination risk by considering both the groundwater vulnerability and the load from contamination sources. Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, we superposed the groundwater risk, function value and contamination status, and realized the quantification and visualization of groundwater contamination prevention regionalization. Based on the DRASTIC model, the zones of low, moderate, high, and very high vulnerability are respectively 14.2 %, 24.28 %, 37.67 %, and 20.45 % of the study area. Results show that the groundwater vulnerability grade in the area is III-IV, which means it is easy to be polluted. The functional value of groundwater in the south-central part of the region is relatively high. Most of the areas with high prevention and control levels are located in plain areas and the Piedmont plain area with an area of 460 km2. The secondary control levels (key protection area) are mainly located in the middle, southwest, and northeast of the plain, with an area of 6944 square kilometers. Consequently, the ideas and contamination prevention zone maps might provide a scientific foundation for long-term planning and management and groundwater conservation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and peripheral zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of "one belt, one road initiative" and the "Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area," Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao port group development is facing new opportunities. The port group has a large throughput, covering the hinterland with dense population and high economic density, excellent transportation infrastructure, and broad consumption market. However, the port group internal competition is fierce, and the development level is different in space. Based on this, this paper uses the HHI index and spatial economics as research method and aims to study the spatial evolution characteristics and influencing factors of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao port group. Firstly, the HHI index is used to describe the aggregation status. Secondly, the development level index according to port throughput and container throughput is constructed. The spatial development and evolution process of the port group of Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao is analyzed by combining with spatial econometrics and economic geography. In summary, the influencing factor "diamond model" is constructed and took empirical research to verify its rationality and scientificity. The empirical results show a strong spatial correlation between the development of the Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao port group. The government intervention and the development of port industry have a negative correlation, and this impact will be weakened over time. There is a negative relationship between the level of marketization and the development of the port industry. There is a multiple and complex relationship between the port auxiliary industry and the development of the port industry, and it shows the short-term influence is smaller than the long-term impact. The level of port transportation infrastructure, the port industry competition, and the economic openness have significant and positive effects on the development of the port group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urbanization impacts on surface air temperature (SAT) change in the Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macau region (GHMR) from 1979 to 2018 are examined using homogeneous surface observations, reanalysis, and remote sensing. Results show that the warming due to urbanization tends to be smaller or insignificant as the spatial scale increases. The urbanization contribution to the local warming can reach as high as 50% in the center of each metropolis, remains high (~25%) in the Greater Bay Area (GBA), and decreases to about 10% in the whole GHMR. The warming in GHMR is nearly uniform throughout the day, and therefore, the observed trend of the diurnal temperature range (DTR) is not statistically significant. However, the urbanization contribution exhibits distinct seasonal variations, large in summer and autumn while smaller in winter and spring. Plain Language Summary: The Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macau region (GHMR), especially the Greater Bay Area (GBA), is a region typical of China's economic development and rapid urbanization. To precisely assess how much the urbanization contributes to the regional warming, we comprehensively evaluate the urbanization warming and its uncertainties in GHMR by using more careful processed and assessed data (observations, reanalysis, and remote sensing) and different analysis methods. The results show that the warming due to urbanization tends to be smaller as the spatial scale increases: The contribution to the local warming can reach as high as 50% in the metropolis, remains high (~25%) in GBA, and decreases to about 10% in GHMR. In addition, this paper systematically discusses the uncertainty in urbanization contribution detection, which was often neglected in the past detection. Based on the significance tests, urbanization warming is nearly uniform throughout the day, while it exhibits distinct seasonal variation. Our study also has important implications for understanding the influences of human activities on regional climate change for other regions experiencing rapid urbanization processes. Key Points: The contribution of urbanization to regional warming is robust in homogenized SAT data and ERA5 reanalysis using different methodsThe spatial scale dependence of urbanization warming is investigated; the contribution of urbanization warming decreases when the scale increasesUrbanization contribution exhibits distinct seasonal variation based on the uncertainty assessment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly 40 years of reform and opening up witnesses the remarkable achievements of economic cooperation among Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao. The economic relations among Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao have evolved from a unitary pattern of "front shop and back factory" orienting at regional labor division at an earlier stage to a combination of multiple patterns including the "factory and shop combined" pattern. The regional scope has been expanded and the connotation of cooperation has been enriched. After entering into the 21st century, Hong Kong, who is experiencing its economic transformation, faces the challenges brought about by the thriving of service industry in Guangdong Province. The three areas have been fighting over the hinterland through infrastructures connection and optimization, in order to realize an expansion of economic development space that can break through the restriction of land resources. In addition, under the background of strategies of the "Belt & Road Initiative" and "internationalization of the RMB," financial cooperation becomes the development emphasis at the third stage of economic cooperation among the three regions. When their economic relations change, the spatial pattern among Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao gradually shifts from "concentrating on a small scale and dispersing on a large scale" toward "dispersing on a small scale and concentrating on a large scale." Based on an analysis on the development direction of the economic relations among Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao in the future, the paper points out that the regional cooperation will transit from disperse development to border breaking, the region will develop from a livable bay area to a world-level bay area, and the spatial pattern will develop from center-hinterland to hub-network, which ultimately realizes a spatial response to the transition of economic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a systematic analysis on the development characteristics and evolution process of the built-up areas, as well as the substructure of the network connectivity and the functional division, of core cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region from the dual perspectives of "space of places" and "space of flows." It does so by using data of satellite remote sensing and industrial census to describe the spatial development trend and to establish an urban connectivity network based on the headquarter-branch data of enterprises. It also reveals the development differences within and outside of the Bay Area in Guangdong Province. The research shows that, firstly, since the new century, the integration of the Bay Area has become more obvious for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region, as it has developed in a highly-concentrated way around the Bay Area of the Pearl River Estuary. Secondly, Guangdong, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, and Macao exhibited a more obvious regional division of labor, and their functions have been increasingly complementary to each other. Thirdly, a regional hub of "two sectors" - linking outside to the world city network and driving internal development of regional hinterland has been formed. Finally, based on the conclusion of the empirical research, development and planning implications of the Bay Area are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possible fire hazards in big cities with manufacturing areas in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA)will be pointed out in this paper. Many projects with new architectural features have difficulties in complying with the prescriptive fire codes. Consequently, performance-based design(PBD)in fire engineering approach(FEA)has to be applied in the GBA. The four fire code systems will be outlined first. New fire hazards to watch in developing the GBA will also be discussed. These include wind action on tall residential building fires, crowded subway station evacuation, vertical greenery system, and fire and explosion hazards in innovative technology manufacturing plants. The problems identified while applying timeline analysis in PBD-FEA of these projects will also be introduced by taking crowded subway stations as an example. Hazards due to burning heavy goods vehicle fires on or near to vehicular bridges and footbridges without adequate fire resistance construction are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City-regionalism plays an increasingly important role in China's economic development. This paper analyses new forms of institutional arrangements that promote city-regional governance in the case of Hong Kong and Guangdong. Focusing on implementing the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA), we examine two research questions: Why are Guangdong and cities in the PRD strategically selected to implement CEPA and embed Hong Kong-based circulatory capital? How do governments at different scales build coordinated relationships to implement CEPA? Building upon the literature on state rescaling, we argue that governments have engaged in a scalar division of administration – a form of institutional infrastructure that aims to design and implement state strategies of urban and regional development. Within this division, the national government plays a role in steering and decision-making, Guangdong provincial government in coordination and facilitation, and urban governments in Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Zhuhai in actual implementation. CEPA implementation is built upon vertical linkages between governments at different levels in the Mainland and HKSAR government, and horizontal linkages between three free trade subzones (Qianhai, Nansha, and Hengqin) and Hong Kong-based firms and entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there are more and more large-scale water engineering construction projects in the Pearl River Estuary, such as waterway regulation, bridge engineering and port construction. The importance of safety of hydraulic structures and sensitivity to typhoon wave damage are one of the key factors of large-scale projects. In this paper, the influence of extreme weather conditions on the design wave parameters of artificial island at the junction of Hong Kong- Zhuliai- Macao Bridge is analyzed and calculated by using typhoon wave numerical model. Firstly, the landing typhoon data affecting the coastal areas of Guangdong Province from 1949 to 2014 are analyzed, and the parameters of Ivphoon pressure drop and maximum landing wind speed 300-year event in Pearl River Estuary are analyzed by stochastic model. Then, the numerical model of typhoon wave in Pearl River Estuary waters is established. Finally, the unfavorable landing tvphoon track is selected, and the wave parameters of east and west artificial islands in the Pearl River Estuarv under extreme weather conditions are calculated by using the combination of typhoon parameters 300-year event, and the original design wave elements are reviewed. It can provide new ideas and research methods for the design of other ocean engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the structure and dynamics of urban agglomeration between 1992 and 2018 in one of most developed regions in China – the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) – based on the harmonized night-time light (NTL) data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) imagery. We adopted Zipf's law as the rule to control the spatial clustering of adjacent lit pixels. The clustered pixels as patches are concentration of human activities and can then be used for regional urbanization analysis. Unlike conventional spatial units that are rarely changed, such as administrative boundaries, these patches change subtly each year and, more importantly, can help us to examine precisely the urbanization pattern in both development mode and intensity. We investigated the urban growth pattern during the 27-year timespan and conducted the analysis at both region and city levels. Interestingly, the results suggest that Zipf's law of derived patch sizes can hold nearly every year, showcasing the consistent spatial coherency of the urban agglomeration process in the entire region. The correlation between urbanization metrics for each city at three stages (1992–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2018) can further lead to deep insights towards the synergetic course of the coordinated and multi-center development. [Display omitted] • Identify the urbanized area using spatial clustering of time-series NTL data guided by Zipf's law related statistics. • Explore the urban expansion dynamics by conducting a correlation analysis between development mode and intensity. • Confirm the integrated, connected, and polycentric urbanization development process evidenced by the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We compared the structural characteristics of 18 urban agglomerations in China. • Our framework contained analysis of 3 different scales based on 4 elements' flows. • Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao urban Agglomeration had the greatest average flow (5.15). • Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration had the best performance in overall network. • Cities with high centrality were in the bidirectional or main spillover subgroups. Flows of different elements among cities can affect urban organizational structures, leading to specific links between and roles for cities within urban agglomerations. Previous studies have mainly focused on flows produced by specific elements in a single urban agglomeration, and they cannot reveal differences in organizational structures affected by multiple elements among different urban agglomerations. Therefore we selected 18 typical urban agglomerations in China and explored their structural characteristics under comprehensive effects of four elements: economy, resources, population and technology, with gravity model and social network analysis. Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Urban Agglomeration had a maximum flow intensity of 5.15, this concentration range was the largest from 0.65 to 3.75, indicating that more elements flowed internally. Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration had the largest network density at 0.412, the lowest efficiency at 0.567, and the lowest hierarchy at 0.000, showing that intercity relationships within SP were the tightest among the18 urban agglomerations. Geographical proximity and topological structure of subgroups proved that connections among subgroups were not complex, and cities of different provinces lacked close interactions. Furthermore, most of the key cities with high centrality indexes were municipalities directly under the Central Government or provincial capitals; these cities played important roles in networks and were distributed into "main spillover" and "bidirectional spillover" subgroups. This paper provides a unified analytical framework aimed at urban agglomerations that accounts for flows of multiple types of elements and explores urban organizational structures, and our results could provide scientific guidance for promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An assessment of conservation priorities for KBAs in highly urbanized regions was conducted. • Ecosystem conditions remain stable in most of KBAs over the past two decades. • Ecosystem conditions showed spatially significant negative correlations with anthropogenic threats. • Shenzhen Wutongshan is the highest priority KBA that needs to strengthen ecosystem conservation. The rapid and intense development in highly urbanized regions presents huge challenges to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Progress on incorporating ecosystem conditions and anthropogenic threats into conservation assessments for key biodiversity areas (KBAs) in highly urbanized regions is still insufficient. To address this, this paper conducted an assessment of conservation priorities for key biodiversity areas in highly urbanized regions by integrating anthropogenic threats with ecosystem conditions. Taking 8 KBAs in the Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macao Greater Bay Area of China (GBA) as an example, this study found that the ecosystem condition of most of KBAs remains stable from 2000 to 2020. We found that the ecosystem conditions in most KBAs have not been negatively affected by anthropogenic threats. It is worth noting that Shenzhen Wutongshan (SZW) is the only KBA that faces a significant increase in anthropogenic threats with a significant decline in ecosystem condition during the past two decades. Overall, SZW is the highest priority KBA that needs to reduce the negative effects of anthropogenic threats and strengthen ecosystem conservation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic cooperation between Hong Kong and Mainland China, especially Guangdong province, has flourished since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in 1997. The landmark is the conclusion of the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Hong Kong and the Mainland in 2003. CEPA covers liberalisation of trade in goods, liberalisation of trade in services, mutual recognition of professional qualifications, and other trade facilitation measures. This paper uses the collaborative governance regime framework to analyse the economic cooperation between Hong Kong and Mainland China under CEPA. This case shows that if there are environmental conditions generating incentives for both parties to cooperate, a committed leadership on both sides to drive the regime, and institutional arrangements that could facilitate the collaborative dynamics, effective collaboration between players from different political and institutional backgrounds can still be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] • Patch complexity and urban compactness indexes were developed to assess urban form. • The impact of urban form on PM 2.5 was explored in GBA by spatial panel models. • The complexity of urban patches had a negative effect on PM 2.5 concentrations. • The impact of urban compactness on PM 2.5 concentrations was positive. • A more complex and less compact urban form was adoptable in terms of reducing PM 2.5. Given the serious threat of PM 2.5 pollution to the environment and public health in China, reducing PM 2.5 concentrations through urban planning practices has become a common interest of urban planners and policymakers. In this regard, identifying the relationship between urban form and PM 2.5 concentrations has been a matter of much concern. This paper seeks to investigate how urban form influences PM 2.5 concentrations by taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) as a case study. First, the urban form was assessed by two indicators, i.e., the patch complexity index (PCI) and urban compactness index (UCI), which were developed based on multiple landscape metrics and the principal component analysis. Then, the relationship between PM 2.5 concentrations and the two urban form indicators was revealed by spatial panel models. Our results mainly showed that PCI and UCI were negatively and positively associated with PM 2.5 concentrations, respectively, indicating that less compact urban forms with high patch complexity had advantages in reducing the PM 2.5 concentrations. According to these empirical results, the mixed-use urban development with high green coverage, which is conducive to constructing a more complex and less compact urban form, would be adoptable in terms of mitigating PM 2.5 concentrations in the GBA urban agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ERA5 describes moderate-intensity rainfall, but fails for hourly/daily precipitation. • ERA5-HRES outperforms ERA5-Land in detecting rainfall magnitude and rainfall events. • ERA5 performs best in coastal cities and mountainous vegetation areas during the wet and dry season, respectively. • ERA5 is insufficient in reproducing precipitation in areas with high urbanization level. Precipitation is an important component of the global water cycle. A comprehensive understanding of precipitation characteristics, especially that in urban areas, is essential for practical applications in hydrology. ERA5, a state-of-the-art reanalysis product with wide temporal coverage as well as fine spatial and temporal resolution, has greater potential to reproduce precipitation than many other products. However, how ERA5 precipitation performs has not been well investigated in urban areas. Therefore, we evaluate and compare the ability of two ERA5 products, ERA5-Land and ERA5-HRES, in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) using observations from over 3000 rain gauges in a high-density network during 2018. The results show that ERA5 products generally characterize moderate-intensity rain. Due to the different causes of seasonal precipitation as well as the combined influence of coastal effects and topography, the best performance of ERA5 products is found in the southern coastal plains during the wet season and in the northern mountainous vegetation areas during the dry season. Meanwhile, it is challenging for ERA5 products to model precipitation in areas with higher urbanization levels. We also find that ERA5-Land data with finer spatial resolution fails to deliver any preferable results than ERA5-HRES. ERA5 products needs further improvement in the GBA for providing accurate precipitation patterns. This paper gives a detailed insight into the performance of ERA5 products, which offers a valuable reference for its probable applicability in the coastal urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change of spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation has an important impact on urban water security. The effect of land cover land use change (LCLUC) on the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation needs to be further studied. In this study, transfer matrix, standard deviation ellipse and spatial autocorrelation analysis techniques were used. Based on the data of land cover land use and precipitation, this paper analyzed the land cover land use change and its influence on the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of precipitation in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). The results showed that from 2001 to 2019, the area of cropland, water, barren, forest/grassland in the GBA decreased by 44.03%, 8.05%, 50.22%, 0.43%, respectively, and the area of construction land increased by 20.05%. The precipitation in the GBA was mainly concentrated in spring and summer, and the precipitation in spring tended to increase gradually, while the precipitation in summer tended to decrease gradually, while the precipitation in autumn and winter has no obvious change. It was found that with the change of land cover land use, the spatial distribution of precipitation also changed. Especially in the areas where the change of construction land was concentrated, the spatial distribution of precipitation changed most obviously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With continuous growth of economy and population in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), pressure of resources and environment is increasing. Therefore, sustainable green development of the GBA has attracted more and more attention from society. What is relationship among economy, resource and environment in the GBA? How to balance and analyze relationship between Green Economy and carrying capacity of resource and environment in the GBA? It is an important scientific question facing sustainable development of the GBA. This paper constructs a comprehensive ECC index system for economy - resources – environment with data from statistics yearbooks, calculates weights of indicators by entropy weight method and Ecological Carrying Capacity by TOPSIS model later using C++ programming language. It also carries out exponential smoothing for ECC prediction by SPSS software and coupling coordination of economy - resources - environment system in this area. The results show that the comprehensive ECC of the GBA has an upward trend from 2000 to 2017. In the next five years, Comprehensive Ecological Carrying Capacity of GBA will continue to increase linearly. In the process of GE development in the GBA, the environmental carrying capacity has steadily increased. There is a negative correlation between resource carrying capacity and GE but a positive correlation between environmental carrying capacity and GE. The coordination of economy - resource - environment system in the GBA has been continuously strengthened, and development of economy is advancing towards direction of high resource carrying capacity and high environmental carrying capacity. From perspective of comprehensive ecological carrying capacity to explore the world's two kinds of different political and economic system under comparative analysis of the urban Green Economy development. We found that the Macao and nine cities of the GBA are basically stable but Hong Kong is experiencing tortuous growth with dramatic changes. This research would provide theoretical reference for subsequent development direction of GBA and other bay areas. The future research can carry out deep simulation on the economy - resource - environment dynamics system model and formulate specific development plans. Government departments concerned with development of China's GBA should be committed to reducing pressure on resources, developing new energy and clean energy, while continuing to maintain even increase investment in environmental protection • An Eco-Carrying Capacity evaluation index system of the GBA was constructed to economy-resources-environment. • The comprehensive Eco-Carrying Capacity of the GBA were analyzed. • Coupling analysis of green economy and carrying capacity of resource and environment in the GBA was explored. • Provide comparative analysis under two different political and economic systems of the urban green economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noncooperative policies for transboundary pollution abatement are inefficient and ineffective, but cooperative policies for pollution abatement are seldom successful in regions that have different development goals and conflicting interests. In this paper, by extracting the key components that lead to the success of pollution reduction policies between Hong Kong (HK) and Guangdong, we aim to construct a general framework for cooperative environmental management. The incentive for and the dynamic trajectory, core measures, and outcomes of cooperative pollution abatement policies to address transboundary air pollution were studied using incrementalism analysis. The context that drives the abnormal increment of cooperative policies between HK and Guangdong was analyzed to determine the factors that affect the full cooperation process. The political union between HK and China is the main driving force for fostering cooperative policies in these two regions that have highly asymmetric economic development levels and pollution emission intensities. The factors for successfully designing cooperative pollution reduction policies are revealed from trust building, political support, efficient governance, precise policies, a rational cost-sharing mechanism, and detailed management and implementation plans. Innovative multi-level and cross-department governance, and an unequal but rational cost-sharing scheme sustain long-term cooperation. A general framework is derived from these empirical key components and constructed as a systematic approach to provide a guide for designing cooperation in transboundary pollution reduction for the sustainable management of cross-border natural resources in different regions with conflicts of interest. • An empirical framework of cooperative air pollution abatement model is constructed. • Factors contributing to foster cooperative polices is analyzed via incrementalism model. • Political support produces adequate institutional arrangements and precise policies. • A matching cost-sharing mechanism can catalyze and stabilize the cooperation model. • Multi-level and cross-department policies sustain long-term cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wen, M.; Liu, C.; Galina, P.; Tao, C.; Hou, X.; Bai, F., and Zhao, H., 2020. Efficiency analysis of the marine economy in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area based on a DEA model. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 225–228. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper aims to study the marine economic efficiency based on a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) was taken as the research object, and an input-output index system was established. The research results show that the GBA is developing rapidly, and the spatial layout of the marine economy continues to optimize. In the established input-output index system, the input indicators include the three aspects of marine resources, human resources, and scientific and technological inputs, while the output indicators include marine economic output and environmental output. The marine economic efficiency of the GBA was not high, and the average efficiency values of all regions were less than 1; the average value of Guangdong's marine economic efficiency was the highest, and that of Hong Kong's was the lowest, indicating that they are in an inefficient state. Finally, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for improving the marine economic investment and enhancing the efficiency of marine economic development. The research findings provide useful reference for the sustainable development of the marine economy in the GBA and throughout the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent intensification of extreme rainfall events has the potential to aggravate the frequency and intensity of floods in urban areas and signals the urgent need for accurate and high spatiotemporal resolution precipitation data for flood monitoring and warning to alleviate the associated damages. In this context, this paper aims to statistically assess the latest Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals from Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) multisatellite constellation and radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products against dense rain gauge network observations under multiple temporal scales (hourly and 3-hourly) and three spatial scales (grid cumulative, regional, and grid) over the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in China. The results indicate that (1) at the grid cumulative scale, QPE significantly outperforms IMERG products. The correlation coefficients of QPE (0.83 ≤ CORR ≤ 0.85) are much higher than those of IMERG products (0.35 ≤ CORR ≤ 0.56), the estimation of QPE is generally significantly underestimated (−0.23 ≤ BIAS ≤ -0.16), and the BIAS of IMERG products is larger than that of QPE (−0.24 ≤ BIAS ≤ 0.23). (2) At the regional scale, the accuracy of IMERG products has been significantly improved, with relatively high correlation coefficients (CORR≥0.8) and decreased root mean squared error (RMSE) values (1.18 mm ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.22 mm), and Taylor diagrams visually show that QPE is closer to the gauge observations than are IMERG products. (3) The evaluation results at the grid scale show that both IMERG products and QPE can accurately reflect the spatial distribution of precipitation. Among these results, the spatial distribution of QPE is the most consistent with the actual rainfall, although an obvious underestimation of rainfall occurs in areas with strong rainfall. (4) In terms of detection indicators, the three IMERG products are superior to QPE at capturing rainfall events and have more advantages over QPE in the estimation of instantaneous precipitation, especially for light rain events. However, QPE has better detection effects for rainfall events under rainstorm and heavy rainstorm events, indicating the hydrologic utility of this product. Among the three IMERG products, the IMERG Early Run (ER) product has the advantages of a short lag time and high accuracy, and it has the potential to be applied in flood forecasting. Future studies should improve IMERG algorithms and promote the application of QPE in urban rainstorm and flood research. • The quality of the IMERG products and radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) is compared over the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in China. • The dense rain gauge network observations are used for evaluation in the GBA. • The evaluation of multisource precipitation products under different temporal and spatial scales has different results and effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]