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It has been clearly demonstrated that it would be feasible to consider recycling paper in an academic institution. This can be achieved through combining specific waste paper baskets, a pulping machine and power supplied by a renewable energy source, with an already established local paper making company. The paper making company would be able to gain a subsidy from the government which pays them to actually recycle paper, to counteract the cost of the pulped paper which is 30% more expensive than raw wood pulp. The academic institution would save money on waste disposal and decrease its carbon footprint by 600% with savings of up to around 5e6 tons of CO2 per year, instead of the 1e2 tones carbon offset for just recycling the paper normally. This entire process could be adapted for recycling the vast quantities of waste paper produced by students, an initiative which often fails due to the high cost of disposal. This could be achieved through urged use of the same paper disposal methods already in use, with the paper being collected and pulped once a week directly from the student paper waste bins. This research aims to study and limit the quantities of paper consumed in academic institutions in Iraq, by identifying the steps of recycling, and the extent of its environmental and economic impact, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the extent to which the Iraqi university community accepts this idea, and then study these quantities and evaluate them economically and find out the possibility of establishing a paper recycling plant based on these quantities. As well as the current research deals with the accumulation of paper waste caused by the performance of exams. In the third semester of the research, the amount of paper waste at Thi Qar University was calculated as a model for conducting a detailed research study of all departments and colleges of the University. the amount of paper waste was (11,055 tons/year), as well as calculating the cost of paper processing for the University amounted to (126252271 Iraqi dinars) and at the end of the third semester, the amount of paper waste in Iraqi academic institutions for the academic year 2022e2023, approximately (367,60976 tons/year). The cost of preparing exam books in Iraqi academic institutions for the academic year 2022e2023 amounted to approximately (4202150971 Iraqi dinars). The devices used in the practical aspect and each device and its purpose in the paper waste recycling process were explained. In addition, in the fourth chapter of the research, waste recycling was carried out in a practical way, and the results were satisfactory. We proposed a project to establish a paper and cardboard waste recycling plant in Nasiriyah, detailing its technical processes and stages in a mature way, the costs of establishing such projects in detail, as well as the annual profit of the project. At the conclusion of the research, some important recommendations were attached that help the paper waste recycling process and its success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite being historically renowned as a significant date producer, both the Arab world and Iraq have experienced a noticeable decline in date palm production in recent years. This decrease in output can be attributed to the sluggish integration of advanced techniques that could enhance and maintain high-quality yields. In this regard, an experiment was conducted at the Al-Rabee station on date palm cultivar Khastawi under the randomized complete blocks design with three replications, to study the effect of four treatments of bagging: B0 - Without bagging, B1 - Rocklin, B2- Agryl and B3 - Paper bags and four bagging periods: T0 - 0, T1 - 40, T2 - 50 and T3 - 60 days, and their interactions on the fruits characteristics of date palm cv. Khastawi. The results showed that T1B3 treatment gave the highest values in fruit set (86.55%), while T3B2 treatment was superior in respect to fruit weight (7.260g), seed weight (0.6300g), fresh weight (6.630g) and fruit diameter (1.8533cm). The lowest values of fruit characteristics were recorded in the control treatment. Therefore, we recommend using bagging fruits to improve fruit set, bunch yield and fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the misunderstanding of Jordanian requests by non-Arab students at the northern universities of Jordan. The misunderstanding among the students at these universities restricts building strong relationships among the students which could expand the problem of making successful communications among them. Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory is adopted to analyze the data together with Austin's (1975) and Searle's (1975) speech act theories. A mixed method is used to collect the data. For the quantitative data, the Discourse Completion Test (DCT) will be used, and for the qualitative data, a semi-structured interview will be conducted. The results are expected to achieve the objectives of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Thi-Qar Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study is an attempt to discover whether Iraqi EFL College Students are aware of research plagiarism or they are not. To manage this study the researchers set three questions, aims, and hypotheses. Thus they prepare a questionnaire (of five domains and 25 items) to be conducted on 116 male and female fourth year students from department of English/College of Education/University of Kerbala. The results show that they are unaware of plagiarism because they are not acquainted with the right way of avoiding plagiarism. A t-test has been use to show whether there are differences between males and females, and the result shows no statistical difference. Moreover, a set of conclusions such as students are not acquainted with the right way of documentation because the textbook is relatively old, they don't have enough practical training in writing research paper. Finally, recommendations have been presented such as: The instructors (whether professors or teachers) should focus on the ethical considerations in writing papers, the textbook should be updated occasionally to match the need of the new academic publishing requirements.

The presented study probed to compare two naturally grown oak species in the District Atrush, Dohuk Governorate, Northern Iraq. These two species were Quercus aegilops L. and Quercus infectoria Oliv., which belonged to the genus Quercus L. The research employed two methods to determine the comparative anatomical characteristics, i.e., chemically separating cells (Maceration) and mechanically separating cells using the Macrotome. The results showed significant differences in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the wood of the two studied species. It helps diagnose and separate the two species, which were similar in phenotypic attributes. Quercus infectoria acorns appeared with lengthier vascular elements than edible oak wood. However, the eating oak was distinguishable by the vessel elements, which had a larger diameter than the gall oak. The edible oak differed by the greater thickness of the vessel wall than that of the stump oak vessel. An edible oak also illustrated greater values of the vessel element cavity diameter, the inner diameter of the inserted holes, and the fiber length and diameter. However, the acorn gall demonstrates a fiber wall of superior thickness to the edible oak fiber wall. The Runkel ratio was 0.499 and 0.937 in the species Quercus aegilops and Quercus infectoria, respectively. Thus, according to Runkel's ratio, the edible acorn was better in paper pulp manufacturing and the paper compared with the acorns.The qualitative traits also contributed to the diagnosis and isolation of two studied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iraqi National Library and Archive continues its uniqueness in collecting, organizing and preserving Iraqi intellectual productions of all kinds, as it is the institution responsible for performing these tasks, because it includes the National Library first and the National Center for Preserving Documents second. The research aims to study the reality of the house with a focus on the shift towards digitization, as the house includes many sources of information of different types and for several periods and eras in the history of Iraq. Being the national institution responsible for depositing all kinds of Iraqi intellectual production, and it has entrusted the task of issuing the Iraqi national bibliography. Over the course of its establishment, the house was subjected to calamities that made it lose a large number of its assets, the last of which was the US occupation of Iraq in (2003 AD), where the major catastrophe occurred. After that, the management of the house sought to shift towards digital and turned to requesting the help of national governmental, non-governmental and international institutions in order to provide assistance and advice in order to preserve the assets of the house first and then providing the best services to the beneficiaries secondly, and since (2004 AD) the house started the procedures for transferring part of its documentaries and other sources of information on compact discs, and then made it available to the beneficiaries as well as making other types available on the website of Aldar, including its versions of periodicals. One of the results of the research is the weakness of the allocated financial capabilities, which led to the weakness of the structures Infrastructure that helps in the transition procedures towards digitization in advanced stages, he presented some legislation, and among the recommendations is the necessity of having an adequate budget to carry out the tasks of preserving Iraqi intellectual production as well as providing the best services to beneficiaries at the international and national levels. Legal Deposit Section in all forms and in various media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is intended to critically examine metadiscourse markers in 24 master thesis abstracts. Twelve of them are written by non-native Iraqi female students and the rest by native American female students. To do so, the researchers have set two aims: examining the types and subtypes of metadiscourse markers in terms of nativity and major and comparing the usages of metadiscourse markers' types and subtypes in terms of nativity. To achieve the present aims, Hyland's model (2005) is adopted. It aids in classifying the types and subtypes of metadiscourse markers in both data. The findings show that the Iraqi and American researchers use the interactive resources more than the interactional ones but the American researchers are capable of engaging their readers since their use of the interactional markers is higher than their counterparts. The field has no effect on the use of metadiscourse markers. There is diversity in the usage of the interactive resources in Iraqi data. Accordingly, the researchers recommend metadiscourse markers to be added to M.A courses as part of abstract writing exercise and the instructors of fourth-year college students to include metadiscourse markers in the writing of their research papers for coherence and clarity.

Two quantitative, environment-friendly and easily monitored assays for Ni (II) and Co (III) ions analysis in different lipstick samples collected from 500-Iraqi dinars stores located in Baghdad were introduced. The study was based on the reaction of nickel (II) ions with dimethylglyoxime (DMG) reagent and the reaction of cobalt (III) ions with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (NN) reagent to produce colored products. The color change was measured by spectrophotometric method at 565 nm and 430 nm for Ni and Co, respectively, with linear calibration graphs in the concentration range 0.25-100 mg L-1 (Ni) and 0.5-100 mg L -1 (Co) and LOD and LOQ of 0.11 mg L-1 and 0.36 mg L-1 (Ni), and 0.15 mg L-1 and 0.49 mg L-1 (Co). The UV/VIS data was compared to the results obtained by a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) platform offering in-situ and cost-effect assay with a similar calibration graph with LOD and LOQ of 0.21 mg L-1 and 0.70 mg L-1 (Ni), and 0.22 mg L-1 and 0.75 mg L-1 (Co). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated no significant difference between the UV/VIS, µPAD, and standard atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) assay Ftab= 3.46 is much higher than FStat = 0.13 (Ni) and Ftab= 3.46 is much higher than FStat = 0.02 (Co). Also, a good correlation between results via the three methods was found. Thus, the µPAD platform offers a solid base for providing valuable information outside centralized laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the beginning of the Iraq war, in March of 2003, to the present day, controversy has swirled around the death toll of the war. This paper narrows down the range of uncertainty for the numbers and trends in violent deaths in the war. I assemble and appraise all primary sources that cover the period from March of 2003 onwards—six sample surveys plus a casualty recording project (Iraq Body Count [IBC]). Data permitting, I present cumulative monthly figures with, for the surveys, 95% bootstrapped uncertainty intervals. The analysis uncovers a core of high-quality mainstream sources that are highly consistent with each another. In addition, there are three outlier surveys that are compromised by serious flaws and produce estimates far outside the mainstream. Discarding the outlying and flawed surveys reveals a clear picture of the violent death toll from the Iraq war. IBC figures, extended to include combatants, occupy a central position within the mainstream range of estimates. The strong consistency across the high-quality sources provides a rare validation of three war-death-measurement methodologies—household-based surveys, sibling-based surveys, and casualty recording. Methodological success notwithstanding, we must transcend the numbers to truly comprehend the human costs of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Iraq as a case study to answer the research question, how do consociational settlements impact the state? Firstly, the paper argues that consociationalism, at best, has an under-theorized conception of the state, implicitly defaulting to an unexamined neoWeberian model. The paper then surveys state theory and finds that key works on the state in the Middle East are vulnerable to the postcolonial critique of Eurocentrism. To overcome this, the paper deploys the works of Mann, Jessop, and Bourdieu to develop a universal model of the state, disaggregating the state, conceiving of it as a series of competitive fields, bureaucratic, political, coercive, and economic. The paper then uses this model to assess how a consociational political settlement impacts upon the state. Deploying a disaggregated model of the state, the paper argues that Iraq’s consociational settlement shifted the balance of power in the bureaucratic field away from any autonomous power or centralized coherence that the institutions and the civil service possessed toward the political parties empowered by the consociational system. After being empowered by the informal consociational settlement, it is the political parties who now dominate the system for their own ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orang drink is the most popularflavored drink consumed in Iraq, and it can be found in markets of all sizes and in all regions, exposing it to a wide range of storage temperature and storage time. In this work, the impact of temperature and storage duration was studied on three different local brands of Orange drink with Low-to-No nectar content; all were packed in Laminated Aseptic Cartons (LAC). Samples were stored in a fixed and controlled temperature environment ranging between 10°C and 50°Cfor a period of 5 weeks and the samples were tested for the values of Brix, Titratable Acidity (TA) and pH at the beginning and at the end of each week. The findings revealed that there was no statistically significant difference found (p > 0.05), which showed that there is low-to-no evidence that the selected range of storage temperature and time in this study significantly affected the values of Brix, TA and pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines Phil Klay's story collection, Redeployment (2015), with particular reference to victimhood in war and the culpability of war casualties. The victimhood argument is essential to wars because it emphasizes the innocence of one party at the expense of the other, providing a pretext and justification for violent retaliation. It serves the pro-war narrative and validates action on the ground against the second party. The argument in this paper is made in two constructs: 'American Victims,' which addresses the representation of American soldiers as victims of war and their accountability for violence, and 'Local Victims,' which examines the presence of Iraqis as victims of war and their responsibility for the status quo in Iraq. Both Americans and Iraqis, soldiers who participate in the war as well as civilians, are made victims of war in Klay's stories. The suffering of locals is presented but as part of the larger victimization of American soldiers, who are the most visible victims of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into a comprehensive investigation of the current situation faced by students with special needs (SSNs) and learning disabilities (LDs) across various educational levels. It aims to shed light on the existing challenges experienced by these learners in primary, secondary, and higher education settings. To ensure the validity of the findings, this study adopts a multi-method approach that combines observation, interviews, and an extensive review of relevant literature in the field. By employing observational techniques, researchers closely observe the daily experiences of SSN students within educational environments. Interviews are conducted with students, teachers, and parents to gain valuable insights into their perspectives and understand the specific difficulties they encounter. In addition, the study thoroughly examines prior scholarly works and research papers related to SSN and LD, enhancing the breadth and depth of the investigation. Upon culmination, this paper presents a set of recommendations directed toward the teaching staff, administrative personnel, and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. These suggestions aim to foster an inclusive and supportive educational ecosystem that caters to the unique needs of SSN students. They encompass strategies for curriculum development, teacher training, classroom accommodations, and administrative policies, which collectively contribute to enhancing the learning experience and overall well-being of SSN learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a special issue on consociationalism and the state, specifically focusing on Lebanon and Iraq. It explores the use of consociational power sharing as a means of conflict resolution in post-conflict societies. The article acknowledges the ongoing debate surrounding the effectiveness of consociationalism and the tension between normative and analytical goals. The special issue aims to contribute to this debate by examining the relationship between consociational theory, the state, and political settlements in Lebanon and Iraq. The papers in the issue explore various aspects of consociationalism, including its impact on state formation, state stability, and social identity. The authors emphasize the need for a more coherent theory of the state in understanding the dynamics of consociationalism in these countries. The article also discusses the political settlements in Lebanon and Iraq, highlighting the challenges faced by each country's consociational system. It concludes by calling for further comparative study and innovative debates on the postcolonial state in the Middle East. [Extracted from the article]

The study aspired to investigate the human trauma of a society in wartime and thereafter. It focuses on literature that seeks to reflect life as it should be. However, literary works here deal with catastrophic dramas that depict Iraqis who generally suffer from the negative repercussions of the American Crisis and the extreme underdevelopment and poverty at that time. In this paper, the audience faces the disaster in two dramatic works: Baghdadi Bath (2005) by Jawad al-Asadi and Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo (2012) by Rajiv Joseph. They are a good example that depicts the nightmare experienced by all Iraqis during the war. Speaking about the disaster of war, we guess that the disaster may have human roots. The disaster of war on Iraq, in particular, is taken for analysis. The researchers try to denote the nature of man at the time of the disaster. The paper explores the relations between the ideas of war and the world we face and refers to Baghdad's brutal past and its confused present. It also inspects the real reasons behind the war and records the human condition in the consequences of the American invasion of Iraq. To narrow the field of investigation, the researchers have chosen disaster at war, especially the American war on Iraq in 2003, and its results for the study. The paper steps down war and violence and assures peace for people depending on different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textbooks are by no means ideological. This means that they present their dominant values and culture in the foreign-language education. In other words; textbooks can change thoughts of learners of the target language. The study is limited to the Iraqi ESL textbooks (English for Iraq) for sixth preparatory stage. This paper tries to examine the discourse of these textbooks critically. The aim of the current paper is to investigate the national identity of the publishing house in the Iraqi textbooks. In order to reveal the national identity embedded in them, the study draws on a corpus-based analysis. This study found the frequency of referring to nation identity of England more than other countries throughout the whole books. The study concluded that the English publishing house uses the national identity of England in the investigated data for ideological purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healthcare field has experienced a significant increase in data generation due to the emergence of modern applications and the internet. Consequently, understanding and extracting meaningful information from these extensive datasets has become a critical factor in the success of any application in this sector. Digital analytics and classification tools can assist in handling the challenges of processing large datasets to produce highly consistent, logical, and information-rich summaries. This paper presents several analytics methodologies based on literature that can be used as pre-processing steps to determine dataset characteristics. The study conducted a comparative analysis of twelve classification algorithms using two international datasets to measure their efficiency accurately. The outcome of the analysis step will assist researchers in selecting the most suitable algorithm for each dataset's characteristics, resulting in more organized and thorough results. The study revealed that four algorithms, namely Logitboost, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Multilayer Perceptron, achieved the best accuracy. The XGBoost algorithm, which produced the highest accuracy, was used to classify new CBC datasets collected from various hospitals in Iraq for Hematology studies and statistics. Future research should investigate combining algorithms to leverage their benefits while overcoming their limitations. Overall, using digital analytics tools and algorithms in healthcare can provide critical insights into large datasets, leading to improved disease diagnosis outcomes and the advancement of medical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Researchers in universities and academic institutions must be in a leading position in generating research evidence to inform and direct national policies and strategies, improve service delivery, and achieve the main objectives. This study aimed to determine the factors that promote or hinder research productivity and quality among university academics in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 949 university academics from all public universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The authors developed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic data, challenges, satisfaction, and motivation for conducting research. Data were collected using a Google form. Frequencies, percentages, and the Chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Results: Most university academics (94.6%) believed that research was part of their job, but only 51.6% were satisfied with their role as academic researchers. The lack of financial motivation was the main reason for dissatisfaction, while the main incentive to conduct research was the passion for science. Around 21% of the university academics had not published any research, while 53.1% published 1–5 articles. Half of the participants (49.7%) lacked training in writing research proposals, and the majority (86.1%) have not applied for international grants. Approximately half of university academics (46.9%) shared their research findings with stakeholders, and the primary method was by sharing their published papers (59.4%), followed by seminars (42.2%). One of the important challenges in conducting research was the lack of funding (62.8%). Conclusions: The academics at universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are passionate about their role as researchers, but face many challenges in conducting effective research. A strategic plan is needed to provide an encouraging environment for university academics regarding infrastructure, financial, and technical support. More studies are needed to identify the root factors of academic staff needs and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores how Ahmed Saadawi's novel, Frankenstein in Baghdad (2013) could be related to the time of COVID-19 through a postmodern lens focusing on post-war issues. The study aims at exploring Saadawi's characters who are used by the writer to represent post-war issues in Iraq. The characters suffer from a kind of hallucination and depression as seen in both their behavior and their routine, everyday lives. They show how their life has no meaning and aim. All this is symbolized by the monster which itself is only the creation of the minds of these depressed people. The study shows how people, who are suffering from postwar issues can also resemble people suffering through the COVID-19 pandemic. The hallucinations of Saadawi's characters resemble those of real-life people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the paper tries to explore how Saadawi's characters resemble humanity in the time of COVID-19. In general, little research has been conducted on the postwar issues represented in Saadawi's novel, Frankenstein in Baghdad, and how the characters themselves in the novel could represent humanity in post-pandemic times. The paper's contribution is to fill the gaps of the previously made points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakebite is a serious injury and a common reason for the increasing death rate. Thus, it should be treated and assessed as highly prior, even in cases that seem well. The paper presents a retrospective investigation of snakebites in Iraq from 2019 to 2021 conveyed by the General Administration of Statistics and Information, Ministry of Health, Republic of Iraq. After obtaining the institutional committee's approval, the authors performed the extraction, analysis, and reporting of the data. A total number of 802 patients were informed throughout three years, with the highest percentage in males (63%). The maximum rate of snake envenomation (P < 0.05) was documented in (41.64%). The highest percentage of anti-venom injections administered in 2021 was 57% (n = 1118). Snakebite cases were mainly reported during June and July in al Yarmouk Hospital, with a total of 17.36% (n = 50) and 17.46% (n = 52), respectively. In Murjan Hospital, the months were September and August with a total of 50% (n = 8) and 40.35% (n = 7), respectively. In Baqubah Hospital, the months were May and August, with a total of 17.3% (n = 52) and 16.8% (n = 50), respectively. Finally, in the Al Hussein Hospital, the months were July and September, with a total of 23.5% (n = 43) and 22.2% (n = 39), respectively. Only 10 cases out of 802 died. The incidence of snakebites showed an increasing trend during the study period, and the incidence mostly occurred in July, August, and September. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines protest language from the late Arab Spring uprisings, more specifically in Tunisia, Egypt and Iraq – identified as the "Facebook Upheavals". It explores the discursive aspects of these processes through which social protest and dissent are constructed and different forms of communication and expression are mobilized. It also examines how the various modes of representation and dissemination contribute to shaping and influencing social movements and resistance within the Arab political context, individually and collectively. On the collective level, the paper explores the discursive construction of collective identities, the formation of alliances, and the negotiation of power relations within and between different protest movements. This is done by reporting how discourses are used to challenge dominant narratives, contest oppressive structures, and then to shape the political landscape in the Arab region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aimed at analyzing the role of the financial policy taken up by the Iraqi government in confronting the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigating the repercussions of the pandemic on unemployment. It relied on quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze and evaluate the effects of financial policy on unemployment rates. Several international indicators were used, such as the Oxford University Government Response Tracker (OXCGRT) to know the strength of the stimulus package adopted by Iraq. The Principal Component Analysis (P) methodology was also used to analyze the composition of the stimulus financial policy taken. The results of the analysis generally came up with the fact that the the role of financial policy adopted by Iraq in promoting economic growth and accelerating recovery from the repercussions of the pandemic was significant on unemployment rates, depending on the size of that fiscal policy in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the nature of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), considered as one of the most important concepts to ensure effective functioning in a modern society. It comprises a set of continually developing methods and procedures providing the geospatial base supporting a country's governmental, environmental, economic, and social activities. In general, the SDI framework consists of the integration of various elements including standards, policies, networks, data, and end users and application areas. The transformation of previously paper-based map data into a digital format, the emergence of GIS, and the Internet and a host of online applications (e.g., environmental impact analysis, navigation, applications of VGI data, governmental efficiency drives) have led to huge leaps forward in SDI development. However, SDI progress can be held back by numerous challenges, both technical and non-technical. The paper outlines these challenges from the perspective of the country of Iraq, where there is an absence of a clear direction towards efficient SDI operation and a lack of knowledge for establishing and managing effective SDI. These challenges could be met by considering and resolving generic issues, identified by the experiences of other nations, by researchers, and by organisations. These issues are investigated and assessed by means of a questionnaire survey and interviews, directed towards important participants in the field of SDI development in the country. The results present the SDI issues in order of relevance to assist developers and users in solving potential SDI and data integration problems within Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spinal cord tumours are atypical growths that form within the spinal cord or the surrounding structures. Aim: This paper was interested to study patient outcomes related to outcomes ACT as well as evaluation postoperative. Patients and methods: This paper was conducted a cross-sectional study which aims to study patient outcomes related to spinal cord tumours and postoperative quality of life assessment from various hospitals in Iraq between 14th July 2021 to 26th April 2022 and The patients' condition, and demographic statistical results were also evaluated according to the SPSS SOFT statistical analysis program Results and discussion: This paper was discussed the clinical outcomes of patients who suffered with spinal cord tumours for 60 cases. Our results noticed that back pain was the most common factor of symptoms, which get 27 (45%), as well as males more effected as compare with females where males have 40 (66.67%), but females 20 (33.33%). It aids in determining the appropriate treatment options and assessing the prognosis for these patients. The higher the McCormick Scale score, the more severe the functional impairment caused by the spinal cord tumor. In contrast, preoperative patients have 50% with grade IV while postoperative has 16.67%, which shows enhance after surgery as well as it leads to develop with quality-of-life grades, especially physical factor, and functional factor. Conclusion: We conclude that patient improvement following spinal cord tumor surgery, where it detects with males have more injured than females. Also, back pain was the most common factor of symptoms. Moreover, our results confirm the improvement of neurological status of spinal cord tumours after surgery, as well as McCormick scale assessment, enrolled that rate of patients through postoperative get a half percentage of total patients with grade I while 45% percentage of total patients have IV score during pre-operative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the role of accounting measurement and disclosure of social capital in improving the quality of accounting information which covers reliability, relevance, comparability, and consistency. The sample of this research paper is the industrial companies in Sulaymaniyah, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRG). Accordingly, a hypothesis has been developed that accounting measurement and disclosure of social capital play a significant role in improving the relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency of accounting information. The hypotheses were tested through a questionnaire that has been distributed among 350 employees. It was analyzed by using a stratified sampling methodology. The research methodology comprised demographic analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The findings suggest that accounting measurement and disclosure of social capital have a significant and positive effect on the relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency of accounting information. The research is limited to industrial companies in Sulaymaniyah, KRG. Thus, the findings cannot be comprehensive unless the other scholars further considered various companies, philosophies, agricultural or trading companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Middle Eastern Studies / Ortadoğu Etütleri is the property of Turkmen Cooperation & Cultural Foundation Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies (ORSAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Iraqi people have been without energy for nearly two decades, even though their geographic position provides a high intensity of radiation appropriate for the construction of solar plants capable of producing significant quantities of electricity. Also, the annual sunny hours in Iraq are between 3,600 to 4,300 hours which makes it perfect to use the photovoltaics arrays to generate electricity with very high efficiency compared to many countries, especially in Europe. This paper shows the amount of electric energy generated by the meter square of crystalline silicon in the photovoltaic (PV) array that already installed in 18 states in Iraq for each month of the year. The results of the meter-square of PV array in three tracking positions are presented in this paper. This paper shows that the average electricity generated in North cities (Dohuk, Al-Sulaymaniyah, and Erbil) are less than the southern cities in the winter season (three positions) by about 40-50%. Iraq has a stable PV electrical generation during all the year in all regions except the North cities while the highest cities in electricity generation are (Najaf and Al-Anbar). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between integrated report quality (IRQ) and supplier financing using 603 firm-year observations from firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) between 2011 and 2021. We find that IRQ has a positive association with supplier financing, indicating that firms with higher IRQ are more likely to attract increased supplier finance. This positive IRQ-supplier financing relationship is further intensified by lower information asymmetry, implying that firms' information environment plays a pivotal role. Mediation analysis indicates that information asymmetry and creditworthiness serve as underlying channels through which IRQ affects supplier financing. The IRQ-supplier financing interaction is also found to increase firms' value. The study's findings are crucial for stakeholders, such as report preparers, regulators, policymakers, the IIRC, IASB, ISSB, and JSE. These findings highlight IRQ's importance in enhancing supplier finance and indicate further steps to enhance IRQ for fostering financial stability and sustainable development worldwide. Data Availability: All data are publicly available from the sources mentioned in the paper. JEL Classifications: G32; M41; M42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse forms of protest in contemporary Iraq have not altered the country's political system and in some respects have reinforced it. This paper argues that the existing literature has not fully explained this protest weakness, due in part to a division between an agency-focused protest literature emphasising discourse, symbolic politics, and the micro-politics of protests, where less attention has been paid to the material and structural elements; and a literature focused on the political system which has typically adopted more macro and structural models. By contrast, this paper uses concepts from Deleuze and Guattari to explore empirical case studies of the encounter between protests and political power in Iraq. It finds the notion of social assemblage useful for drawing the expressive and the material, the micro and the macro, back together on the same ontological plane. Deleuze and Guattari's distinction between the behaviours of rhizomatic (decentred) and arborescent (hierarchic) structures can also clarify a key source of protest weakness in Iraq as the rhizomatic tendencies of the country's political system. This refers primarily to the tendency for destabilisations of the system engendered by protests to function as a mechanism for the expansion of its political power over new social territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined accounting information systems (AIS) as a mediator between small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) strategies, including (finance source, administrative innovation, organizational culture, developing capabilities levels of SMEs, information source, development of business managers, and technological innovation) and organizational performance. In this quantitative study, 450 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the managers and owners of SMEs using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method via SmartPLS3 Software. The study offers empirical findings on the importance of AIS as a mediator, considers various factors, and provides clear strategies for better work performance. The study confirmed that the SMEs' strategy and the use of an AIS significantly and positively affected SMEs' organizational performance, while AIS use partially mediated between SMEs' strategy and organizational performance. This result confirms that an SME can enhance its performance by using AIS. AIS can support organizational performance through an SME strategy, avoid human errors, provide cost-against-time savings, and assist in timely internal decision-making considering long-term benefits. However, the results may not reflect the actual performance situation and cannot be generalized to all provinces or other countries because environments differ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This applied psychoanalytic paper explores the phenomenon of murder‐suicide in post‐Katrina New Orleans, focusing on the case of Zack Bowen and Addie Hall. The aftermath of natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina often leads to increased mental health issues, including violence and suicide. The author, who lived and practiced psychiatry in the New Orleans French Quarter (FQ), was involved in a documentary about the couple, providing a unique perspective on their tragic story. Zack Bowen, a veteran of Iraq and Kosovo with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and Addie Hall, an artist with a history of abuse, were star‐crossed lovers in the post‐apocalyptic FQ. In the immediate aftermath of the storm, with the higher socioeconomic population evacuated, the city experienced lawlessness, but also a bond between subcultural groups seeking anarchy, freedom, escapism, and avoidance of past troubles. Drawing from excerpts of the documentary and material from a book about the couple entitled Shake the Devil Off, this paper utilizes an object relational framework to understand the multidetermined causes of the murder‐suicide. It highlights how disasters can bring individuals together in desperate situations, destabilize social connections, and exacerbate avoidant defenses through increased substance abuse. Furthermore, it reveals how such traumatic events can reopen past wounds, including PTSD and experiences of abuse, creating a mental health crisis that extends far beyond the initial impact of the storm. It also underscores the significance of interpersonal containment of toxic projections in the aftermath of a disaster, particularly for individuals with intrapsychic vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Iraq and other countries, RC beams are frequently used as alternative small slab penetrations in low-rise constructions. The structure is capable of transferring stresses effectively and the existence of minor gaps normally has little impact on the structural performance. However, special consideration must be given to the analysis and design of such beams depending on the effect of the openings. Hence, the objective of this paper is to address this research gap by evaluating and enhancing the behavior of RC beams with a vertical opening that penetrates the entire depth of the beams and obstructs the reinforcement bars since all the building design codes and guidelines introduce very limited recommendations for beams with vertical openings. To achieve that, five specimens were fabricated as RC beams with vertical openings and one specimen as a reference beam. The six specimens were tested under two-point loads over a clear span length of 180 cm and a total length of 200 cm. It was found that by adopting a vertical opening into the RC beam without any strengthening methods, the ultimate carrying load capacity decreased and the mid-span deflection increased compared with the reference solid beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English language education (ELE) in Iraq has always been in a state of confusion and unsatisfactory outcomes; the curricula and methods have continually been subject to criticism and revisions since its commencement. To explore the intricacies of ELE in Iraq, this paper maps out its history to identify the key historical periods in its development and bring into focus the major challenges that were encountered. A historical approach was adopted, including examining historical documents, educational policies, curriculum materials, previous studies, personal communication, and other relevant archival sources. The findings indicate that ELE in Iraq dates back to the nineteenth century, primarily within missionary schools under Ottoman rule, albeit on a limited scale. More specifically, nationwide ELE in Iraq can be categorized into four distinct phases named for the prevailing teaching methodologies: Grammar-Translation (1921-1938), Direct Method (1940-1970), AudioLingual Method (1970-2001), and Communicative Approach (2002 – present). Throughout these phases, it becomes evident that instructional methods in Iraq often lagged behind global trends. Furthermore, persistent challenges in ELE development, notably the lack of effective training and teaching resources, have impeded progress. By contextualizing these historical challenges, this study aims to inform current and future decisions regarding curriculum development, ultimately striving to improve the efficiency of ELE in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water security in arid and semi-arid Middle Eastern climates has been severely impacted by effects of climate change such as reduced precipitation, diminished storage, increased evapotranspiration, and prolonged heat waves. These climate effects are compounded in Iraq, where populations, agriculture, industry, and energy rely heavily on varying transboundary water flows to meet water demands. Iraq's most profitable sector, energy, is especially threatened by insufficient water supply, which complicates government decision making in energy infrastructure development. The goal of this paper is to develop a scenario-based multi-criteria analysis framework to prioritize infrastructure investments in the context of climate change and scarcity of natural resources. Infrastructure facilities are evaluated against social, economic, climate, and hydrologic criteria across a set of disruptive climatological, economic, and social scenarios to identify robust initiatives and the most and least disruptive scenarios to the system. A particular innovation of this paper is the evaluation of hydrology data derived from satellites in determining water scarcity impact on individual energy facilities. The methods are demonstrated for a critical sector of Iraq's economy: oil and natural gas. The demonstration includes 13 system-order criteria, 44 oil and gas initiatives within Iraq, and seven risk scenarios. The results include an accounting of the most and least disruptive scenarios to energy sector priorities and scenario-based system orderings to guide stakeholders in investment prioritization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper addresses the optimal sizing of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs), encompassing wind, solar, and battery systems, with the aim of delivering reliable performance at a reasonable cost. The focus is on mitigating unscheduled outages on the national grid in Iraq. The proposed On–off-grid HRES method is implemented using MATLAB and relies on an iterative technique to achieve multi-objectives, balancing reliability and economic constraints. The optimal HRES configuration is determined by evaluating various scenarios related to energy flow management, electricity prices, and land cover effects. Consumer requirements regarding cost and reliability are factored into a 2D optimization process. A battery model is developed to capture the dynamic exchange of energy among different renewable sources, battery storage, and energy demands. A detailed case study across fifteen locations in Iraq, including water, desert, and urban areas, revealed that local wind speed significantly affects the feasibility and efficiency of the HRES. Locations with higher wind speeds, such as the Haditha lake region (payback period: 7.8 years), benefit more than urban areas (Haditha city: payback period: 12.4 years). This study also found that not utilizing the battery, particularly during periods of high electricity prices (e.g., 2015), significantly impacts the HRES performance. In the Haditha water area, for instance, this technique reduced the payback period from 20.1 to 7.8 years by reducing the frequency of charging and discharging cycles and subsequently mitigating the need for battery replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liturgical space represents the embodiment of Christian theology in church buildings, encompassing both physical and metaphysical aspects. This space carries holiness and sacredness through a set of architectural elements that create sacred and profane zones within the church architecture. For centuries, design elements have shaped the form of Eastern churches in Iraq. This research aimed to answer the following question: what does a participant see at first glance in the liturgical space of a church building? This paper revisits the impact of design elements on the liturgical space of Eastern churches. The research methodology involved analyzing qualitative data using visual attention software (VAS) 3M, version 2024, to examine eye-tracking data and identify what visitors first noticed when entering these church interiors in Mosul, Iraq. The results highlight the variations and dominance of specific design elements in their impact on Eastern churches. The conclusions emphasize the importance of scientifically based restoration for the perception of design elements in these churches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]