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The issue of urban resilience plays great significance and value for the sustainable development of cities, which has attracted increasing attention from scholars and governments, especially in the western region of China. Based on the Production-Living-Ecological (PLE) system, this study attempts to describe urban resilience by the combination system that contains with P,L,E subsystem. The integrated approach including FAHP-EM,GRA-TOPSIS, CCDM, and ODM is proposed to reveal the urban resilience level and seek out the key constraints' indicators. Then, an empirical analysis of panel data of 18 cities in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021 was conducted to analyze the development process. The valuation results suggested that:(1)for urban resilience level, most cities at the moderate imbalance level and basically maintained at this level, only Chengdu is reaching the basic coordination level since in 2013.(2)The insufficient development of P,L,E subsystem is the reason for the moderate imbalance development, especially the key limiting factor is the P subsystem's low development level.(3)the most prominent obstacle indicators are x1(per capita local financial expenditure on science and technology), x2(per capita of R&D spending), x8(total export-import per capita), x14(number of people with basic medical insurance), x22(length of urban drainage pipeline), x23(number of public toilets per person) and the contribution values reach 7.56%,7.49%,11.02%, 9.14%,12.53%, 12.60% respectively. The detailed reference suggestions and effective measures put forwarded for policy makers and planners to promote urban resilience in Western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To secure effective and sustainable climate change policies, it is of the utmost importance to create synergies between socioeconomic and environmental development goals. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs are being promoted as a suitable mechanism furthering, among others, carbon offsetting and poverty reduction in ecologically fragile areas of developing countries. Rural households are compensated for the loss of property and business income through income transfers and potential job opportunities connected to environmental programs. While the potential pro-poor effects of such policies are well recognized, the impact of PES on extremely poor households has not been systematically reviewed. Drawing on a pooled cross-sectional dataset of 5225 households in the Province of Sichuan, this paper analyzes the income and distributional effects among poor households in rural China participating in a forest carbon sink (FCS) program. To be able to make causal inferences, we employ an Instrumental Variable (IV) approach to control for potential endogeneity and self-selection. Our results indicate a strong need to adjust the PES program: While moderately poor rural households benefit from program participation, extremely poor rural households, in fact, suffer net losses. The main reason is that income reduction resulting from limited access to forest resources is compensated mainly via wage income from participating in forest tending work. Extremely poor households with low labor ability cannot make use of these job opportunities, and thus they'll not only fail to benefit but even incur losses from a PES program. While PES programs can be a viable tool for poverty reduction in underdeveloped regions due to their overall pro-poorness, they need to be accompanied by additional benefits for extremely poor rural households to avoid net losses among marginalized population groups especially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• U, P, I subsystem's insufficient development is the reason for little coordination level of most cities in Sichuan. • A comprehensive method for calculating the coupling coordination degree is proposed. • Key aspects that influence the level of urbanization city-industry integration are identified by quantitative model. • Urban, population, industry subsystem's insufficient development is the reason for low coordination level of most cities in Sichuan. • Promotion of urbanization city-industry integration should attention the relevant policies. As the key issue in the process of new urbanization, the problem of city-industry integration has drawn the increasing attention from government and academicians, especially in western China. Based on the Urban-Population-Industry (UPI) system, the study utilizes coupling coordination degree to evaluate urbanization city-industry integration level, and identifies the key factors affecting the level of urbanization city-industry integration. Firstly, this study attempts to comprehensively describe the urbanization city-industry integration by a complex system that combines with U, P, I subsystem. Secondly, a comprehensive method for calculating the coupling coordination degree is proposed to reveal the urbanization city-industry integration level in the process of urbanization, including: (i) Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS); (ii) Hesitant Fuzzy Preference Relationship (HFPR) and Entropy Method (EM); (iii) Coupling Coordination Degree Model (CCDM); and (iv) Particle Swarm Optimization Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (PSOBPANN). Then, identify the key aspects that influence the level of urbanization city-industry integration. Finally, an empirical analysis of panel data of 18 cities in Sichuan Province from 2000 to 2016 was conducted to analyze the development process. The results indicated: (1) At present, most cities in Sichuan, western China, are at the low coordination level of urbanization city-industry integration. Attention should be given to promote common regional development by playing to the radiating role of the central city; and (2) U, P, I subsystem's insufficient development is the reason for low coordination between the level of urbanization city-industry integration. The key constraint is the low development level and the slow development rate of industry subsystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]