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In January 2023, Moderna announced its intent to increase the price of the COVID-19 vaccine it co-developed with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by 400%. The federal government should pressure Moderna to change course and resume buying doses for all Americans, leveraging its purchasing power to obtain a fair price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Examining temporal and spatial diffusion of a new technology, such as digital mammography, can provide important insights into potential disparities associated with access to new medical technologies and how quickly these technologies are adopted. Although digital mammography is currently a standard technology in the United States for breast cancer screening, its adoption and geographic diffusion, as medical facilities transitioned from film to digital units, has not been explored well. Methods: This study evaluated the geographic diffusion of digital mammography facilities from 2001 to 2014 in the contiguous United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) and estimated the geographic accessibility to this new technology for women aged ≥45 years at the census tract level within a 20‐minute drivetime by population density, rural/urban residence, and race/ethnicity. The number of mammography units by technology type (film or digital) and density per 10,000 women were also summarized. Results: The adoption of digital mammography advanced first in densely populated regions and last in remote rural areas. Overall, proportion of digital mammography units increased from 1.4% in 2001 to 94.6% in 2014, but since 2008, there was a decline in density of units from 2.31 per 10,000 women aged ≥45 years to 1.97 in 2014. In 2014, approximately 87% of women aged ≥45 years in the contiguous United States had accessibility to digital mammography, but this proportion was substantially lower for Native American women (67%) and rural residents (32%). Conclusion: Understanding the diffusion of and accessibility to digital mammography may help predict future medical technology diffusion and assess its role in geographic differences in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this retrospective study, the changes from film to digital mammography in the United States from 2001‐2014 were examined and mapped; in addition, changes in geographic accessibility to digital mammography were evaluated for women aged ≥45 years at the census tract level, in respect to urban/rural residency, population density, and race/ethnicity. The geographic diffusion of digital mammography progressed unevenly throughout the United States, and by 2014, 87% of all women aged ≥45 years were living within a 20‐minute drive from a digital mammography facility, but this percentage was substantially lower for Native American women (67%) and rural residents (32%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network analysis has created a productive framework for the analysis of the histories of patient-physician interactions and physician collaboration. Notable is the construction of networks based on the data of “referral paths” – sequences of patient-specific temporally linked physician visits – in this case, culled from a large set of Medicare claims data in the United States. Network constructions depend on a range of choices regarding the underlying data. In this paper we introduce the use of a five-factor experiment that produces 80 distinct projections of the bipartite patient-physician mixing matrix to a unipartite physician network derived from the referral path data, which is further analyzed at the level of the 2,219 hospitals in the final analytic sample. We summarize the networks of physicians within a given hospital using a range of directed and undirected network features (quantities that summarize structural properties of the network such as its size, density, and reciprocity). The different projections and their underlying factors are evaluated in terms of the heterogeneity of the network features across the hospitals. We also evaluate the projections relative to their ability to improve the predictive accuracy of a model estimating a hospital’s adoption of implantable cardiac defibrillators, a novel cardiac intervention. Because it optimizes the knowledge learned about the overall and interactive effects of the factors, we anticipate that the factorial design setting for network analysis may be useful more generally as a methodological advance in network analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries extension programmes frequently fail to secure mandatory or voluntary adoption of bycatch reduction devices and techniques. Approaches for improving the outcomes of extension programmes are often based on ad hoc assessments and do not consider human behaviour or change theories. This paper offers an in-depth analysis of extension activities that led to various adoption outcomes in two prominent bycatch case studies in the United States: turtle excluder devices in shrimp trawl fisheries and dolphin bycatch in the tuna purse seine fishery. Using a grounded theory approach to text analysis of interviews and documents, I examine five periods of voluntary or mandatory adoption efforts. I explain the outcomes through the lens of diffusion of innovation theory. The most effective extension programme involved informative and persuasive efforts, enforced regulations, and commercially practical bycatch reduction devices. Voluntary adoption occurred under exceptional circumstances of public and political pressure and a device that offered substantial benefits to the adopter. The two periods of successful adoption applied the most core principles of diffusion theory. This paper concludes with recommendations for how change agents can apply diffusion theory to future fisheries extension programmes to improve the adoption of bycatch reduction devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravel and unpaved roads make up nearly 50% of the United States roads network. This explains the need to have a sophisticated and advanced Gravel Roads Management System (GRMS). Thus, the Wyoming Technology Transfer Center (WYT2C) is in the process of developing a holistic GRMS. One of the most important factors in developing a GRMS is understanding the deterioration behavior of the roads. In this study, the effect of gravel roads geometric features on surface distresses in terms of corrugation was investigated. Factorial design method was used to study the relation between the existence of horizontal curve and vertical grade and the corrugation severity. The study found that there is a significant relation between corrugation severity and the existence of horizontal curve and vertical grades. Therefore, a model was developed to provide an accurate prediction for the corrugation at these special locations. The developed model has a coefficient of determination (R2) of 88% which means that this model represents 88% of the studied data. The findings of this study provide the pavement engineers with a better understanding about the deterioration behavior of gravel roads. Employing the results of this study in GRMS will enhance the maintenance budget optimization process significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microburst wind shear has caused or contributed to a significant number of aviation accidents. Since 1943, wind shear accidents have been responsible for more than 1,400 fatalities worldwide, including over 400 deaths in the United States between 1973 and 1985. In this paper, we describe one of the more successful and societally impactful research-to-operations (R2O) programs in atmospheric science history. The remarkable R2O journey included the discovery of microburst wind shear in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the scientific efforts to understand this phenomenon and its impact on aircraft operations, the development of a wind shear training program for pilots, and the rapid development, testing, and implementation of wind shear detection systems that successfully saved lives and property. The article includes a chronological description of the wind shear research and development program, key milestones toward implementation, and the research-to-operations best practices employed for successful technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is seen today as an indispensable practice if an organization wishes to achieve competitive advantage and sustainable success in the marketplace. The development of new products and services and new technologies that enable those products and services seem to be the crown jewel of innovation. The management of these technologies, more specifically the process through which technologies are transferred, has been the focus of scholarly debates and studies for several decades. Currently, there are no quantitative, comprehensive, and easily applicable models in the literature that researchers and practitioners can use to assess organizations’ technology transfer capabilities. This article has sought to delineate important factors and perspectives applicable to technology transfer, and to use those in order to assess an organization's capabilities, through the application of a hierarchical decision modeling model to create a technology transfer score. The research model is applied to a utility company in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, and the results provide insights on how to measure and interpret technology transfer capabilities as well as a starting point for technology managers to improve those capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past four decades, Intellectual Property (IP) has been one of the main controversies of US-China trade relations. But the current US-China trade war contains a new focus - technology transfer. This article adopts a socio-legal and economic approach to examine the current technology and trade tensions between these two countries and why China became an Information Technology (IT) powerhouse. It first provides an overview of IP and technology transfer rules under the Phase One US-China Economic and Trade Agreement (POA). It then explores different forms of forced technology transfer activities and the in-depth reasons for the US to shift its main IP concerns from IP enforcement to technology transfer. It explains why the US and China trade war is inevitable, why the current US-China IP-trade war is significantly different from previous ones, and the economic and political reasons behind the global technology leadership competition by the two countries. Finally, the author concludes that the POA and its technology transfer rules are not the ends of the game but just the start of the global technology leadership competition between the US and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 5th Plenary Session of the 19th Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee clearly states that developing science and technology through self-reliance and self-strengthening provides the strategic underpinning for China's development. Based on this background, this paper explores a metric model for assessing national scientific research strength through collaboration on research papers. We propose a novel metric model for assessing national scientific research strength, which sets two indicators, national scientific self-reliance (SR) and national academic contribution (CT), to reflect "self-reliance" and "self-strengthening" respectively. Taking the research papers in quantum technology as an example, this study analyzes the scientific research strength of various countries around the world, especially China in quantum technology. The results show that the research of quantum technology in China has always been relatively independent with fewer international collaboration papers and located in a more marginal position in cooperation networks. China's academic contribution (CT) to global quantum technology research is increasing and has been greater than that of the United States in 2020. Combining the two indicators, CT and SR, China's research strength in the quantum field closely follows the United States, and the United States is the most powerful with high research autonomy. This paper only reflects China's scientific research strength in quantum technology from collaboration on research papers and doesn't consider the segmentation of quantum technology and the industrial upstream and downstream aspects, which need further study. The model is helpful to better understand the national scientific research strength in a certain field from "self-reliance" and "self-strengthening". We propose a novel metric model to measure the national scientific research strength from the perspective of "self-reliance" and "self-strengthening", which provides a solid basis for the assessment of the strength level of scientific research in countries/regions and institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers demand more precision farming technology and specific information is consumed in the adoption process, which could not only depend on how efficiently the information flows among farmers. It is assumed that the sources of information are inputs in the production processes and could have an impact on the decision to adopt precision farming technology, after controlling for farmer and farm business characteristics. Accordingly, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of nine information sources used by cotton farmers of 12 U.S. producer states on the adoption of yield monitor with GPS, grid soil sampling, zone soil sampling, aerial photos, and soil survey maps. The scientific utility of this research lies on the quantitative data from the Southern Cotton Precision Farming Survey analysed using statistical methods such as univariate, bivariate and multivariate probit regressions. The statistical results indicated that information from dealers, consultants, university publications, and university events were the most common information sources used when searching for precision farming information with positive and significant effects on the adoption of precision farming technology. The presented findings from this comprehensive analysis can assist organizations in selecting information sources, and on planning communications and partnerships strategies fostering technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim/Purpose: This brief paper will provide preliminary insight into an institutions effort to help students understand the application of the scientific method as it applies to the business discipline through the creation of a dedicated, required course added to the curriculum of a mid-Atlantic minority-serving institution. In order to determine whether the under-consideration course satisfies designated student learning outcomes, an assessment regime was initiated that included examination of rubric data as well as the administration of a student perception survey. This paper summarizes the results of the early examination of the efficacy of the course under consideration. Background: A small, minority-serving, university located in the United States conducted an assessment and determined that students entering a department of business following completion of their general education science requirements had difficulties transferring their understanding of the scientific method to the business discipline. Accordingly, the department decided to create a unique course offered to sophomore standing students titled Principles of Scientific Methods in Business. The course was created by a group of faculty with input from a twenty person department. Methodology: Rubrics used to assess a course term project were collected and analyzed in Microsoft Excel to measure student satisfaction of learning goals and a student satisfaction survey was developed and administered to students enrolled in the course under consideration to measure perceived course value. Contribution: While the scientific method applies across the business and information disciplines, students often struggle to envision this application. This paper explores the implications of a course specifically purposed to engender the development and usage of logical and scientific reasoning skills in the business discipline by students in the lower level of an bachelors degree program. The information conveyed in this paper hopefully makes a contribution in an area where there is still an insufficient body of research and where additional exploration is needed. Findings: For two semesters rubrics were collected and analyzed representing the inclusion of 53 students. The target mean for the rubric was a 2.8 and the overall achieved mean was a 2.97, indicating that student performance met minimal expectations. Nevertheless, student deficiencies in three crucial areas were identified. According to the survey findings, as a result of the class students had a better understanding of the scientific method as it applies to the business discipline, are now better able to critically assess a problem, feel they can formulate a procedure to solve a problem, can test a problem-solving process, have a better understanding of how to formulate potential business solutions, understand how potential solutions are evaluated, and understand how business decisions are evaluated. Conclusion: Following careful consideration and discussion of the preliminary findings, the course under consideration was significantly enhanced. The changes were implemented in the fall of 2020 and initial data collected in the spring of 2021 is indicating measured improvement in student success as exhibited by higher rubric scores. Recommendations for Practitioners: These initial findings are promising and while considering student success, especially as we increasingly face a greater and greater portion of under-prepared students entering higher education, initiatives to build the higher order thinking skills of students via transdisciplinary courses may play an important role in the future of higher education. Recommendations for Researchers: Additional studies of transdisciplinary efforts to improve student outcomes need to be explored through collection and evaluation of rubrics used to assess student learning as well as by measuring student perception of the efficacy of these efforts. Impact on Society: Society needs more graduates who leave universities ready to solve problems critically, strategically, and with scientific reasoning. Future Research: This study was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic; however, it is resuming in late 2021 and it is the hope that a robust and detailed paper, with more expansive findings will eventually be generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes and explains the Foreign Risk Review Modernization Act, tracing its history and analyzing its contents as perhaps the most consequential change in the history of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. (CFIUS). It mentions Congress took an obscure national security committee and turned it into a quasi-agency technology regulator. It also mentions technology transfer usually occurs outside of CFIUS's purview and realignment towards more restrictive trade policies.

The article presents the history of commercial sector engagement, technology transfer and international health policies at the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) from 1961 to 1981. The Cooley Fund financed the construction of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants in the developing world to produce drugs to eradicate diseases like malaria. The government controlled bilateral technology transfer during the period of health programming in U.S. foreign aid. USAID budget was cut in the late 1960s and 1970s and the New Directions policy was signed in 1973 to amend the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act to control private and voluntary contracting organizations. Policies like the Reimbursable Development Program were instituted to boost engagement of the private sector in aid operations.

Researchers have debated the relative importance of technology push and demand pull policies in the adoption of environmental technologies. Here, we examine how internationally distributed technology push and demand pull policies interact to support the diffusion of a renewable energy technology. We analyze 40 years (1974–2013) of solar photovoltaic policies in three countries: USA, Germany, and China. We identify four phases of international policy interactions: in Phase 1 (1974–1990), the USA launched technology push policies; in Phase 2 (1991–2003), Germany pioneered demand pull policies; in Phase 3 (2004–2008), China responded to international market incentive programs with a scaling up of manufacturing; and in Phase 4 (2008–2013), Germany reduced whereas China increased demand policies. Our contributions are threefold: First, we demonstrate the importance of “manufacturing push” alongside the standard technology push and demand pull factors; second, we show how global adoption was spurred by the complementarity of policy efforts across national boundaries, while considering the tradeoffs in climate change policy between increasing global environmental welfare and improving national economic development; third, we demonstrate three generic patterns of cross-national policy complementarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Farmer's post adoption responses about technology are important. • We investigate farmer's frequency of application decisions of GPS guidance system. • Use a cotton grower's precision farming survey in the U.S. and Bayesian approaches. • Find that 'meeting expectation' plays an important positive role. • Farmer's income level, farm size, and farming occupation are also important. Farmer's post-adoption responses about technology are important in continuation and diffusion of technology in precision agriculture. We studied farmer's frequency of application decisions of GPS guidance system, after adoption. Using a Cotton grower's precision farming survey in the U.S. and Bayesian approaches, our study suggests that 'meeting expectation' plays an important positive role. We derived posterior predictive density plots of farmers meeting expectation and not meeting expectations. Additionally, we found that farmer's income level, farm size, and farming occupation are other important factors in modeling GPS guidance system adoption and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between external knowledge sourcing and a diverse set of innovation outcomes in rural and urban establishments in the U.S. Existing studies in the broader knowledge management literature principally examine firms in a single industry, overwhelmingly rely on patent data to proxy for innovation, and cannot account for the innovations of businesses in rural American markets. By addressing these limitations using data from the 2014 Rural Establishment Innovation Survey of the USDA's Economic Research Service, this research provides novel insights into how externally acquired knowledge by American establishments may support innovation. Results of the analysis suggest that external knowledge sourcing may specifically promote product, process, and green innovation in U.S. firms. While collective results when external sources of information are divided by industry orientation fail to show that sources outside of a firm's industry play a dominant role in the innovation processes of American establishments in general, findings provide evidence for an outsized impact of these relationships within rural establishments specifically and suggest that external knowledge sourcing from extra‐industry organizations is most critical for promoting successful innovation in rural firms. Results additionally indicate that knowledge sourcing from non‐local organizations may be more important for supporting innovation in rural compared to urban markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we present genetically modified (GM) horticultural events that have passed the regulatory process and have been approved for cultivation or food use in different countries. The first authorization or deregulation of a GM horticultural plant issued 25 years ago initiated a fast expansion of GM organisms (GMO) engineered by using gene transfer technology. The list of GM horticultural species comprises representatives of vegetables, fruit plants and ornamentals. We describe their unique characteristics, often not achievable by conventional breeding, and how they were developed, and the approval process. Information on the adoption of GM horticultural cultivars and sale is accessed if commercialization has occurred. The review comprises, among others, Flavr SavrTM and other tomato cultivars with delayed ripening and improved shelf-life, insect-resistant eggplant (or brinjal), as well as virus-resistant squash, melon and the common bean, and also fruit trees, plum and papaya. Cultivation of the latter was particularly valuable to farmers in Hawaii as it ensured restoration of papaya production devastated earlier by the Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). In contrast, a plum resistant to sharka (Plum pox virus; PPV) deregulated in the USA is still awaiting commercialization. GM events with improved quality include the recently marketed non-browning apple and high-lycopene pineapple. We also present orange petunia, blue 'Applause' rose and Moon-series carnations with a modified purple and violet flower colour. Finally, we discuss prospects of GM horticultural plants, including their development using promising new breeding technologies relying on genome editing and considered as an alternative to the transgenic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnographic and ethnohistorical research with farm families in the Ozarks region of Missouri and Arkansas, USA, from 2002 to 2014, informs and inspires this study of the role of multimedia in the process of technocratic rationalization of farming in the United States throughout the 20th century. While interviewing farmers, I explored the agricultural media they consumed, ranging from farmer-organization literature to farm magazines and sales pamphlets. I documented and collected the primary sources of agricultural information and then systematically coded and noted patterns in the advertisement and article content. This paper presents the findings of that visual content analysis of farm media and the subsequent exploration of applied social science research that documented strategies for the diffusion of agricultural technology. I document and analyze the correlations between agricultural media content, applied research recommendations for industry, and changes on farms in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper, for the first time, presents comparable projections of travel behaviour impacts of the introduction of autonomous vehicles (AVs) into the private car fleet for two countries, namely the USA and Germany. The focus is on fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) which allow drivers to engage in other activities enroute. Two 2035 scenarios – a trend scenario and an extreme scenario – are presented for both study countries. For these projections, we combine a vehicle technology diffusion model and an aspatial travel demand model. Factors that influence AV impact in the behavioural model are mainly new automobile user groups, e.g. travellers with mobility impairments, and altered generalized costs of travel, e.g. due to a lower value of travel time savings for car travel. The results indicate that AV penetrations rates might be higher in Germany (10% or 38% respectively) than in the USA (8% or 29% respectively) due to a higher share of luxury cars and quicker fleet turnover. On the contrary, the increase of vehicle mileage induced by AVs is not higher in Germany (+2.4% or +8.6% respectively) than in the USA (+3.4% or +8.6% respectively). This is mainly due to the lack of mode alternatives and lower fuel costs resulting in a higher share of travel times among the total generalized costs of travel in the USA. These results clearly indicate that context factors shaped by national policy will influence AV adoption and impact on travel demand changes. Based on these results the paper draws policy recommendations which will help to harness the advantages of AVs while avoiding their negative consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery and classification of non-coding RNAs, their roles have gained great attention. In this respect, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs have been firmly demonstrated to be linked to regulation of gene expression and onset of human diseases, including rare genetic diseases; therefore they are suitable targets for therapeutic intervention. This issue, in the context of rare genetic diseases, is being considered by an increasing number of research groups and is of key interest to the health community. In the case of rare genetic diseases, the possibility of developing personalized therapy in precision medicine has attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians involved in developing "orphan medicinal products" and proposing these to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD) in the United States. The major focuses of these activities are the evaluation and development of products (drugs, biologics, devices, or medical foods) considered to be promising for diagnosis and/or treatment of rare diseases or conditions, including rare genetic diseases. In an increasing number of rare genetic diseases, analysis of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs has been proven a promising strategy. These diseases include, but are not limited to, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, Rett syndrome, and β-thalassemia. In conclusion, a large number of approaches based on targeting microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs are expected in the field of molecular diagnosis and therapy, with a facilitated technological transfer in the case of rare genetic diseases, in virtue of the existing regulation concerning these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Existing analyses of US-China relations in matters of space policy have overwhelmingly focused on the contemporary relationship, with a tendency to represent the interaction between the 2 states as primarily competitive for its entire existence. By making use of American archival materials, this article argues that these characterisations are misleading. Instead, the historical evidence shows that an iteration of a 'Chinese space threat' predates contemporary threat perceptions by almost 5 decades. Crucially, however, this first iteration of a 'Chinese space threat' was side-lined to such an extent in the 1970s that cooperation in space policy became possible, leading to some significant technology transfer. This cooperation lasted until the modern articulation of a 'Chinese space threat' began to make such exchanges controversial once again. Analysis of these archival materials, therefore, shows that, while contemporary tensions between the United States and China in outer space are not new, they are also not the norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to advance a model able to explain the synchronization tendency in energy consumption, under the impact of international technology transfers. The key argument is related to the differences in energy consumption efficiency of local and foreign technologies. One direct testable consequence of the model is that there might be a certain correlation between the energy consumption between countries and/or economic areas where a free movement of capital goods and technologies takes place. Hence, it is further tested, in the framework of a multivariate spectrum analysis, the case of energy consumption synchronization between Europe and, respectively, United States and Japan for a time span between 1981 and 2011 based on the data provided by U.S. Energy Information Administration. There are evidences of a leading behavior of energy consumption in United States and Japan in respect to Europe as well as of short-run phase delays of 2 up to 5 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A number of program-level and counselor-level factors are known to impact the adoption of treatment innovations. While program leadership is considered a primary factor, the importance of leadership among clinical staff to innovation transfer is less known. Objectives included explore (1) the influence of two leadership roles, program director and individual counselor, on recent training activity and (2) the relationship of counselor attributes on training endorsement.Methods: The sample included 301 clinical staff in 49 treatment programs. A structural equation model was evaluated for key hypothesized relationships between exogenous and endogenous variables related to the two leadership roles.Results: The importance of organizational leadership, climate, and counselor attributes (particularly counseling innovation interest and influence) to recent training activity was supported. In a subset of 68 counselors who attended a developer-led training on a new intervention, it was found that training endorsement was higher among those with high innovation interest and influence.Conclusions: The findings suggest that each leadership level impacts the organization in different ways, yet both can promote or impede technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-twentieth century, businesses around the world began to see technical know-how as one of the most important assets they could possess. While their exact definitions of know-how varied (usually centering on employees’ tacit knowledge; accumulated, minor innovations rather than just patentable inventions; and tailoring to local conditions), the rapidly growing perception that it was invaluable led to widespread know-how licensing. As businesses embraced it, legal scholars and business lawyers during the 1950s through the 1970s scrambled to clarify legal bases for intellectual property protections for know-how. In the 1970s Supreme Court decisions undermined this effort, and a consortium of legal organizations turned instead to lobbying for statutory protection for the related, narrower category of “trade secrets.” Despite the rise and relative decline of know-how in American business and law, interest in the term spread to other languages and legal systems, and the repercussions of these shifting understandings of technology transfer remain with us today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript reviews the development and implementation process of the Client Reported Outcome Monitoring Information System in the VA Canada Operational Stress Injury National Network, and reports on outcomes of an evaluation to assess usage, barriers, and facilitators to implementation. The majority of clinicians reported regular use of routine outcomes monitoring, although objective data suggested somewhat lower actual use. In general, clinicians endorsed all barriers and most facilitators as influencing their use of routine outcomes monitoring in a minor way. However, users and non-users differed in their endorsement of facilitators and barriers. Implications for research and implementation efforts are discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the best of our knowledge, the previous Data Envelopment Analysis studies on passenger-car sustainability have neglected to measure technology-based measures, technology inequality, and technology diffusion barriers. To fill this research gap, this study proposes a new framework consisting of Data Envelopment Analysis, K-means clustering method, Gini coefficient, and the group-based decomposition method. Adopting these methods, this study examines the Marginal Rate of Transformation and the Rate of Substitution, identifies both desirable congestion (or eco-innovation) and undesirable congestion, evaluates technology inequality, and explores the main barriers to technology diffusion. Empirically, we assess new passenger cars released in the United States in 2020. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: First, under managerial disposability, the generally negative Marginal Rate of Transformation and Rate of Substitution across passenger cars suggest that the majority of car manufacturers are environmentally conscious. This outcome is partly the result of the minimum environmental standards set for car manufacturers. Second, the majority of passenger cars displayed the possibility of strong desirable congestion (clean-technology innovation) and no undesirable congestion simultaneously. The majority of passenger cars need to decrease carbon dioxide emissions along with an increase in fuel consumption efficiency (miles per gallon). This finding indicates that regulatory strategies have been mostly effective at directing eco-technological innovation toward mitigating a significant source of climate change. Finally, technology inequality was driven by both cross-group and within-group inequalities. Moreover, considerable heterogeneity existed in the within-group decomposition of the overall efficiency Gini coefficient result. • We measure marginal quantities and technology inequality of passenger cars. • We find that most passenger carlines are environmentally conscious. • An increase in desirable output could increase undesirable output. • Most passenger cars show possibilities of clean technology innovation. • Cross-group and within-group inequalities drive technology inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A commonly offered justification for patent trolls or non-practicing entities ("NPEs") is that they serve as a middleman, facilitating innovation and bringing new technology from inventors to those who can implement it. We survey those involved in patent licensing to see how often patent license demands actually led to innovation or technology transfer. We find that very few patent license demands actually lead to new innovation; most demands simply involve payment for the freedom to keep doing what the licensee was already doing. Surprisingly, this is true not only of NPE licenses but even of licenses from product-producing companies and universities. Our results cast significant doubt on one common justification for patent trolls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an economic model analyzing the impact of research and development (R & D) costs, production costs, and quantity requirements on the price of a Technical Development Package (TDP). It compares payoffs in a game involving a duopoly of defense firms and the government to analyze potential cost savings to the government by purchasing a TDP. It concludes that the price of a TDP depends primarily on rival firms' R&D as well as production costs. The government is most likely to achieve cost savings in the case where a rival firm has lower production costs, but would lose a competitive bid without a TDP. However, a TDP does not automatically lead to competition-based savings. The author then discusses the implications of relaxing key assumptions of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New urban models, dubbed "innovation districts" are gaining traction in entrepreneurial-focused areas across the United States. This article begins by defining what innovation districts are. It then examines the potential role that law schools, together with technology transfer offices (offices that help to commercialize the research of faculty and researchers), can play as innovation cultivators within such districts. Specifically, it looks at three potential models that law schools can consider when contemplating a relationship with the technology transfer office within a university. Integrating a clinic and technology transfer office within an innovation district does not come without its challenges, however. Accordingly, this article will suggest ways for transactional law clinics to overcome such obstacles and establish a robust relationship with technology transfer offices. The collaboration between these two innovation cultivators, in turn, will benefit not only the law schools and technology transfer offices, but the innovation districts as well. Ultimately, transactional law clinics and technology transfer offices can play a significant role by providing technical and legal know-how to innovation districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. universities technology transfer offices (TTO) strategy of developing models for increasing returns on research investments. The University of Pennsylvania's TTO is discussed. Philadelphia's economic condition is reviewed. Venture capitalist John Swartley who started the TTO is profiled. University of Miami's TTO up gradation is also mentioned. The article includes a list of top 15 TTOs in life sciences in 2013.

The article discusses services identified as starting point for examining nonacademic and auxiliary revenue-generating activities including funding opportunities sourced from outside. Topics discussed include the integration of nonacademic auxiliary activities into overall institutional strategic planning and operational practices at colleges and universities and generation of revenue from college facilities as an operational strategy to develop productive use of underused educational assets.

The article looks at Chinese foreign investment in the U.S. Particular focus is given to concerns voiced by some U.S. lawmakers and commentators regarding the security and economic effects of such investments and the implications of their origins under China's authoritarian government. Details on Chinese investments in industries such as food and technology are presented. Topics discussed include technology transfer, the role of states and cities in attracting Chinese investment, and the U.S. Committee of Foreign Investment in the United States (CIFUS).

The article offers the author's insights on the failure of the U.S. National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) to examine the availability and status of the nuclear weapons in Iran. Topics discussed include the country's proliferation issue on the nuclear program after Nonproliferation Center's (NPC's) creation, the control of nuclear-technology transfers to Iran during former U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and the NIE initiated by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on its foreign policy.

Intermittent electricity generation and stationary grid storage are increasingly competitive with ongoing efforts to advance technologies towards market diffusion. We contribute an innovation systems perspective to understand better the co-evolution of early-stage public investments in research, development and demonstration, costs, and diffusion of technology and policy for intermittent renewables and storage in two federalist political systems (Canada and the United States). Our systematic review comparatively examines public investments in wind, solar, and storage technologies, as well as trends in costs, policy, and technology diffusion up to and including 2019. Our review contributes an account of the diffusion of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) as well as storage policies and targets at the subnational level in both countries. We quantify progress to policy goals, with findings pointing to substantial variability in the contribution of intermittent generation. Five states and one province surpassed goals with wind and solar power alone. One state and one province had less than 2% contribution from intermittent generation. While wind has a dominant force in meeting RPS goals in the United States, credit multipliers and carve-outs recently have resulted in high growth in solar power. Deployment of stationary storage is relatively nascent compared to wind and solar power, with increasing technology and policy diffusion very recently spurred by cost decreases in battery options. We identify data gaps that can be filled with more robust tracking of innovation metrics such as costs of storage technologies. Findings offer insight into how the interplay between costs, deployment, and policies can support improvements in energy technology innovation systems. • A new application of systematic review to clean energy innovation. • Wind power is the dominant intermittent contributor to renewable standards. • Policy diffusion for intermittent power is more advanced than grid storage. • Better reporting systems of costs will enable more robust comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermittent electricity generation and stationary grid storage are increasingly competitive with ongoing efforts to advance technologies towards market diffusion. We contribute an innovation systems perspective to understand better the co-evolution of early-stage public investments in research, development and demonstration, costs, and diffusion of technology and policy for intermittent renewables and storage in two federalist political systems (Canada and the United States). Our systematic review comparatively examines public investments in wind, solar, and storage technologies, as well as trends in costs, policy, and technology diffusion up to and including 2019. Our review contributes an account of the diffusion of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) as well as storage policies and targets at the subnational level in both countries. We quantify progress to policy goals, with findings pointing to substantial variability in the contribution of intermittent generation. Five states and one province surpassed goals with wind and solar power alone. One state and one province had less than 2% contribution from intermittent generation. While wind has a dominant force in meeting RPS goals in the United States, credit multipliers and carve-outs recently have resulted in high growth in solar power. Deployment of stationary storage is relatively nascent compared to wind and solar power, with increasing technology and policy diffusion very recently spurred by cost decreases in battery options. We identify data gaps that can be filled with more robust tracking of innovation metrics such as costs of storage technologies. Findings offer insight into how the interplay between costs, deployment, and policies can support improvements in energy technology innovation systems. • A new application of systematic review to clean energy innovation. • Wind power is the dominant intermittent contributor to renewable standards. • Policy diffusion for intermittent power is more advanced than grid storage. • Better reporting systems of costs will enable more robust comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many energy systems models have sought to develop pathways for deep decarbonization of the global energy system. Most often, these pathways minimize system costs or greenhouse gas emissions; with few exceptions, they ignore the constraints imposed by political, social, and economic factors that slow transition processes, making them prone to producing implausible decarbonization pathways. This paper integrates a key socio-technical factor—social acceptance of low-carbon nuclear power—into an energy systems model to illustrate how it alters the optimal energy generation mix. The United States was chosen as the example, but the approach itself is designed to be general and applicable to any region of interest. An empirically grounded risk tolerance model is developed to characterize acceptance of nuclear power and estimate an upper-bound deployment limit for the technology. Illustrative scenarios are presented to improve our understanding of how the socio-technical constraints that exist in the real world can alter deep decarbonization pathways. The cost-optimal generation portfolio to achieve net zero CO 2 emissions by 2050 primarily relies on nuclear power. If risk tolerance concerns constrain nuclear deployment to socially acceptable levels, deep decarbonization scenarios are up to 11% more expensive than the reference scenario and require low-carbon options to be available and replace the reduced nuclear share. Results from this novel framework improve our representation of the effect of social acceptance on the adoption and diffusion of energy technologies. They also contribute to a growing literature that seeks to firmly embed the social sciences in climate and energy policy. • Plausible decarbonization pathways must also account for social constraints. • We combine a social risk tolerance model with an energy system optimization model. • We assess the role of social acceptance in constraining nuclear power's deployment. • Social acceptance limits nuclear's share by as much as 71% in CO 2 reduction pathways. • Decision-making can be strengthened with integration of socio-technical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article features the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) whose responsibilities include research, education and technology transfer and a focus on people and land, rural and urban communities and forest lands. Some of the efforts of NIFA's Agricultural Science for Climate Variability and Change Programs to address climate change impacts in the agricultural domain include forecasting climactic stress at relevant scales.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases have increased rapidly in recent decades, which is associated with various genetic abnormalities. To provide a better understanding of the genetic factors in ASD, we assessed the global scientific output of the related studies. A total of 2944 studies published between 1997 and 2018 were included by systematic retrieval from the Web of Science (WoS) database, whose scientific landscapes were drawn and the tendencies and research frontiers were explored through bibliometric methods. The United States has been acting as a leading explorer of the field worldwide in recent years. The rapid development of high-throughput technologies and bioinformatics transferred the research method from the traditional classic method to a big data-based pipeline. As a consequence, the focused research area and tendency were also changed, as the contribution of de novo mutations in ASD has been a research hotspot in the past several years and probably will remain one into the near future, which is consistent with the current opinions of the major etiology of ASD. Therefore, more attention and financial support should be paid to the deciphering of the de novo mutations in ASD. Meanwhile, the effective cooperation of multi-research centers and scientists in different fields should be advocated in the next step of scientific research undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Evolution of the soil health concept is presented. • Increased private sector support has significantly accelerated awareness of and interest in soil health. • Soil biological properties and processes are the new frontiers in soil health. • Sensor development for in-situ assessment is advancing the science of soil health assessment. Global interest in soil health has increased exponentially during the past decade, with many different government, non-government, and private sector groups striving to develop monitoring and assessment protocols. This brief review focuses on developments in the United States (U.S.) with some references to activities in other countries. It also documents how the soil health concept evolved and projects what is needed to scientifically advance monitoring and assessment with a particular focus on activities in the U.S. Recommendations emphasize improving the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) and/or Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health (CASH) assessment tools, developing protocols for national soil health monitoring, identifying and calibrating better indicators of soil biological, chemical, and physical health, and developing sensors and other tools for more rapid and in-situ assessments. Collectively, these and other research and technology transfer activities will help achieve what we suggest should be a universal goal – striving for healthy soils, healthy landscapes, and vibrant economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space collaboration has become quite common in recent years, thanks in large part to the high cost of such endeavors. This article reviews a rather early example of space collaboration, the partnership between China and the United States (U.S.) during the period 1978–2000. The collaboration began with general discussions and grew to include the use of Chinese rockets to launch U.S. satellites into orbit. We discuss where this collaboration worked successfully, where it did not, and why it ended. The ultimate collapse of the collaboration highlights the complexity of joint international projects for the factors that caused failure included the Cold War dynamic of geopolitical competition for international military and economic dominance and its continuance into the 1990s in Sino-U.S. relations; the domestic political landscape in both countries, which included bitter Democratic-Republican party rivalries in the U.S. and the top-down centralized decision-making system in China with significant influence by the People's Liberation Army; and the economic interests of U.S. aerospace contractors. But the issue that most directly ended cooperation in space was U.S. concerns about the transfer to China of sensitive satellite and rocket technology. For this history, we draw upon existing English language materials and Chinese language sources that have not been available to English-speaking scholars to illuminate China's involvement in this collaboration. We also describe subsequent Chinese space activities to pursue additional collaboration and offer comments about possible future Sino-U.S. space cooperation, against this backdrop of long-running national security concerns about transfers of knowledge and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of venture capital as mediator and gatekeeper is well acknowledged and geographical barriers for open innovation have been questioned, but venture capital firms' distant investments have been investigated only rarely. The strategic benefits accrued from corporate venture capital (CVC) investment depend on the selection of target ventures. Prior research, however, overlooked the incurred information cost for identifying a potential target. Considering that innovative ventures often reside in distant locations, this paper aims to investigate what factors alleviate the information cost for CVCs when identifying target ventures in distant locations. We expect a CVC's target selection in distant locations will be limited to the ventures under a tight appropriability regime, ventures within the same industries as a CVC's business units, and ventures with pre-existing investors that a CVC has prior ties with. The hypotheses are tested with the data on CVC investments in the U.S. between 2006 and 2013. The results empirically support the hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]