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Purpose: Microglia, the brain's immune cells, play important roles in neuronal differentiation, survival, and death. The function of microglia is deeply related to the morphologies; however, it is too complex to observe conventionally and identify the condition of living microglia using optical microscopes. Herein, we proposed a new method to observe living cultured microglia and their reactivity to inflammation via the acoustic impedance mode of a scanning acoustic microscope. Methods: Primary cultured microglia collected from rat pups exposed to acetamiprid, an insecticide, in utero were observed with both acoustic interface impedance mode (C-mode) and transparent three-dimensional impedance mode (B-mode). Results: We characterized microglia into four types based on the results obtained from acoustic impedance, cytoskeletal information, and laser confocal imaging. Biphasic acoustic observation using B-mode and C-mode gave us information regarding the dynamic morphologies of living microglia treated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (600 μmol/L), which reflects distress signals from inflamed neurons. Acetamiprid exposure induced microglia response even in the neonatal period. ATP stimulus altered the shape and thickness of microglia with a change in the bulk modulus of the cell. Three-dimensional alteration with ATP stimulus could be observed only after biphasic acoustic observation using B-mode and C-mode. This acoustic observation was consistent with confocal observation using anti-Iba-1 and P2Y12 immunocytochemistry. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the adequacy of using a scanning acoustic microscope in analyzing microglia's shape, motility, and response to inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exposure to media with alcohol‐related content is a known risk for alcohol use and related harms among young people. The present study used longitudinal self‐report data on exposure to media with alcohol‐related content to examine age trajectories across young adulthood and to estimate associations with heavy episodic drinking (HED) and negative consequences. Method: Participants were 201 high‐risk young adults enrolled in 2‐ and 4‐year colleges (ages 18–25 at screening; 63.7% female). Repeated assessments occurred at four timepoints across a 12‐month period. Results: Self‐reported exposure to both positively and negatively portrayed alcohol‐related media content decreased with age. Between‐persons, controlling for alcohol use frequency, exposure to positive alcohol‐related media content was positively associated with HED, and exposure to negative alcohol‐related media content was inversely associated with HED; no within‐person effects on HED were significant. For negative consequences, controlling for alcohol quantity, exposure to positive media content was associated with more negative consequences both between‐ and within‐persons. Unexpectedly, exposure to negatively portrayed media content was positively associated with negative consequences at the within‐person level. Discussion and Conclusions: Trajectories in exposure to media with alcohol‐related content showed that relatively younger participants reported greater exposure, highlighting the need for policy and prevention efforts to protect this vulnerable demographic. Findings generally indicated that positive portrayals of alcohol use increase alcohol‐related risks. Moreover, increased exposure to negative portrayals in a given assessment was associated with more negative consequences—potentially by normalising or glorifying high‐risk drinking and consequences, though mechanistic/causal research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imaging spectroscopy is a powerful tool used to support diverse Earth science and applications objectives, ranging from understanding and mitigating widespread impacts of climate change to management of water at farm‐scale. Community studies, such as those deployed by NASA's Surface Biology and Geology and ESA's Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment, have offered new and tangible insights into user needs that are then incorporated into overall mission planning and design. These technologies and tools will be key to develop and consolidate downstream services for users and resource management, given the current pressures on the environment posed by climate change and population growth. This process has highlighted the degree to which planned mission capabilities are responsive to community needs. In this study, we analyze user requirements belonging to the Italian Copernicus User Forum and to the user pool of NASA's Surface Biology and Geology community for the synergic use of hyperspectral imaging technology, providing a reference for the development of earth observation services and the consolidation of existing ones. In addition, potential cross‐mission coordination is analyzed to highlight key benefits—(a) addressing shared community needs around products requiring more frequent temporal revisit and (b) shared resources and community expertise around algorithm development. This paper discusses the critical role of early engagement with users to establish a community of practice ready to work with high spatial resolution imaging spectroscopy data sets. The main outcome is a guide for the synergetic use of hyperspectral mission and data together with the identification of the main gaps between user needs and satellite capabilities influencing the development of key national and trans‐national downstream services. Plain Language Summary: In this research we have analyzed needs of users to understand how to develop and improve earth observation downstream services. Hyperspectral imaging provides information across the electromagnetic spectrum in more detail than multispectral imaging, allowing more specific analysis and accurate identification of materials and substances. The users in this study belong to the Italian Copernicus User Forum and to the NASA Surface Biology and Geology community which provided requirements respectively for ESA's Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment and NASA's Surface Biology and Geology. This work identifies common users and examines the advantages of potential synergy between these hyperspectral satellites for responding to their needs. This analysis shows that the synergy would bring significant advantages in terms of improved revisit time and represents an opportunity to address shared community needs around product and algorithm development. Key Points: Current users' needs for hyperspectral earth observation data suggest future investment in improving spatial and temporal resolutionCoordination between missions can fill this gap especially improving temporal revisitShared community and resources can facilitate the improvement of products from these missions and their use across different sectors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We detected African swine fever virus (ASFV) from a wild boar in Singapore. In <72 hours, we confirmed and reported ASFV p72 genotype II, CD2v serogroup 8, and IGR-II variant by using a combination of real-time PCR and whole-genome sequencing. Continued biosurveillance will be needed to monitor ASFV in Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol- and cannabis-impaired driving behaviors remain a public health concern especially among young adults (i.e., ages 18–25). Limited updates to prevention efforts for these behaviors may be due, in part, to limited understanding of malleable psychosocial predictors. The current study assessed associations between perceived injunctive norms (i.e., acceptability) of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI-A) and cannabis (DUI-C), and riding with a driver under the influence of alcohol (RWI-A) and cannabis (RWI-C) in Washington State young adults. Participants included 1,941 young adults from the 2019 cohort of the Washington Young Adult Health Survey. Weighted logistic regressions assessed the associations between peer injunctive norms and impaired driving-related behaviors. A weighted total of 11.5% reported DUI-A, 12.4% DUI-C, 10.9% RWI-A, and 20.9% RWI-C at least once in the past 30 days. Overlap between the outcomes was observed, indicating some young adults had engaged in multiple impaired driving-related behaviors. After controlling for substance use frequency, weighted logistic regressions indicated more positive perceived injunctive norms were associated with nearly 2 ½ times higher odds of DUI-A, 8 times higher odds of DUI-C, 4 times higher odds of RWI-A and six and a half times higher odds of RWI-C. Results increase the understanding of how injunctive norms–a potentially malleable psychosocial factor–are associated with four impaired driving-related outcomes. Prevention programs that focus on assessing and addressing the norms of these outcomes individually and collectively, such as normative feedback interventions and media campaigns, may be helpful in reducing these behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesTo determine whether older women with diabetes mellitus have a greater longitudinal decline in physical performance than those without and whether any decline differs according to insulin sensitizer use.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingBaltimore, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Portland, Oregon; and the Monongahela, Pennsylvania.ParticipantsCommunity-dwelling women (mean age 78.5 ± 3.6) enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures in 1997-98 and restudied 4.9 ± 0.6 years later (N = 2,864).MeasurementsWomen were categorized as having no diabetes mellitus (n = 2,680) or having diabetes mellitus (n = 184). A prescription medication inventory was used to determine use of insulin sensitizers (metformin and thiazolidinedione). The outcomes were longitudinal changes in physical performance measures, including grip strength, usual walk speed, and rapid walk speed.ResultsEstimates from fully adjusted models showed that women with diabetes mellitus had greater declines in usual walk speed (-0.16 m/s, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.19 to -0.14) and rapid walk speed (-0.21 m/s, 95% CI = -0.24 to -0.17) than those without (usual walk speed -0.11 m/s, 95% CI = -0.12 to -0.11, P < .001; rapid walk speed -0.15 m/s, 95% CI = -0.16 to -0.14; P = .005). Women with diabetes mellitus taking insulin sensitizers had less decline in usual walk speed than those not taking insulin sensitizers (P < .001). Declines in grip strength did not differ significantly by diabetes mellitus status or insulin sensitizer use.ConclusionOlder women with diabetes mellitus have a greater decline in walk speed, but not grip strength, than older women without diabetes mellitus. Clinical studies in older adults to determine whether diabetes mellitus treatments such as insulin sensitizers can prevent loss in walk speed and mobility are needed.