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Abstract The present study evaluates the feasibility of applying forward osmosis (FO) process for the pretreatment of feed solution to a Multi Stage Flash (MSF) desalination plant. For the first time, real brine reject and real seawater were used as the draw solution and the feed solution, respectively in the FO process. The FO pretreatment is expected to dilute the brine reject and reduce the concentration of divalent ions, which are responsible for scale formation on the surface of heat exchanger in the MSF evaporator unit. The FO experiments were performed at different draw solution temperatures ranging between 25 and 40 °C, different draw and feed solutions flowrates and different membrane orientations. A maximum average membrane flux of 22.3 L/m2·h was reported at a draw solution temperature of 40 °C and 0.8 and 2.0 LPM flow rate of draw and feed solutions, respectively. The experimental results also revealed the process sensitivity to the feed solution temperature. It was found that the average membrane flux in the FO process operating at 0.8 and 2 LPM draw and feed solution flow rates, respectively was 16.9 L/m2·h at 25 °C brine temperature but increased to 22.3 L/m2·h at 40 °C brine temperature. These membrane fluxes resulted in 3% and 8.5% dilution of the draw solution at 25 °C and 40 °C temperatures, respectively. The average membrane flux in the FO mode was equal to that in the PRO mode at low flow rates but it was lower than that in the PRO mode at high flow rates of the feed and draw solutions. The outcomes of the study are very promising with regard to membrane flux and dilution of draw solution. Highlights • The brine was diluted by 3% and 8.5% when flow rate was changed to 0.8 LPM and 2 LPM respectively. • At low flow rate, membrane orientation had no effect on the flux. • At high flow rate the flux was lower for PRO mode. • At 0.8 LPM flow rate and at 25 °C, the flux was 16.9 L/m2·h. • At 2 LPM flow rate and at 40 °C, the flux was 22.3 L/m2·h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract One of the major problems of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process is the formation of inorganic scales (calcium carbonate, CaCO 3) and calcium sulfate, CaSO 4)) on the membrane surface, which degrades the filtration performance. Antiscalants have been applied to SWRO plants to overcome the scaling problem. In this study, we used the air micro-nano bubbles (MNBs) as a chemical-free scale inhibition method to improve the overall membrane performance in the comparison with the commercially available antiscalants. During four days of continuous experiments with MNBs, the permeate fluxes declined to 86.5(0.4)% and 83.0(0.5)% with CaCO 3 and CaSO 4 containing feed solutions, respectively. These values were higher than those obtained with the use of antiscalants in the feed water (CaCO 3 –63.5(0.4)% and CaSO 4 –55.8(1.0)%). Membrane fouling characterization results showed that the MNBs efficiently controlled the scaling development on the membrane surface without any chemical addition. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Air micro-nano bubbles (MNBs) inhibit calcium crystal formation on SWRO membranes. • Continuous MNBs application is effective to improve the SWRO performances. • Scaling inhibition of MNBs is better than antiscalant used in this study. • MNBs helps to achieve a chemical-free SWRO operation. • MNBs can reduce the operational cost and the environmentally negative impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract (a) Electric field amplitude (E 0) dependence of P - E hysteresis loops measured at 0.1 Hz. The inset (b) shows hysteresis area < A > of the hysteresis loops with variation E 0. (c), (d) are the plots of ln P r , ln E c , ln< A > and dln< A >/dln E 0 versus ln E 0. Here, the polarization reversal and dynamic hysteresis were investigated in (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2)TiO 3 (BNT) ceramics. The scaling behaviors were presented by studying the dependence of hysteresis loops on the field amplitude E 0. New feature of polarization responses and scaling behaviors were obtained. The exponent α in an equation of the hysteresis loop area < A >∝ E 0 α displayed large values in high- E 0 stage. Highlights • The exponent α in the hysteresis loop area < A >∝ E 0 α equation shown large values in high- E 0 stage. • The < A > displayed abnormal increase with temperature. • A near frequency-invariant coercive field E C , accompanied by a weakly dependent P r and < A > was observed. Abstract The excellent electrical properties and potential applications of ferroelectric ceramics are intrinsically correlated with the dynamic polarization response under applied electric field. However, the lack of clarity with regard to global polarization reversal process has hindered the understanding of the functional properties. Here, the polarization reversal and dynamic hysteresis were investigated in (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2)TiO 3 (BNT) ceramics. The scaling behaviors were presented by studying the field amplitude E 0 , frequency f 0 and temperature T 0 dependence of hysteresis loops. Three new features of polarization responses and scaling behaviors were obtained. First, the exponent α in the hysteresis loop area < A >∝ E 0 α equation displayed large values in high- E 0 stage. Then, the < A > displayed an abnormal increase with increasing temperature. Finally, a near frequency-invariant coercive field E C , accompanied by a weak dependent P r and < A >, was observed. The correlation between these new features and polarization extension/rotation as well as complex domain structure and field-induced phase transition was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges in membrane distillation (MD) desalination is scaling, mainly CaSO 4 and CaCO 3 . In this study, in order to achieve a better understanding and establish a strategy for controlling scaling, a detailed investigation on the MD scaling was performed by using various analytical methods, especially an in-situ monitoring technique using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) to observe the cross-sectional view on the membrane surface during operation. Different concentrations of CaSO 4 , CaCO 3 , as well as NaCl were tested separately and in different mixed feed solutions. Results showed that when CaSO 4 alone was employed in the feed solution, the mean permeate flux (MPF) has significantly dropped at lower volume concentration factor (VCF) compared to other feed solutions and this critical point was observed to be influenced by the solubility changes of CaSO 4 resulting from the various inlet feed temperatures. Although the inlet feed and permeate flow rates could contribute to the initial MPF value, the VCF, which showed a sharp MPF decline, was not affected. It was clearly observed that the scaling on the membrane surface due to crystal growth in the bulk and the deposition of aggregated crystals on the membrane surface abruptly appeared close to the critical point of VCF by using OCT observation in a real time. On the other hand, NaCl + CaSO 4 mixed feed solution resulted in a linear MPF decline as VCF increases and delayed the critical point to higher VCF values. In addition, CaCO 3 alone in feed solution did not affect the scaling, however, when CaSO 4 was added to CaCO 3 , the initial MPF decline and VCF met the critical point earlier. In summary, calcium scaling crystal formed at different conditions influenced the filtration dynamics and MD performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane in wastewater reclamation is emerged as a potential technology. As far as the operational conditions are concerned, inorganic fouling is a major challenge for membrane treatment systems. At present various antiscalants and chemicals are commercially available for scale inhibition on the surface of membrane. In an earlier study we found that CO 2 can effectively inhibit scale growth on the surface of RO membrane in wastewater reclamation. On the basis of previous study, the scale inhibiting efficiency of CO 2 was compared with three commercially available antiscalants. The RO system was operated at constant applied pressure with four different scale inhibition methods including CO 2 , Flocon 260, Flocon 300 and Kuriverter N-500. The permeate flux decline was considered as an indication of scale growth on the membrane surface. The percent salt rejection and ionic mass balance was used to determine the scaling behavior of the RO modules. Membrane autopsy was done to determine the effect of CO 2 and antiscalants on the membrane structure. The experimental data revealed that CO 2 can effectively inhibit scale growth as compared with all of three antiscalants. However, the Flocon 260 was found better than other two antiscalants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaling effects in the perforation resistance of a carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite have been investigated under quasi-static and low velocity impact loading conditions. The perforation data have been supplemented with results from additional flexural tests on scaled composite beams, which highlighted a decrease in both strength and failure strain as scale size increases. Strain-rate effects in this composite have been also identified, with the plates absorbing less energy as the loading-rate is increased. Tests on scaled plates have shown that the normalised perforation energy increases rapidly with scale size. An examination of the load-displacement response indicates that the elastic response obeys a simple scaling law, whereas that the damage does not. It was found that fibre damage was more severe in larger composite panels. It is argued that the energy absorbed in fibre fracture does not scale in the expected manner, leading to greater levels of fibre damage in the larger plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) processes is significantly limited by membrane fouling. This study systematically investigated PRO scaling by silica, which is one of the most common salts causing membrane scaling. In particular, the effect of silica concentration, the initial water flux, the chemistry of feed solution (FS) /draw solution (DS), and the type of membrane were studied in the PRO mode of operation. It has been observed that a low silica concentration (e.g., 10 mg/L SiO 2 ) could even cause membrane scaling during a PRO process. The rate and extent of the scaling was mainly governed by the internal concentration of silica in the membrane support layer and the solution chemistry of the FS/DS. The results suggested that the scaling could be mitigated by decreasing the internal concentration through the reduction of bulk silica concentration, the optimization of operating water flux, and the decrease in membrane structural parameter. The structural parameter seems to play a dominant role in PRO scaling by silica than the membrane materials and other physico-chemical properties. In addition, silica scaling can be controlled by lowering the pH of the FS and/or DS. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that utilizing an acidic DS was highly effective in controlling PRO scaling, which can be attributed to the low local pH in the membrane support layer as a result of the internal concentration polarization (ICP) of the reversely diffused H + . This method opens a new dimension for PRO scaling/fouling control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical separation technique for removing interfering gamma-ray radionuclides by combined precipitation of Nb pentoxide and anion exchange was proposed, thereby allowing detection of trace 94 Nb in low-level radwastes. The detection limit for 94 Nb was improved by a factor of 10–10 3 , and the scaling factor ( 94 Nb/ 60 Co) of the radwastes was estimated to be less than 10 −5 . This technique can be used for low-level radwaste classification and power reactor decommissioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental results are reported on the effect of polysaccharides in the early stage of membrane scaling. Sodium alginate at small concentration (2 and 10 mg/L) was employed as typical polysaccharide. Synthetic solutions, characterized by small bulk supersaturation ratio S in calcium sulfate (S ~ 1.4), were filtered through a desalination membrane in dead-end cells under agitation. Three types of tests were performed; i.e. membrane scaling in absence of alginates (as reference), combined fouling-scaling (i.e. scaling in presence of alginates) and scaling tests after a fouling layer was formed on the membrane. Examination of various deposits by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and determination of calcium on membrane deposits and in filtered solids (from retentate and feed-fluid samples) provide useful insights including clear evidence that alginates tend to inhibit CaSO 4 crystallization, likely due to calcium binding with carboxylates of alginate macromolecules and formation of gel deposits. The inhibition effect, manifested in the reduced deposit-mass density on membranes and crystallization–rate, as well as in crystal-shape modification, is stronger at the higher alginate concentration. Similarly, incipient membrane scaling, pretreated with alginate foulant solution, appears to be significantly inhibited compared to clean membranes. Under the conditions tested, membrane salt rejection was unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose High silicon amorphous steels are gaining preference as the material of choice for the fabrication of the core of low and medium power electrical transformers because they present a better electromagnetic behaviour compared to that offered by common grain-oriented and non-oriented high silicon steels. This study aims to investigate the effects that the environmental conditions present during the high temperature annealing of cores exert on the surface oxidation and electromagnetic changes experienced by a commercial amorphous steel alloy.Design/methodology/approach The effect of environmental impact on the correct development of annealing practices during the manufacture process of amorphous steel cores used in distribution transformers was studied by the development of an oxidation reactor. With this installation, it was possible to simulate environmental conditions that could affect the surface of magnetic cores made from amorphous steel.Findings It was found that: the surface oxidation of amorphous steels affects their electromagnetic behaviour, environmentally induced surface degradation can be modelled at laboratory scale and oxide formation does not affect the amorphous condition of the alloy.Originality/value The effect of surface oxidation induced by the existence of water vapour in the annealing process of cores made from amorphous steels and its impact on the electromagnetic behavior of these alloys has been barely studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mineral precipitates (scaling) from deep saline thermal waters often constitute a major problem during geothermal energy production. The occurrence of scale-fragments accumulating and clogging pipes, filters, and heat exchangers is of particular concern regarding an efficient energy extraction. Methods: Carbonate scale-fragments from different sections of two geothermal power plants were collected and studied in a high-resolution scaling forensic approach comprising of microstructural characterization, elemental mapping, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope transects. The solid-phase analyses were evaluated in the context of natural environmental and technical (man-made) production conditions. Results and discussion: Our results indicate an interaction of metal sulfide mineral layers mainly from HS corrosion of the steel pipes and CaCO nucleation and crystal growth. A conceptual model of scale-fragment development addresses the relevance of two key interfaces: 1) the corrosion layer between the steel substrate and calcite scale and 2) the scale surface versus thermal fluid flow. The corrosion products constitute an attractive crystallization substrate of brittle and mechanically weak consistency. A rough carbonate scale surface tends to induce (micro) turbulences and increased flow resistance (frictional forces). These factors promote partial exfoliation, scale-fragment mobilization, and rapid clogging. This investigation highlights the potential of detailed petrographic and geochemical analyses of mineral precipitates for evaluating favorable versus unfavorable processes in geotechnical environmental settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicate scaling is often induced by alkaline surfactant polymer (ASP) flooding in sandstone reservoirs. The formation of silicate scale is complicated by its dependence on multiple factors including pH, silica concentration, and magnesium concentration, which vary as the flood progresses. These factors affect silicate scaling tendency, and consequently, severity of the problem. Silicate scale is a very serious problem in the oil and gas production system. Therefore, silicate scale inhibitors have been suggested to mitigate problems in oilfields. In this study, some of the dendrimers inhibitors with enhanced functionality used in the water industry were reviewed and assessed for possible application in oilfields scales. It was found that the NH 2 -terminated dendrimers exhibited excellent inhibitory silica polymerization efficiency compared with the control. It is now certain that effective silica scale inhibition is dependent on the cationic charge on the polymer backbone. However, these dendrimer inhibitors suffered from a serious disadvantage when the silicates that had not been inhibited entrapped the dendrimers. Visual observations showed that these particles appeared as white flocculant precipitates at the bottom of the test vessels. Previously, it had been found that silica scale inhibition could be achieved by using of scale inhibitors in combination with anionic polymer additives. It is believed that an effective silica inhibition should be based on a delicate balance structure of cationic–anionic charges. Therefore, in the present study pteroyl-L-glutamic acid (PGLU) compound is used in synergistic action with cationic dendrimer polymer. PGLU was proven to be an effective scale inhibitor at high temperature in aqueous solution of synthetic produced water. Furthermore, it was found that PGLU assisted the inhibitory action of dendrimers by alleviating formation of insoluble SiO 2 -PAMAM precipitates to operate more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of gas stirring in ladle metallurgy has been well appreciated and a great volume of pertaining studies have been carried out, mostly resorting to numerical modeling and/or physical modeling. As for physical modeling of gas-liquid flow in metallurgical ladles, a (conventional) scaling equation, i.e. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the reagent KISK-1 (Russia) on the rate of corrosion of Steel 3 in mineralized (“hard”) waters of two industrial plants was studied. The water supply system of the two plants used in the study had sufficient difference in chemical composition. Thermostability of these waters was investigated in the presence of KISK-1 (the complex inhibitor of scaling and corrosion). It was shown that when used at correct dosage, KISK-1 is capable of significantly reducing the rate of corrosion of Steel 3 while also providing the water system’s thermostability in evaporation, i.e. preventing the formation of sediments and deposits of salts. It was shown that the optimum dosage of KISK-1 remains relatively stable, while the tested waters were evaporated by 1.7–2.5 times. At the same time, the existence of some threshold concentration, above which the increase in the concentration of KISK-1 does not produce a proportional decrease in the rate of corrosion of Steel 3 was established. The approach offered in this study provides a useful framework to conduct comparative analysis and choose suitable reagents for the prevention of scaling and corrosion in water supply systems in a variety of industrial plants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Water quality entering the drinking water distribution network often provides requirements for corrosion and scaling in rural areas due to the lack of suitable treatment methods. It leads to pipe clogging, reducing longevity of the equipment, and health problems caused by dissolved compounds in the water. The present study aims to evaluate the corrosion and scaling potential in water distribution networks of four villages located in different geographical locations of Urmia, Iran. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 36 samples of water entering the villages of Dizaj-e Siavosh, Dolama, Gogtapeh, and Band distribution networks were analyzed according to standard methods for water and wastewater examinations. The corrosion and scaling potential were evaluated based on Ryznar stability (RSI), Langelier saturation (LSI), Puckorius scaling (PSI), and Larson–Skold (LRI) indices after determination of pH, total dissolved solids, sulfate, alkalinity, calcium hardness, and chloride. The results indicated that the values of LSI, RSI, PSI, and LRI indices were −1.94, 12.05, 12.20, and 0.68 for Gogtapeh water supply; −2.22, 12.72, 13.6, and 0.4 for Dizaj-e Siavosh water supply; −2.03, 12.1, 12.06, and 0.3 for Band water supply; and finally −2.09, 12.30, 12.59, and 0.29 for Dolama water supply, respectivly. Therefore, the water entering Gogtapeh distribution system has a tendency to scaling based on the LRI as an only appropriate index for the corrosion and scaling potential in this village. However, the water entering Dizaj-e Siavosh, Dolama, and Band distribution networks are highly corrosive based on the LSI, RSI, and PSI indices. The concordance between the analysis of chemical water quality and national standards could not be sufficient to confirm the water quality balance in terms of corrosion and scaling potential. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Scaling of the MOSFET faces greater challenge because of extreme power density due to leakage current in ultra-deep sub-micron (UDSM) technology. To overcome this situation double gate device such as FinFET is used which has excellent control over the thin silicon fins with two electrically coupled gates that mitigate shorter channel effect and exponentially reduce leakage current. The present work utilized the property of FinFET in domino logic, for high speed operation and reduction of power consumption in wide fan-in OR gate. The proposed circuit is simulated in FinFET technology by BISM4 model using HSPICE and 32nm process technology at 25 °C with CL =1 pF and 100 MHz frequency. For 8 and 16 input OR gate in SG mode, we saved an average power of 11.5 % and 11.39 % in SFLD, 22.97 % and 18.12 % in HSD, 30.90 % and 34.57 % in CKD, respectively; while for that in LP mode, we saved an average power of 11.26 % and 15.78 % in SFLD, 19.74 % and 17.94 % in HSD, 45.23 % and 34.69 % in CKD respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The statistical effects of different conditions in physical vapor deposition, such as sputter deposition, have on thin film morphology has long been the subject of interest. One notable effect is that of column development due to differential chamber pressure in the well-known empirical model called the Thornton's Structure Zone Model. The model is qualitative in nature and theoretical understanding with quantitative predictions of the morphology is still lacking due, in part, to the absence of a quantitative description of the incident flux distribution on the growth front. In this work, we propose an incident Gaussian flux model developed from a series of binary hard-sphere collisions and simulate its effects using Monte Carlo methods and a solid-on-solid growth scheme. We also propose an approximate cosine-power distribution for faster Monte Carlo sampling. With this model, it is observed that higher chamber pressures widen the average deposition angle, and similarly increase the growth of column diameters (or lateral correlation length) and the column-to-column separation (film surface wavelength). We treat both the column diameter and the surface wavelength as power laws. It is seen that both the column diameter exponent and the wavelength exponent are very sensitive to changes in pressure for low pressures (0.13 Pa to 0.80 Pa); meanwhile, both exponents saturate for higher pressures (0.80 Pa to 6.7 Pa) around a value of 0.6. These predictions will serve as guides to future experiments for quantitative description of the film morphology under a wide range of vapor pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the vulnerability of biological communities to anthropic pressures in marine systems may be challenging because of the difficulty to properly model each species' response to the pressure due to lack of information. One solution is to apply factor-mediated vulnerability assessment which combines (i) information on species ecological traits and conservation status organized in a matrix of so-called "vulnerability factors", (ii) a conceptual model of how these factors affect species vulnerability, and (iii) data on the spatial distribution and abundance of each species issued from at-sea surveys. Such factor-mediated vulnerability assessment was originally introduced in the seabird-wind farm context by Garthe and Hüppop (2004. Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 724-734) and has since then been expanded to many case studies. However, the mathematical formulations that were proposed at that time are overly simplistic and may overlook critical components of the impact assessment. Our study briefly reviews the original approach and highlights its hidden assumptions and associated interpretation problems, for example, the overestimation of disturbance pressure to the detriment of collision, or the very high contribution of log abundances in vulnerability maps. Then, we propose a revised framework that solves these issues and permits easy transposition to other community-pressure case studies. To illustrate the usefulness and generality of the revised framework, we apply it to two case studies, one concerning the vulnerability assessment of a seabird community to offshore wind farms in the Bay of Biscay, and another focusing on the vulnerability assessment of the benthic megafauna community to trawling pressure in the Barents Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the temperature (T) and density (ns) dependence of conductivity σ(ns,T) of a highly disordered, two-dimensional (2D) electron system in Si demonstrates scaling behavior consistent with the existence of a metal-insulator transition (MIT). The same critical exponents are found when the Coulomb interaction is screened by the metallic gate and when it is unscreened or long range. The results strongly suggest the existence of a disorder-dominated 2D MIT, which is not directly affected by the range of the Coulomb interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on experimental investigations on the prosodic patterns of restrictive and appositive relative clauses (RRCs and ARCs) in German. RRCs and ARCs are associated with distinct prosodic patterns: While RRCs involve prosodic integration with their antecedent and may involve an accent shift from the antecedent to the determiner, ARCs are prosodically separated from their host clause. In the framework of two production experiments and one perception experiment, RRC and ARC constructions were tested in regard to F0 scaling, segment duration, silent pauses, and accent placement under different conditions. The results support the intuitive prosodic patterns described in the literature: ARC constructions were realized with higher F0 scaling and longer word duration preceding the relative clause, which indicates the presence of a prosodic phrase boundary, and accentuation of the determiner occurred only with RRC constructions. In perception, silent pauses were taken as cues to ARCs and accent shift as a cue to RRCs. These results suggest a difference in prosodic phrase structure reflecting the different syntactic structures. However, the production experiments also revealed that the prosodic differences are absent when the communicative situation does not require the disambiguation of the relative clause types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the benefit of the concept of the so-called diluted magnetic oxides, Fex(ZnO)1-x (x = 0.50-0.85) granular thin films with different thickness through 2D and 3D percolation region were prepared by ion beam assisted deposition. All samples are ferromagnetic at room-temperature due to the ferromagnetic nature of the Fe-doped ZnO matrix, which is quite different from the superparamagnetic behavior in the insulator-matrix based granular films. Along with decreasing thickness, the Hall coefficient RS is largely enhanced. The maximum RS reaches 4.27 x 10-7m³/C in ~2.8nm Fe0.6(ZnO)0.4 granular film, which is nearly 9 times larger than the RS (4.64 x 10-8m³/C) of the ~50nm Fe0.6(ZnO)0.4 sample. Meanwhile, the RS could maintain in a wide temperature region from 10K to 300K and the Hall sensitivity reaches ~130V/AT at room-temperature. The scaling exponential of n = 1.7 ± 0.1 in σxy ~ σnxx is observed, fitting well with the recent developed universal scaling theory characterized by n = 1.6 in the dirty limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaling is a major obstacle in harnessing of geothermal energy from the geothermal resources. This paper presents a case study for inhibition of metal silicate scaling using formic acid, harvesting more energy in particular case of Tuzla Geothermal Field (TGF), located on Biga Peninsula, in the northwestern of Turkey. TGF is 5 km far from Aegean Sea and 80 km south of Çanakkale. Geothermal fluid of TGF has high salinity (EC > 91 mS/cm) and medium temperature (reservoir temperature is 173 °C). The acidification of high-salinity brine to mitigate silicate scaling is examined. Results of the study showed that a compromise between scaling and corrosion is achieved by reducing pH of brine to <6 using 55 ppm formic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]