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Lightning testing is innovating to meet the needs of changing aircraft designs and advances in materials

Human service organizations (HSO) have increasingly recognized the value of employing trauma-informed care (TIC) in a variety of practice settings. Evidence suggests that effectively adopting TIC has shown client improvements. Organizational barriers to TIC implementation, however, exist. To improve TIC practice, the attitudes related to trauma-informed care (ARTIC) scale was developed to measure staff attitudes and beliefs towards TIC. The ARTIC has been widely adopted by researchers without evaluating its psychometric performance in diverse practice settings. The purpose of this study was to independently validate the ARTIC scale drawn from a sample of staff (n = 373) who provide services to substance-using parents. Psychometric tests were conducted to evaluate how the ARTIC performs with our HSO population. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis showed poor fit (X2 = 2761.62, df = 2.96; RMSEA = 0.07 [0.07, 0.08]; CFI = 0.72). An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to analyze how the data fit with our specific population, yielding 10 factors. Finally, a qualitative inter-item analysis of these factors was conducted, resulting in nine factors. Our findings suggest that measuring TIC attitudes and beliefs may vary according to field of practice and ethno-racially diverse workers. Further refinement of the ARTIC may be necessary for various services domains.

Detrital sediments of the Sea of Galilee are predominantly pedogenic products of settled dust and local bedrocks transported from Upper Galilee and the Golan Heights. Using the mineralogy, chemistry, and Nd and Sr isotope ratios of the core LK12-22 collected offshore of the Ginosar valley and of contemporaneous soils from the Nahal Tzalmon and Nahal Amud catchments, we reconstructed Late Holocene regional hydroclimate. The core samples span ɛNd isotope values of −6 to −2 and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7075 to 0.7077 between the isotope fields of the Terra rossa soils and basaltic soils. Sediments from the drier Iron Age and Arabic and Ottoman periods are closer in Nd-Sr isotope ratios of the basaltic soils, while those of the wetter Middle to Late Bronze and Roman–Byzantine periods are closer to the Terra rossa soils, reflecting enhanced mobilization of sediments from the Tzalmon catchment where Terra rossa–type soils accumulated. This result corroborates other regional data that indicate semiarid to temperate conditions in the south Levant during most of the Late Holocene. Wetter conditions over the Galilee Mountains and the Ginosar valley catchment during the Roman period could have promoted the flourishing farming-fishing society that heralded the rise of Christianity.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world contributing to negative health conditions in both genders. However, when comparing knowledge about HPV, women show having more knowledge about HPV. Research has shown more women were aware of the virus than men. Women also initiate HPV vaccination more than men with more knowledge about HPV associated with being vaccinated. Such findings suggest that gender comparisons in HPV research should be considered when discussing HPV prevention. Hypothesis Young adult women have more knowledge about HPV than young adult men. Methods A total of 1302 young adults (men: n=393; women: n=909) were surveyed on their level of knowledge concerning HPV. Each answered various knowledge-based questions related to HPV. Logistic regression was performed to conclude whether women have more knowledge about HPV than men. Results All our HPV knowledge measures were statistically significant (p p < .001), knowledge of HPV commonality within women (p < .001), knowledge of HPV commonality within men (p < .001), HPV’s risk of genital herpes (p < .001), HPV’s risk of genital warts (p = .001), HPV’s risk of oral cancer (p < .001) HPV’s risk of anal cancer (p = .005) HPV’s risk of cervical cancer (p < .001), and knowledge of HPV being sexually transmitted (p = .001). Conclusion Our data show that women are more likely to be knowledgeable about HPV than men. Our sample contained more women than men. Research including equal amounts of men and women could further investigate this relationship.

Racism and its ramifications are salient societal-level factors that detrimentally affect African American youth and families. Few studies have investigated how African American youth experience discrimination within families and society and colorism’s impact on racial identity, despite extensive racial discrimination research. We assessed whether the perceptions of African American youth of their skin tone affected their racial identity, familial functioning, and everyday discrimination, using the National Survey of American Life–Adolescent Supplement data. We found no significant relationships among skin tone perception, racial identity, familial functioning, or everyday experiences of discrimination. Conversely, age and gender differences were significant predictors of racial identity, family functioning, and discrimination reports. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for social work practice.

We explore the theoretical frameworks of ecological systems theory, intersectionality, and multi-dimensionality to examine the dynamics of the environment as it relates to the development of Black ...

Biallelic loss‐of‐function variants in the thrombospondin‐type laminin G domain and epilepsy‐associated repeats (TSPEAR) gene have recently been associated with ectodermal dysplasia and hearing loss. The first reports describing a TSPEAR disease association identified this gene is a cause of nonsyndromic hearing loss, but subsequent reports involving additional affected families have questioned this evidence and suggested a stronger association with ectodermal dysplasia. To clarify genotype–phenotype associations for TSPEAR variants, we characterized 13 individuals with biallelic TSPEAR variants. Individuals underwent either exome sequencing or panel‐based genetic testing. Nearly all of these newly reported individuals (11/13) have phenotypes that include tooth agenesis or ectodermal dysplasia, while three newly reported individuals have hearing loss. Of the individuals displaying hearing loss, all have additional variants in other hearing‐loss‐associated genes, specifically TMPRSS3, GJB2, and GJB6, that present competing candidates for their hearing loss phenotype. When presented alongside previous reports, the overall evidence supports the association of TSPEAR variants with ectodermal dysplasia and tooth agenesis features but creates significant doubt as to whether TSPEAR variants are a monogenic cause of hearing loss. Further functional evidence is needed to evaluate this phenotypic association.

Justice-involved adolescents typically report high levels of lifetime trauma exposure, although research on juvenile justice system-wide screenings is limited. Further, there is little evidence from research on the psychological and substance abuse treatment related needs of youth relative to the trauma levels or types of trauma experienced by justice-involved adolescents. We documented lifetime exposure to traumatic events and its relation to psychological and substance use concerns in a sample of adolescents admitted to custody in the New Jersey Juvenile Justice Commission. This study examined lifetime exposure to traumatic events experienced by justice-involved adolescents (N = 627) using negative binomial regression modeling and zero-inflated negative binomial regression modeling to identify which adolescents have the greatest trauma exposure, and determine how cumulative types of trauma relate to youths’ mental health and substance use needs. Adolescents reported experiencing an average of 4 of 17 traumatic exposures on the Life Events Checklist. The most common traumas experienced directly and indirectly were physical assault and assault with a weapon. Considering particular traumas, there were differences in exposures based on race and ethnicity, sex, child welfare involvement, and gang affiliation. Higher levels of some types of traumatic exposure were consistently related to higher levels of mental health needs. Results indicate that adolescents enter the juvenile justice system with high levels of polytraumatization. These adverse events are associated with elevated mental health and substance use needs that should be considered in case planning.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have long been recognized for negatively influencing individual outcomes such that each additional ACE exposure increases the risk for negative health and behavioral outcomes. Little is known, however, about how the more recent accumulation of ACEs occurring in follow-up periods influence global functioning considering the past accumulation of ACEs reported at baseline by justice-involved adolescents. Participants were 851 adolescents who completed the Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP), a longitudinal survey. OLS regression models were used to examine the influence of follow-up and baseline ACEs on the functional impairment of youth. Results indicate that both follow-up and baseline ACEs were associated with worse functioning over time with baseline ACEs demonstrating a greater effect. This study highlights the importance of assessing accumulations of ACEs over time for adolescents in the juvenile justice system and considering how youth of different characteristics and experiences may differently encounter functional impairment. Implications for offering trauma-informed services to disrupt the effects of adversity on adolescents’ functioning are discussed.

Observations and simulations show that an increase in aerosol concentration typically leads to an increase in liquid water path in precipitating stratocumulus clouds due to precipitation suppression, but once precipitation is fully suppressed, further increases in aerosol concentration typically lead to a reduction in liquid water path due to enhanced evaporation at cloud top. The increased evaporation is typically attributed directly to the presence of smaller, more numerous cloud droplets. However, observations suggest that the evaporation rate is primarily controlled by the entrainment mixing rate rather than the droplet properties at the tops of stratocumulus clouds. As such, aerosol-induced changes to droplet properties should not directly lead to faster evaporation. Our simulations suggest instead that the smaller, more numerous droplets enhance the cloud top maximum radiative cooling rate, which in turn increases the entrainment rate and speeds evaporation. Our results highlight that unlike integrated radiative cooling, maximum radiative cooling continues to increase with increasing liquid water path and remains sensitive to droplet properties at high liquid water path. As such, the role of radiation in driving aerosol-cloud interactions may need additional consideration in the future.

To examine the prediction of involvement in serious physical assault from risk factors collected during routine screening of juveniles admitted to secure custody with a focus on trauma and gang affiliation and an exploration of gender differences in risk.We analyzed administrative data collected on 879 juvenile offenders (93% boys;We found that participation in serious assault was linked to gender, gang affiliation, and both witnessing and experiencing various traumatic events. Contrary to predictions, we did not observe a significant interaction between trauma histories and gang affiliation in predicting serious physical assault.Trauma and gang affiliation are critical yet understudied aspects of violence perpetration in the justice-involved youth population, particularly among clinical child and adolescent psychologists. These results underscore the importance of continued efforts by clinical psychologists to enhance research and practice related to these issues for this population.

The intergenerational influence of adverse childhood experiences on individual outcomes demonstrates a need for research that considers both personal and environmental contributors to risk. As such, the current study explored how maternal cumulative risks influence the relationship between maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and their children’s behavioral dysregulation among families involved with the child welfare system ( N = 314). The importance of child age is also considered. The sample was stratified by age groups of children (1.5–5 years and 6–18 years), and the relationship between maternal ACEs, cumulative risk, and child behavior was assessed using OLS regressions. For younger children, maternal ACEs were only associated with externalizing behaviors when not controlling for cumulative risk, but cumulative risks were independently and significantly associated with both internalizing and externalizing behaviors. For older children, ACEs were independently associated with both types of behavior, but controlling for cumulative risk attenuated the strength of this relationship. Cumulative risks were also independently associated with older children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Findings suggest the need to consider both individual and environmental risks for parents and children involved in the child welfare system, and the developmental timing and stability of that risk, in order to adequately support parent-child relationships as well as caregiving environments.

Purpose: Few interventions focus on the unique developmental contexts specific to Black adolescent girls living in the United States. This article conducts a scoping review to identify interventions targeted at the well-being of Black adolescent girls. Method: The authors conducted a comprehensive search using electronic databases to identify peer-reviewed journal articles that center interventions to address the well-being of Black adolescent girls. Results: Of the 3,144 unique records identified, eight peer-reviewed articles met the criteria for inclusion. Most interventions focused on issues related to sexual health ( n = 4), followed by interventions focusing on enhancing cultural values ( n = 3), and obesity prevention ( n = 1). Four interventions were both culturally and gender-responsive, three interventions were primarily culturally responsive, and one intervention was primarily gender-responsive with all articles focusing on Black girls’ well-being. Discussion: More interventions are needed that center on the distinct and intersectional challenges and strengths that Black adolescent girls experience within society.

This critical review uses the frameworks of intersectionality and structural gendered racism to understand the racialized, gendered, and class-based oppression regarding the overrepresentation of poor Black women, children, and families within child protective services (CPS) in the United States. The review begins with a discussion of intersectionality and examines the origins of CPS, along with the potential causes for overrepresentation within the system. Finally, the article presents a detailed overview of how structural gendered racism is manifested within CPS practices and policies. It is imperative that practitioners, administrators, and policymakers acknowledge the utility of applying the frameworks of intersectionality and structural gendered racism in understanding the disproportionate contact of poor Black women, children, and families within the system. It is important to work toward practice and policy interventions to improve the overall well-being of this population. Implications for social work practice and policy are discussed.

Peer victimization is experienced by an alarming number of youth. A variety of coping strategies may be used by youth to avoid the risk of peer victimization, including behaviors such as avoidance, displaying a tough demeanor, defensive behaviors, establishing a reputation, and forming affiliations with family and community members. However, little research has examined how these coping strategies are simultaneously associated with peer victimization experiences. The present study explored how these five coping strategies were associated with peer victimization among African American youth living in low-income urban communities, a group of youth at risk for high levels of exposure to violence and victimization. It was hypothesized that more use of these strategies would be associated with less peer victimization. The study comprised of 534 African American youth from low-income communities located in Chicago’s Southside. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to identify which coping strategies, when assessed simultaneously, were associated with a lower risk of peer victimization. Results indicated that defensive behavior was negatively associated with peer victimization. Higher levels of tough demeanor and affiliation with family and community members were associated with higher levels of peer victimization. Coping strategies of avoidance and establishing a reputation were not significantly associated with peer victimization. Peer affiliation does not always contribute to positive outcomes, particularly among adolescents in urban areas. A further examination of the coping strategies and socialization processes of urban African American youth in low-resourced communities is warranted.

Black adolescents in the foster care system are at risk for a wide variety of negative outcomes. However, little is known about the role of multilevel promotive factors, particularly relational per...

It is well established that crossover youth (those involved in the child welfare system who go on to be involved in the juvenile justice system) are disproportionately African American youth. However, little is known about the factors which reduce the risk of delinquency among this population. Participants were 534 adolescents who completed the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths assessment between 2007 and 2012. This study sought to identify the multilevel promotive factors among this population and assess whether these factors later reduced the likelihood of delinquency. It was hypothesized that youth have promotive factors at the individual, contextual, and system level and that each factor differed in importance by gender. Findings indicate that African American youth do have promotive factors across a range of domains. For all youth, age and time in care were important for reducing the risk of delinquency. Counterintuitively, social relationships were associated with an increased risk of delinquency. School achievement, caregiver resources, and time in care were more influential for African American males. Age was more influential for African American females. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.

Secure God attachment is related to less psychological distress and greater well-being, while insecure God attachment is associated with higher levels of psychological distress and various forms of maladaptive coping. Cognitive resistance may arise, however, when therapists directly address insecure attachment beliefs through overt cognitive-behavioral techniques. Based on principles of the dual process model of cognition, the authors hypothesized that self-hypnosis may be a theoretically sound and feasible treatment to alter insecure attachment, since hypnosis addresses the emotional, experiential cognitive system rather than the analytical, deliberative cognitive system. To test this hypothesis, 35 college students practiced a prerecorded, self-guided hypnotic script for 6 weeks. The treatment group's scores indicated significant postintervention decreases in insecure attachment compared to a wait-list control. Qualitative responses also indicated that the majority of participants (62.8%) noticed these relationship changes and attributed them to the intervention.

The immensely popular eighteenth-century poetic miscellany was more than simply a collection of poems: the selection and presentation of texts constituted a deliberate, market-focused, editorial, and publishing policy that emphasized novelty and utility. Poems were edited, abridged, and repackaged in a variety of ways as they were appropriated to their editors’ ends. This chapter examines the scale and variety of poetic miscellany publication, the strategies of their creators, and the audience expectations they both generated and met, to show that they demonstrate the literary or market preoccupations of the editors and booksellers, often in a manner akin to the practice of commonplace books. Particular attention is paid to issues of sexuality and gender in relation to the re-presentation of the poems of Aphra Behn. The chapter draws evidence from a wide range of publications, including John Dryden and Jacob Tonson, Robert Dodsley, and Edward Bysshe’s Art of English Poetry.

Purpose Research consistently connects parental and youth substance misuse, yet less is known about the mechanisms driving this association among justice-involved youth. We examine whether harsh parenting is an explanatory mechanism for the association between parental substance use and parental mental health and youth substance use disorder in a sample of justice-involved youth. Methods Data were drawn from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a large-scale longitudinal survey of mental health and substance misuse in a representative sample of youth in juvenile detention. Harsh parenting, child maltreatment, youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder, and parental substance misuse and mental health were assessed among 1,825 detained youth (35.95% female) at baseline, three-year follow-up, and four-year follow-up. Results At baseline, over 80% of youth used alcohol and/or cannabis; at the four-year follow-up, 16.35% and 19.69% of the youth were diagnosed with alcohol and cannabis use disorder, respectively. More than 20% of youth reported their parent misused substances and 6.11% reported a parent had a severe mental health need. Black youth experienced significantly fewer types of harsh parenting compared to White youth. Multivariate path analyses revealed harsh parenting mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder. Harsh parenting that does not rise to the level of child maltreatment mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol use disorder; in contrast, child maltreatment did not mediate these associations. Multigroup analyses revealed the effect of harsh parenting on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder did not vary across sex or race-ethnic subgroups. Conclusions Harsh parenting represents one mechanism for the intergenerational continuity of alcohol and cannabis misuse and should be regularly assessed for and addressed in juvenile justice settings.

The essays collected in this journal issue illustrate some of the various ways in which scholars can draw on miscellanies as an important, and relatively neglected, form of transmission for eighteenth-century verse. The Digital Miscellanies Index (DMI) will enable scholars to establish with more evidence, and more precision, than ever before, exactly what happened to individual works and authorial reputations, and to create for the frst time a data-driven reception history of verse in this period. Yet miscellanies are, of course, more than a vehicle for their contents—they are works in their own right, which repackage literature for a range of needs and interests. Such compilations can be an index not only of textual transmission, but also, more broadly, of the popular educative and social uses of literature. Miscellanies could be educational, ribald, pious, gender-specifc, topographically located, high, low, intended for social performance or for private perusal. This essay will consider the uses and reading experiences that miscellanies enabled by focusing on a subgenre —collections designed for reading aloud.

Mentoring provides a relational intervention that can promote positive youth development among adolescents who are involved in the juvenile justice system. The perspectives of mentors engaging these youth, particularly insights considered through a cultural humility lens, have been largely absent from the literature to date. This study examined predominately White, middle- to upper-class adult mentors' experiences mentoring racially diverse, working-class youth. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were completed with 23 mentors participating in a community-based mentoring program. Themes were derived from inductive content analysis. Emergent themes illustrative of the mentoring process included (a) establishing a connection despite differences, (b) identifying mentees' personal and environmental challenges, and (c) raising consciousness around structural issues. Despite coming from different backgrounds and experiences, mentors who worked with justice-involved adolescents were motivated to connect with their mentees. Mentors developed a greater awareness of structural challenges influencing adolescents by learning about the multifaceted experiences and needs of their mentees.

Improved understanding of the lasting ways trauma can impact self-regulatory and relational capacities have increased calls for Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) for child welfare-involved families. Little is known, however, about how the attitudes and characteristics of frontline workers impact the implementation of TIC and job retention. This work fills an important gap in knowledge regarding the relationship between staff relational capacities, the implementation of TIC and staff retention.To understand the relationship between staff characteristics, endorsement of TIC and intent to turnover.Three child and family serving agencies surveyed 271 staff from a populous Northeastern state.Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between staff characteristics, Attitudes Related to Trauma Informed Care (ARTIC) score, and intent to turnover.Higher levels of staff rejection sensitivity was associated with lower endorsement of Principles of Trauma-Informed Care (p .05). Lower staff alignment with principles of TIC was associated with higher levels of intention to turnover and leave their organization (p .05).Staff histories of relational loss and trauma may impact both workforce buy-in and readiness to implement TIC. Therefore, identifying staff sensitivity to rejection in the hiring process or after hire, and providing specific supports, such as reflective supervision, may enhance both service delivery and staff experiences' of their work. Additionally, using the ARTIC scale in the hiring process may also reduce staff turnover and burnout. Attending to staff relational characteristics is a critical component of promoting worker resilience.

To describe the prevalence of recent physical, sexual, and emotional violence against children 0 - 19 years of age in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by age, sex, and perpetrator.A systematic review and analysis of published literature and large international datasets was conducted. Eligible sources from first record to December 2015 contained age-, sex-, and perpetrator-specific data from LAC. Random effects meta-regressions were performed, adjusting for relevant quality covariates and differences in violence definitions.Seventy-two surveys (2 publications and 70 datasets) met inclusion criteria, representing 1 449 estimates from 34 countries. Prevalence of physical and emotional violence by caregivers ranged from 30% - 60%, and decreased with increasing age. Prevalence of physical violence by students (17% - 61%) declined with age, while emotional violence remained constant (60% - 92%). Prevalence of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) ranged from 13% - 18% for girls aged 15 - 19 years. Few or no eligible past-year estimates were available for any violence against children less than 9 years and boys 16 - 19 years of age; sexual violence against boys (any age) and girls (under 15 years); IPV except for girls aged 15 - 19 years; and violence by authority figures (e.g., teachers) or via gangs/organized crime.Past-year physical and emotional violence by caregivers and students is widespread in LAC across all ages in childhood, as is IPV against girls aged 15 - 19 years. Data collection must be expanded in LAC to monitor progress towards the sustainable development goals, develop effective prevention and response strategies, and shed light on violence relating to organized crime/gangs.Describir la prevalencia de la violencia física, sexual y emocional infligida recientemente en niños y niñas de 0 a 19 años en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) según la edad, el sexo y el agresor.Se llevó a cabo una revisión y un análisis sistemáticos de la bibliografía publicada en los grandes conjuntos de datos. Las fuentes desde los primeros registros hasta diciembre del 2015 que cumplían los criterios fueron las que contenían datos específicos de América Latina y el Caribe en función de la edad, el sexo y el agresor. Se realizaron metarregresiones de los efectos aleatorios, con ajustes pertinentes para las covariables de calidad y las diferencias en las definiciones de violencia.Setenta y dos encuestas (2 publicaciones y 70 conjuntos de datos) cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, que representaban 1.449 estimaciones de 34 países. La prevalencia de la violencia física y emocional infligida por cuidadores fue del 30% al 60% y disminuyó al aumentar la edad. La prevalencia de la violencia física infligida por estudiantes (17% a 61%) disminuyó con la edad, mientras que la violencia emocional se mantuvo constante (60% a 92%). La prevalencia de la violencia física infligida por la pareja fue de 13% a 18% para las niñas en edades de 15 a 19 años. Fueron pocas o inexistentes las estimaciones que cumplieran los criterios realizadas el año pasado sobre: la violencia de todo tipo contra los niños y las niñas menores de 9 años y los niños entre los 16 y 19 años; la violencia sexual contra los niños de cualquier edad y las niñas menores de 15 años; la violencia infligida por la pareja, salvo en niñas de 15 a 19 años; y la violencia infligida por figuras de autoridad (por ejemplo profesores) o por pandillas o el crimen organizado.La violencia emocional y física infligida por los cuidadores y estudiantes es generalizada en América Latina y el Caribe en todas las edades en la niñez, al igual que la violencia infligida por la pareja hacia niñas en edades entre los 15 y 19 años. Se debe ampliar la recopilación de datos en América Latina y el Caribe para dar seguimiento al progreso hacia los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, elaborar estrategias eficaces de prevención y respuesta, y arrojar luz sobre la violencia en relación con el crimen organizado y las pandillas.Descrever a prevalência da violência física, sexual e emocional recente contra crianças entre 0 e 19 anos de idade na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC), discriminada por idade, sexo e autor da agressão.Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e análise da literatura publicada e de grandes conjuntos de dados internacionais. As fontes qualificadas do primeiro registro de dezembro de 2015 continham dados provenientes da ALC, discriminados por idade, sexo e autor da agressão. Foi usada a técnica de metarregressão de efeitos aleatórios, com ajuste para covariáveis de interesse de qualidade e para diferenças nas definições de violência.Setenta e dois levantamentos (2 publicações e 70 conjuntos de dados) satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão, representando 1.449 estimativas provenientes de 34 países. A prevalência da violência física e emocional por cuidadores variou de 30% a 60%, sendo que este percentual diminuiu com o aumento da idade. A prevalência da violência física escolar (17% a 61%) diminuiu com a idade e a prevalência da violência infantil emocional ficou constante (60% a 92%). A prevalência da violência física por parceiro íntimo variou de 13% a 18% nas adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos de idade. Foram encontradas poucas estimativas para o ano precedente, ou as estimativas existentes não satisfizeram os critérios, quanto à violência infantil em crianças menores de 9 anos e adolescentes do sexo masculino entre 16 e 19 anos de idade, à violência sexual contra meninos (em qualquer idade) e meninas (menores de 15 anos), à violência por parceiro íntimo, exceto em meninas entre 15 e 19 anos de idade e à violência infligida por figuras de autoridade (como professores) ou gangues/crime organizado.A violência física e emocional no ano precedente praticada por cuidadores e na escola é generalizada na ALC e ocorre em todas as faixas etárias na infância, assim como a violência por parceiro íntimo contra as adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos de idade. A coleta de dados deve ser ampliada na ALC para monitorar o progresso rumo ao alcance dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, criar estratégias efetivas de prevenção e resposta à violência e identificar a violência relativa ao crime organizado/quadrilhas.