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The current study aimed to examine the relationships between item-based tests and a narrative retelling by analyzing concurrent associations, regression coefficients, language progress, and sex differences. Thirty-one kindergarteners with typical language development were assessed at the beginning (Mage = 64.77 months) and the end of the school year. The statistically significant associations and predictive relations between the item-based tests and narrative retelling were scarce and occurred mainly at the same language level (words and sentences). Accordingly, language progression was mirrored differently by the two assessment conditions. Sex was not related to language skills. Overall, the results indicate these two kinds of tools assess different language constructs and should be used complementarily. Additionally, two relatively innovative trends emerged: errors produced in the narrative seem to be a good discriminative metric for this age range, and testing language by units (words and sentences) might be appropriate to assess language development.

Novel multicomponent crystal forms were obtained from reactions of trans-disubstituted cyclam derivatives with flufenamic and salicylic acids. The reactions of H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2cyclam with those acids led to the formation of salts of the formulae [H2{H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2cyclam}](3-CF3PhNHC6H4COO)2 and [H2{H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2cyclam}](HOC6H4COO)2, respectively. The reaction of H2(PhCH2)2cyclam with flufenamic acid led to the formation of the salt [H2{H2(PhCH2)2cyclam}](3-CF3PhNHC6H4COO)2, whereas its reaction with salicylic acid afforded the ionic cocrystal [H2(PhCH2)2cyclam](HOC6H4COOH)2·[H2{H2(PhCH2)2cyclam}](HOC6H4COO)2. The compounds obtained were fully characterized and tested against several yeasts as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The results have shown that the new multicomponent forms display relevant antimicrobial activity when compared to their parent cyclam derivatives, highlighting the importance of exploring synergistic effects to unveil new and efficient antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report herein three novel complexes whose design was based on the approach that consists of combining commercially available antibiotics with metals to attain different physicochemical properties and promote antimicrobial activity. Thus, new isostructural three-dimensional (3D) hydrogen bonding frameworks of pipemidic acid with manganese (II), zinc (II) and calcium (II) have been synthesised by mechanochemistry and are stable under shelf conditions. Notably, the antimicrobial activity of the compounds is maintained or even increased; in particular, the activity of the complexes is augmented against Escherichia coli , a representative of Gram-negative bacteria that have emerged as a major concern in drug resistance. Moreover, the synthesised compounds display similar general toxicity ( Artemia salina model) levels to the original antibiotic, pipemidic acid. The increased antibacterial activity of the synthesised compounds, together with their appropriate toxicity levels, are promising outcomes.