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Objectives: The aim of the present study was too investigate prevalence and persistence of human papilloma virus (HPV) and cytological abnormalities (CAs) in the anal swabs of people living with HIV (PLWH): men who have sex with men (MSM), men who have sex with women (MSW) and women (W). Methods: Between March 2010 and January 2019, an anal swab for cytological and HPV genotyping tests was offered to all PLWH attending our clinic. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of infection. Results: In all, 354 PLWH were screened: 174 MSM, 90 MSW and 61 W. Prevalence of at least one high-risk (HR) HPV was higher in MSM (91%) and W (85%) than in MSW (77%) (P < 0.05). Cytological abnormalities were found in 21.1% of the entire population. At multivariable regression analysis a lower risk for HPV infection was found for W than for MSM [odds ratio = 0.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.115–0.513)] and for MSW than for MSM [0.37 (0.180–0.773)] and there was a significantly higher risk of CAs in PLWH with HPV 16 and 18 [3.3 (1.04–10.49)]. A total of 175 PLWH (103 MSM, 33 MSW and 26 W) had at least one follow-up visit (T1) after a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 3.6 (2.1–5.7) years. The acquisition rate of HR-HPV was high, with 66.7% of PLWH negative for HR-HPV at T0 who became positive at T1 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of CAs was stable (20.6%). A significant association between CAs at T1 and persistence of HPV-16 and/or 18 was found (P < 0.05). Conclusions: HPV 16 and 18 are associated with the presence and development of CAs irrespective of sexual orientation.

Objective: This paper analyzes a series of ultrasound (US)-guided orbital fine needle aspirations (FNAs) which provide diagnostic information that cytopathologists approaching orbital lesions for the first time can find useful and underlines the importance of teamwork. Study Design: The investigators retrospectively obtained data from 24 consecutive orbital FNAs. For all patients, a complete clinicoradiological database was created. FNAs were performed under US guidance with 25-gauge needles and an aspiration biopsy syringe gun, and sent to the Department of Pathology for examination and data management. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54 years. Imaging studies included US, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans; 9 lesions involved the right orbit and 15 the left orbit. The mean lesion size was 23.6 ± 7.2 mm. After microscopic examination, 7 smears were labeled as ‘nondiagnostic', while in 17 cases a definitive diagnosis was proposed, which always proved to be correct (70.8%, specificity = 100%). Conclusions: The investigators believe that FNA biopsy of orbital masses is a necessary step; its weaknesses lie in the particularly delicate site of sampling and the extreme heterogeneity of lesions. Nevertheless, when orbital FNA is performed within a well-coordinated multidisciplinary team, it is a powerful tool that can be used to define the most appropriate management of these patients.