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Introduction: Non-traumatic back pain constitutes roughly 5% of the admissions to emergency departments. This study seeks to compare the efficacy of intravenously administered paracetamol, dexketoprofen, and ibuprofen in patients with non-traumatic acute low back pain. Methods: This study was designed as a randomized, double-blinded investigation and carried out at a tertiary hospital. 210 eligible patients without trauma who presented with low back pain were recruited for the study and randomized into paracetamol (n = 71), dexketoprofen (n = 70), and ibuprofen (n = 69) groups. The measurements at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min were noted down by using a 100 mm VAS, and the relevant comparisons were made. Results: The VAS scores at 0 and 60 min in the paracetamol, dexketoprofen, and ibuprofen groups decreased on average by 40 mm, 42 mm, and 43 mm, respectively. The baseline and final pain scores of each drug group differed significantly (p < 0.05), though the between-group analysis revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Given the obtained data, we did not note a significant difference between intravenous paracetamol, dexketoprofen and ibuprofen with respect to pain efficacy in non-traumatic acute low back pain. Based on the patients' clinical conditions and histories, we concluded that the choice of medication might not change the efficacy of the treatment and patient comfort. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.

Conical cumulation in storage ampoules consists of a periodically repeating wave pattern - the formation of an axial high-pressure region as a result of the focusing of oblique waves and its unloading. In this case, the convergence of the oblique wave is accompanied by a loss of stability - protrusions appear at the wave front, the collision of which leads to an increase in pressure. The expansion of the high-pressure region is accompanied by the formation of an axial crack and continues until its pressure becomes lower than the pressure of the incoming oblique waves, after which the flow pattern is repeated.

This brief article reports on the fabrication of a prototype novel semiconductor digital device, a microwave-discharge light-emitting diode (MDLED), consisting of an LED and a Schottky barrier diode encapsulated in a quartz ampoule. Coating the surface of this ampoule with TiO2 yielded a new photocatalytic TiO2 unit (MDLED-TiO2) for use in treating contaminated wastewaters. To the extent that this MDLED-TiO2 is driven only by microwave energy, there is no need for electric wires or electrical AC power. As much of the activity of TiO2 photocatalyst is enhanced and ultraviolet light emission is generated only by irradiating with microwaves, the MDLED-TiO2 affords a simple water treatment device as demonstrated in the present study. The digital device consisted of 14 pieces of MDLED-TiO2 units immersed into a model contaminated wastewater toward the decomposition of organic pollutants and sterilization of natural bacteria-contaminated wastewaters performed in an energy-saving manner simply by irradiating the wastewaters with microwaves.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica, A presente dissertação de mestrado baseia-se no estudo e otimização de um dispositivo que faz a abertura e selagem de ampolas para comercialização. O equipamento numa primeira fase tem uma chama que abre um orifício na ampola por onde, numa segunda fase, é inserido o líquido com que se pretende encher a ampola. Por último há a atuação de duas chamas, controladas por certos níveis de gás e oxigénio, que efetuam a selagem da ampola. A empresa MesoSystems, local onde foi desenvolvido este projeto, é a detentora desta máquina e pretende que a mesma funcione de modo totalmente automático, sem ocorrer nenhuma vigilância por parte de um operador, durante um turno de sete horas de fucnionamento. Em primeiro lugar, o equipamento foi analisado ao pormenor e foram identificados os seus principais componentes. Para além disso, foram também identificados os componentes da maior parte dos outros dispositivos presentes no mercado e comparou-se as caraterísticas de modelos semelhantes da marca ROTA e Harsiddh Engineering. O próximo passo da dissertação foi a descrição do tipo de ampolas usadas na máquina e a identificação do tipo de controlo de qualidade utilizado pela empresa na produção das ampolas. Foi também realizado um teste ao aparelho para identificar os problemas principais do mesmo. De seguida, foi idealizado um sistema com sensores de temperatura através da uitlização do software Arduino para se conseguir analisar e trabalhar os valores de temperatura retirados para cada uma das chamas. Por fim, e após uma extensa análise dos resultados obtidos com o sistema projetado, foram retiradas as devidas conclusões e expôs-se os possíveis trabalhos futuros para este projeto., This master thesis is based on the study and optimization of a device that opens and seals ampoules for retail. The equipment, in the first place, has a flame that opens a hole for a liquid to be filled in the ampoule. Then, two flames of gas and oxygen are resposible to seal the ampoule. The company Mesosystems, where this project was developed, is the owner of this machine and wants the equipment to work fully automatically, without operator surveillance, during a seven hour shift. Firstly, the equipment was analyzed in detail and the main components were identified. In addition, the components of most of the other devices on the market were identified and the caratheristics of similar models from the Rota and Harsiddh Engineering brands were compared. The next step of the thesis was the description of the type of ampoules used in the machine and the identification of the type of qualily control used by the company in the production process. A test was also carried out on the equipment to identify the main problems. Then, a system with temperature sensors was design using the Arduino software to be able to analyze and work with the temperature values obained for each of the flames. Finally, and after an extensive analysis of the results obtained with the designed system, the appropriate conclusions were taken and the possible future works for this project were exposed.

Purpose: The topical application of scalp-care cosmetics, infused with functional ingredients, can offer an optimal cosmetic approach to prevent problems associated with aging. In terms of the development of anti-aging cosmetics, we studied the use of acetyl hexapeptide-8 (AH-8) for improving elasticity of the scalp.Methods: Ampoules containing 3% and 5% concentrations of AH-8 as an active ingredient were prepared and their safety and efficacy were evaluated. HaCaT cells were used to evaluate the safety of AH-8 ampoules by measurement of in vitro cytotoxicity. In in vivo experiments, we tested the AH-8 ampoules by cumulative irritation test (CIT) on healthy adults, 20–50 years of age. Relative expressions of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), actinin alpha 1 (ACTN1), collagen type XVII alpha 1 chain (COL17A1), and integrin subunit beta 4 (ITGB4) were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR).Results: AH-8 ampoules showed significant cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner. CIT assessment in 30 adults revealed no skin reactions to both 3% and 5% AH-8 ampoules. After treatment of HaCaT cells with the AH-8 ampoules, mRNA levels of SOD2 and FOXO1, which are directly implicated as antioxidant factors, were increased. Of the factors that improve elasticity, ACTN1 mRNA levels had the greatest increase when treated with the 5% AH-8 ampoules (1.75 µg/mL). Also, the AH-8 ampoules increased mRNA levels of COL17A1, and ITGB4 in HaCaT cells.Conclusions: In this study, we proved that 3% and 5% AH-8 ampoules are safe for use as a scalp-care cosmetic. AH-8 ampoule had efficacy in anti-aging and improving elasticity of the scalp. This comprehensive test showed that AH-8 can be developed as a cosmetic for anti-aging and improvement of scalp elasticity.

A polycrystalline sample of the Sn20.5□3.5As22I8 clathrate was synthesised by a standard ampoule method from elements. Temperature dependencies of the heat capacity Cp(T) and unit cell parameter a(...

In this work, we investigated the chemical and physical stability of ambroxol, beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide and N-acetylcysteine after dilution with Sirmione thermal water, stored in ampoules for aerosol, at room temperature. The chemical stability of all active drugs was evaluated by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS). All samples were analyzed in triplicate at room temperature under normal fluorescent light at 0h, 1h, 6h, 12h, and 24 h. According to the Official Pharmacopoeia of the Italian Republic, the degradation of a molecule that exceeds more than 10% is considered unacceptable. After dilution with thermal water of Sirmione, ambroxol, beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide, and N-acetylcysteine, were found to be physically stable over the entire study (degradation

The electrochemical production of green and low-cost ammonia requests the development of high-performance electrocatalysts. In this work, the ampoule method was applied to modulate the surface of the zinc electrode by implanting defects and low-valent active sites. The N-doped ZnS electrocatalyst was thus generated by sulfurization with thiourea and applied for electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR). Given the rich sulfur vacancies and abundant Zn-N active sites on the surface, excellent catalytic activity and selectivity were obtained, with an NH3 yield rate of 2.42 × 10–10 mol s−1 cm−2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 7.92% at − 0.6 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M KOH solution. Moreover, the as-synthesized zinc electrode exhibits high stability after five recycling tests and a 24 h potentiostatic test. The comparison with Zn foil, non-doping ZnS/Zn and recent metal sulfide electrocatalysts further demonstrated advanced catalytic performance of N@ZnS/Zn for ENRR. By simple synthesis, S vacancies, and N-doping defects, this promising electrocatalyst would represent a good addition to the arena of transition-metal-based catalysts with superior performance in ENRR. Graphic abstract

The study of the age-related anatomical variability, its exact morphological characteristics in adulthood, established using modern research methods, are needed, which can serve as a criterion for a conditional norm. The aim of the study is to determine the macro- and micro-morphometric parameters of the ampulla of the fallopian tubes of women in the first period of adulthood using prosection material and their morphological characteristics. The ampulla of both fallopian tubes of 44 nulliparous and 58 giving birth women of the first period of adulthood (from 21 to 35 years) were examined. Organometric, histological, immunohistochemical and macro- and micro-morphometric research methods were used. It determined the length of the ampoules, their outer diameter at the junction of the isthmus in the ampoule, in the central part of the ampoule and at the junction of the ampoule in the funnel. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, picro fuchsin according to van Gieson. In the immunohistochemical study of the samples, antibodies against vimentin and the CD68 marker were used. The area of ​​the lumen of the ampulla of the fallopian tube and the area of ​​its wall was calculated, and the circumference of the epithelial lining was measured. As a result, it was found that the outer diameter of the fallopian tubes at the junction of the isthmus into the ampulla and the ampoule into the funnel, as well as in the central part of the ampoule, is characterized by the absence of a statistically significant difference in parameters in nulliparous and giving birth women. The histological picture of the ampulla of the fallopian tubes both in nulliparous and in women giving birth in the first period of adulthood is of the same type and is represented by a mucous membrane that forms many thin papillary folds, internal circular and external longitudinal layers of smooth muscle tissue of the muscular membrane and the serous membrane. The detection in the tissues of the ampulla of the fallopian tubes in nulliparous and giving birth women in a moderate amount of CD68-immunopositive macrophages, the concentration of which increases in the epithelium and near it, as well as the expression of vimentin in the vessel walls and individual fibroblasts, indicates the presence of physiological tissue regeneration processes. Analysis of the indicators of the areas of the lumen of the ampoule and its wall at the median section, as well as the circumference of the epithelial lining, allows us to conclude that these parameters predominate in the right fallopian tube.

The vacuum extraction method with a mass spectrometry registration of tritium is presented in paper. It can provide a full-range analysis of gas phase composition in the chamber with samples under neutron irradiation. Lithium ceramics Li2TiO3 in the form of pebbles with lithium enrichment on 6Li isotope of 96% was examined. The paper shows the results of reactor experiments on study the extraction of tritium-containing molecules from lithium ceramics Li2TiO3 at various temperatures and reactor power levels at the WWR-K research reactor (Almaty, Kazakhstan). The time dependences of tritium yield from the ampoule with ceramics during reactor irradiation were obtained. Near-surface concentrations of tritium and hydrogen atoms on the ceramics surface under reactor irradiation were estimated.

One ampoule of propofol is often divided into several syringes or is sometimes combined with other drugs that may lead to incompatibility and instability. A systematic review of literature (PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) identified 37 pieces of research which suggest that the data on propofol stability are limited. Results of all of the identified studies indicated that the stability of propofol is less than 24 hours. Additionally, the evidence shows that glass packaging as well as storing in cold and dark conditions promote stability. What is more, propofol was proved to be incompatible with 23 of the 36 drugs tested. In conclusion, there is a relatively small body of literature that measures the physical stability of propofol. The findings of this review recommend keeping propofol in glass and storing it no longer than 24 hours. Compatibility data must be considered in co-administrations with propofol.One ampoule of propofol is often divided into several syringes or is sometimes combined with other drugs that may lead to incompatibility and instability. A systematic review of literature (PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) identified 37 pieces of research which suggest that the data on propofol stability are limited. Results of all of the identified studies indicated that the stability of propofol is less than 24 hours. Additionally, the evidence shows that glass packaging as well as storing in cold and dark conditions promote stability. What is more, propofol was proved to be incompatible with 23 of the 36 drugs tested. In conclusion, there is a relatively small body of literature that measures the physical stability of propofol. The findings of this review recommend keeping propofol in glass and storing it no longer than 24 hours. Compatibility data must be considered in co-administrations with propofol.

The clathrate-I borosilicide K8−xBySi46−y (0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1.2 and 6.4 ≤ y ≤ 7.2; space group Pmn) was prepared in sealed tantalum ampoules between 900 °C and 1000 °C. By high-pressure preparation at 8 GPa and 1000 °C, a higher boron content is achieved (x = 0.2, y = 7.8). Crystal structure and composition were established from X-ray diffraction data, chemical analysis, WDX spectroscopy, and confirmed by 11B and 29Si NMR, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The compositions are electron-balanced according to the Zintl rule within one estimated standard deviation. The lattice parameter varies with composition from a = 9.905 A for K7.85(2)B7.8(1)Si38.2(1) to a = 9.968(1) A for K6.80(2)B6.4(5)Si39.6(5).

The current study was conducted to synthesize 2-(4-ferrocenyl-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl) ethanone (2FTNE) as a mediator and magnetic core–shell manganese ferrite nanoparticles (CMNP) as a nanoparticle for construction of a modified carbon paste electrode (CPE). The electrochemical behavior of norepinephrine (NEP) was assessed using cyclic voltammetry and its determination was done by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in the presence of tryptophan (TRP) and acetaminophen (AC). The 2FTNECMNP-modified CPE (2FTNECMNPPE) in comparison with bare CPE and CMNP modified CPE exhibited high electro-catalytic activity to the NEP oxidation. Linearity of the oxidation peak current with concentration of NEP was maintained between 0.075–60 μM (R2 = 0.9995). Limit of detection for NEP was obtained 0.016 μM on the basis of three times of standard deviation (3Sb) of blank. High selectivity, proper stability and suitable reproducibility are some advantages of the 2FTNECMNPPE that was successful in the measurement of NEP, AC and TRP in NEP ampoule, acetaminophen tablet and urine samples.

The boundaries of the glass formation areas of quasiternary systems A І 2 S–В IV S 2 –P 2 S 5 (А I – Cu, Ag; В IV – Ge, Sn) have been established by the method of X-ray phase analysis. The compound GеS 2 can exist in a glass state, so that germanium disulphide acts as a glass former in quasi-triple systems. The glass semiconductor alloys have been synthesized by the single-temperature method from the elementary substances of copper (99.99 wt.%), silver (99.99 wt.%), germanium (99.9999 wt.%), tin (99.999 wt.%), red phosphorus (99.998 wt.%) and sulfur (purity 99.997 wt.%). Maximum synthesis temperature was 1173 K, followed by quenching of the ampoules in a saturated solution of sodium chloride with crushed ice. Glasses with a high content of phosphorus are easily hydrolyzed under the influence of moisture of the air. Diffractograms have been recorded on a diffractometer DRON 4-13, CuK α -radiation, range of angles 2θ=10÷50°, stepped scan 0,05o, exposure time 2 seconds. Amorphousness of the obtained alloys has been controlled visually by the fracture characteristic of the glass and with the help of X-ray diffraction studies. «Gallo» has been observed on all diffractograms of glass samples, presence of which indicates the absence of long-range order in the alloy structure. There are continuous bands of glass formation on the sides GeS 2 –P 2 S 5 in the studied germanium-containing systems А I 2 S–GеS 2 –P 2 S 5 . The obtained glasses have been transparent, yellow-red color with the fracture characteristic of the glass. The main factor is the tendency of GeS 2 and P 2 S 5 to the glass formation. There has been found that all samples have polycrystalline nature in the system Cu 2 S–GеS 2 . Only GeS 2 and Ag 2 GeS 3 have been obtained in the vitreous state from the cross section Ag 2 S–GeS 2 .The maximum content of Cu 2 S and Ag 2 S, which are a part of the glass in systems Сu(Ag) 2 S–GеS 2 –P 2 S 5 , is 10 and 70 mol.% accordingly. The areas of glass formation have been much smaller compared to similar germanium-containing in the state-containing systems of the glassformation area, which is associated with the strengthening of the metal component of the chemical bond by changing GeS 2 to SnS 2 . We observe only two areas of glass formation in quasi-triple systems Сu(Ag) 2 S–SnS 2 –P 2 S 5 which are on the side SnS 2 –P 2 S 5 : one in the area 5–15 mol.% P 2 S 5 , including approximately 5 mol.% Cu 2 S та Ag 2 S, the other – 35–65 mol.% P 2 S 5 , the maximum content of Cu 2 S and Ag 2 S is 13 and 4 mol.%.

Objective Vitamin C and peptides are widely used in cosmetic products but there is a paucity of clinical studies showing that the formulations are effective in treating signs of facial ageing. These 3 clinical studies evaluated the effectiveness of an anti‐ageing formula containing natural vitamin C (10%), biopeptides (rice and lupin), hyaluronic acid, and Vichy volcanic mineralising water, in amber glass ampoules with no preservatives (Peptide‐C ampoules). Methods Dansyl chloride fluorescence labelling compared cell turnover for Peptide‐C ampoules vs untreated skin in 32 female subjects. Study 2, an open clinical study, evaluated the efficacy on wrinkles of Peptide‐C ampoules by investigator clinical scoring based on Dynamical Atlas visual assessment (N = 40) and subject self‐assessment questionnaires (N = 47). Study 3, an open clinical study, evaluated wrinkles by instrumental quantification with 3D fringe projection analysis (N = 40) and subject questionnaires (N = 51). Results The mean cell turnover was faster for skin treated with Peptide‐C ampoules compared to untreated skin (17.1 days vs. 19.2 days; P, A formulation containing peptides and vitamin C, in innovative packaging allowing a minimalist formula, demonstrated effectiveness and high subject satisfaction for wrinkle reduction and skin rejuvenation.

In this study, we aimed to calculate dependencies for assessing the value of weight loss during lyophilization of diagnostic preparations depending on the drying temperature and time. A model solution for lyophilization was Hottinger broth with gelatin (1.5%) and peptone (10%) used as stabilizers. To achieve the aim, a full factorial experiment 23 was planned and implemented, the investigated factors in which were the temperature and time of final drying, as well as the amount of substance in the primary packaging. Using ampoules as containers for primary packaging, a regression equation was obtained. The conducted statistical processing of the obtained equation showed the feasibility of the developed mathematical model. According to the model, an increase in the drying temperature and time leads to a decrease in the amount of weight loss; however, weight loss increases under an increase in the amount of substance in the secondary packaging. As a result of the experiments, a correspondence between the experimental and calculated values of weight loss during drying was revealed. The effect of the height of the material under drying on the weight loss was studied when drying an equivalent amount of substance in vials. The developed mathematical model for drying in ampoules was modified to describe the process of lyophilization in vials. The experimental results confirmed the possibility of calculating weight loss during drying using the proposed model. The developed dependencies can be used for estimating the value of weight loss during lyophilization of various substances, which is of particular importance in terms of reducing costs when establishing the temperature and time parameters of drying new biological products and modifying production regimes when changing the amount of product, type of primary packaging or desorption conditions.

To study chemical transport and refine synthetic routes, single crystals of vanadium and zirconium diselenides were grown by the chemical transport reaction method using I2 and Cl2 as transporting agents. The thermodynamic parameters of chemical transport have been evaluated, and the mass transfer direction in a growth ampoule has been determined. The phase composition of the samples has been examined by X‑ray powder diffraction. Analysis of X-ray powder diffraction patterns of samples from the low- and high-temperature zones of the growth ampoule has confirmed the predictions based on thermodynamic calculations. With both transporting agents, ZrSe2 transport occurs from the cold to the hot zone of the ampoule, while the direction of VSe2 transport depends on the nature of the transporting agent. With I2 as a transporting agent, transport occurs from the hot to the cold zone of the ampoule, while with Cl2, in the opposite mass transfer direction is observed. Microphotographs of the samples are consistent with thermodynamic and X‑ray diffraction data. The results can be used to optimize the technology of producing layered transition metal dichalcogenides.

The Ti-Al-Zr-O system has received significant attention as it hosts a variety of phases of industrial interest. In this paper, new experiments on the Ti-Al-Zr-O system aimed at clarifying phase formation depending on the redox conditions with special attention to the formation of ternary compounds and their results have been reported. For the first time a monophase AlTi2O5 sample with a ratio of titanium oxides TiO2:Ti2O3 = 2:1 was obtained and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of β-(ZrxTi1-x)2O4 crystals was carried out. The synthesis of the ternary Ti-Al-Zr compound was performed in an evacuated quartz ampoule and accompanied by the extraction of silicon from the ampoule. The compound has pyrochlore-type cubic structure A24+B23+O7 (Fd-3m) and the composition close to (Ti4+1,47(2)Zr0.41(2)Si0.12(1))2(Al1.15(4)Ti3+0.85(4))2O7. We believe that our study is a starting point for future research as it provides first experimental data on the ternary compound in the Ti-Al-Zr-O system.

Background There is a need for a reference material to support the development and ensure the quality of immunoassays for human AMH. A batch of ampoules, coded 16/190, containing lyophilised recombinant AMH was evaluated in a WHO Collaborative Study. The aims of the study were to determine the AMH content in terms of the calibration of each immunoassay method, to predict long-term stability and to assess the suitability of the preparation to calibrate AMH immunoassays. Methods Study participants were asked to report the AMH content of specific dilutions of coded ampoules of 16/190 and a comparator preparation containing approximately half the AMH content. In each assay, participants also reported the AMH content of 22 patient samples to assess commutability. A robust all-laboratory geometric mean of the content estimates was determined using the laboratory geometric mean estimates. Commutability was assessed using a difference in bias approach. Stability was predicted by the measurement of thermally accelerated degradation samples. Results Seven laboratories performed twenty-one immunoassay method-platform combinations, sixteen of which provided data which met the validity criteria, giving a consensus geometric mean estimate of AMH content of 511 ng/ampoule (95% CI, 426–612, n = 16, GCV 42%) and a robust geometric mean of 489 ng/ampoule. By contrast, the GCV% for the all-laboratory geometric mean of the relative content estimates for the comparator sample to 16/190 was 12%. Commutability was assessed using 20 of the 22 representative patient samples. Of the valid assays, 16/190 was within the limits of acceptable commutability for 6 methods, partially commutable for a further 3 methods and non-commutable when measured by 7 methods. The preparation was predicted to be highly stable when stored at − 20 °C. Conclusion The majority of methods met the validity criteria. Content estimates showed a high between-method variability, yet assays exhibited a similar proportionality of response as demonstrated using the comparator sample. 16/190 was commutable in some but not all methods. On the basis of these results, it was agreed by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization to establish 16/190 as a WHO Reference Reagent for AMH with a content defined by consensus immunoassay of 489 ng/ampoule.

Background Recently, light-emitting diode (LED) devices are among those mostly preferred for esthetic application because they improve the appearance of photoaged skin characterized by wrinkles, sagginess, pigmented lesions, and others. In addition, the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) for skin rejuvenation is already well proven. Aims This study aims to evaluate the synergistic effects of using home-use LED mask device with HA ampoule. Methods The total number of recruited subjects was 48:24 in Group A treated with both home-use LED mask device and HA ampoule and 24 in Group B treated with HA ampoule only, for 4 weeks. To assess the efficacy of the treatment, the following were used: Antera 3D CS, EOS 800D with Image-Pro Plus, DUB-USB, VisioFace Quick, and Visioscan VC98. Results After treatment, the volume measurement (mm3 ) for prejowl sulci and nasolabial fold flattening as well as the area measurement (pixel) for lower chin firmness improvement was significantly reduced, and the number of pores (ea) for enlarged pores as well as the desquamation index (%) for the amount of corneocytes significantly decreased in both Group A and Group B. Moreover, the percentage of skin density significantly improved. Furthermore, Group A showed a significantly faster and higher rate of improvement than Group B. Conclusion The use of 660- and 850-nm home-use LED mask device can generate synergistic effects on home-use topical applications like HA on photoaged face, and such device can be safely and efficiently used daily in personal environments.

Group III monochalcogenides such as GaSe and GaS have attracted considerable interest as two-dimensional (2D) alternatives to the traditional transition metal dichalcogenides. The production of large-area films as well as the long-term ambient stability remains a challenge for scalable integration of these materials into the next generation of 2D circuitry and optoelectronic devices. In this report, a simple atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition method is proposed to synthesize continuous monolayers of GaSe and GaS. The proposed method utilizes commercially available precursors and does not requires vacuum-sealed ampules or exfoliation. The optimal parameters for continuous monolayer self-limited growth were determined by systematically changing the growth time, the gas flow rate, and the amount of precursors. So far, the study of bare monolayer GaSe by Raman spectroscopy has been difficult due to the very low Raman signal and a rapid laser-induced oxidation of the material. A laser-scanning method that minimizes the cumulative laser damage and allows a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio was utilized to study the time-dependent ambient stability of bare and encapsulated monolayer samples by Raman spectroscopy. Our results reveal that bare GaSe monolayers can stand up to 6 h in air before complete degradation, and encapsulation with transparent polymeric films can delay this process for few days. These results open the door to produce large-area films of monolayer group III monochalcogenides and to consider film encapsulation with different transparent polymers that could further extend the long-term durability of these ambient sensitive 2D materials.

Isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) is regarded as a promising diagnostic tool for fast detection of bacterial contaminations in various matrices. Based on a reference detection time determined by visual inspection of bacterial growth on solid medium, we investigated the strict aerobically growing Pseudomonas putida mt-2 KT2440 in a static 4-mL ampoule system on solid and liquid media by IMC to evaluate the three main options to reduce the detection time of bacterial contamination. Firstly, the sample preparation (e.g. membrane filtration) leads to an elevated number of bacteria in the measuring ampoule and thus to a reduced detection time. Secondly, the amount of substrate and oxygen has been investigated by varying the filling volume of medium in the calorimetric ampoule. Here, we were able to show how biophysical characteristics like the substrate and oxygen diffusion determined the shape of heat flow signals and thus the detection time. Finally, the technical framework determines the sensitivity of the IMC instrument. We examined the impact of four different detection threshold values (2, 10, 50 and 100 µW) on the detection time as a function of the initial number of bacteria presented in the ampoule and the filling volume.

In this paper, we study the features of structure formation in composite materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene containing from 50 to 90 vol % of nickel that results from the explosive pressing of powder mixtures in a cylindrical ampoule. It is revealed that, at an increase in parameters of explosive pressing, a change in the structure along the pressing radius that characterized by increased deformation of the components up to their grinding and remelting in the center of the pressing with a simultaneous increase in the physicochemical interaction of the components of the composite mixture is observed.

The determination of the qualitative and quantitative content of the main active substance of a microlitic medicinal product is necessary to confirm its good quality. The purpose of scientific research: check the suitability of existing methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of ambroxol hydrochloride, as indicated in the monographs of the SPU «Ambroxol hydrochloride, substance» and «Ambroxol tablets», for the possibility of qualitative and quantitative determination of ambroxol hydrochloride in various finished medicines and to determine the possibility of using an alternative solvent in individual methods. The substance of Ambroxol hydrochloride and four finished dosage forms with the active substance Ambroxol hydrochloride were used: injection solution 7.5 mg/ml in ampoules, 30 mg tablets, syrup 15 mg/5 ml and a combined drug that contains 30 mg Ambroxol hydrochloride and acetylcysteine 200 mg in powder form for oral suspension in sachet. The study was carried out using a UV spectrophotometer, an Agilent 1200 liquid chromatograph with a diode array detector (chromatographic column ‒ Inertsil ODS-3V, 250×4.6 mm, particle size 5 μm), thin-layer chromatography (chromatographic plate ‒ TLC Silicagel 60 F254). The suitability of using an alternative solvent with a 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution to identify the substance of ambroxol hydrochloride by UV spectrophotometry, as indicated in the SPU monograph for Ambroxol hydrochloride, substance, has been confirmed. As a result of the study of finished dosage forms, it was determined that the identification of ambroxol hydrochloride with a 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution is possible only for injection and tablets. For syrup and powder for oral suspension, it was determined that the use of such a technique for the identification of ambroxol hydrochloride is impossible. According to the results of the quantitative determination of ambroxol hydrochloride according to the methodology of the SFU «Ambroxol tablets» monograph in different dosage forms, it is possible to conclude that this technique is suitable for such forms as injection and syrup. For the quantitative determination of ambroxol hydrochloride in a preparation in the form of a powder for oral solution, this technique is unsuitable. Using thin layer chromatography, it is possible to identify Ambroxol hydrochloride for such forms as tablets and injection. However, the unsuitability of this methodology for such forms of as powder for oral suspension and syrup. It was confirmed that the experimentally selected technique using the method of high performance liquid chromatography is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative determination of ambroxol hydrochloride in the finished drugs that are selected for this work, and can be used to test finished drugs with the same composition of active and excipients. It was found that the method of high performance liquid chromatography allows not only to identify and quantify ambroxol hydrochloride, but also to determine the presence of some excipients.

We report a rapid and safe procedure for the synthesis of black phosphorus (BP) by the chemical transport reaction (CTR) method and a purification procedure for the as-prepared BP. Frequent explosion of glass ampules containing reactants (red P, Sn, and SnI4) during high-temperature annealing in the CTR method is inevitable. We found that any danger from the explosions can be prevented by enclosing the glass ampule in a flange-fitted stainless-steel tube without compromising the yield and the quality of BP. In contrast to prolonged heating at approximately 823 K, the BP crystals can be synthesized by immediately cooling (100 K/h) to 400 K after heating the glass ampule to the desired highest temperature (∼823–873 K) over 2 h. The minimum time required for BP synthesis is estimated to be approximately 5 h. The as-prepared BP predominantly contains Sn and I impurities on the upper layers of the BP flakes. These impurities can be removed by exfoliating the upper layers of the flakes or by combining vacuum annealing at ∼600 K and HCl treatment.

Purpose: The aim of the represented study was to model the impact of temperature gradient on content of polymer ampoule during its forming. Design/methodology/approach: The model of polymer ampoules forming is built in SolidWorks software on the basis of finite element method. Using the developed model the study of temperature condition changes is carried out. Numerical modelling was carried out for two types of polymer packaging materials – polypropylene and polyvinylchloride – in similar conditions. Findings: During polymer ampoule forming the highest temperature of liquid is obtained at the bottom of it. The most effective packaging method is to form the ampoule from polypropylene by means of aluminium die. Investigation results have shown that the highest obtained liquid temperature has linear dependence from initial one. Linear coefficients of heating were evaluated for polypropylene (equal to 0.72) and polyvinylchloride (equal to 0.58). Practical implications: Decrease of initial liquid temperature value gives an opportunity to expand the range of products allowed to be packed in polymer ampoules in represented method. Safe conditions for packaging of liquid products in polymer ampoules are formulated, The results of the study may be used to improve the quality of liquid products packaging in polymer ampoules. Originality/value: For the first time the model was developed for determination of liquid heating degree during its packaging in polymer ampoules. The calculations of the temperature distribution are represented for polypropylene and polyvinylchloride ampoules forming by means of aluminium and ceramic dies. The results of the study may be of interest to specialists in the field of polymer packaging manufacturing for food or pharmaceutical industry.

The compacts produced from Ni–Mg metal powders by explosion and intended for commercial alloying of wear- and heat-resistant steels, cast irons, and special-purpose alloys are investigated. The optimum parameters of shock-wave compaction of Ni–Mg–Mo–W and Ni–Mg powder mixtures are calculated and experimentally confirmed. A cylindrical storage ampule with a polymetallic powder mixture is loaded with an explosive charge, which generates a cylindrically convergent shock wave to provide an all-round uniform compression of the ampule. High-density compacts (>98% of the theoretical density) with the same initial phase composition are synthesized from powders with highly different properties.

Mohammad Amin Bahrami,1 Nafiseh Farhadian,1 Mohammad Karimi,2,3 Arash Forouzan,3 Kambiz Masoumi3 1Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; 2Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; 3Emergency Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranCorrespondence: Nafiseh Farhadian Tel +985138805140Fax +985138816841Email n.farhadian@um.ac.irIntroduction: In this study, the encapsulation of fentanyl citrate as an opioid drug with hydrophobic nature in the nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is performed.Methods: For encapsulation of fentanyl citrate drug, hot homogenization method is used. The pharmacokinetics of encapsulated fentanyl citrate for pain relief of rats are investigated. The influence of important variables such as the ratio of liquid lipid to the total amount of lipids, surfactant type and concentration on the particle size is investigated using response surface method.Results: Results show that the optimal NLC size is about 90 nm with PDI value around 0.2 and zeta potential of − 25± 4.01 mV. Characterization analysis of optimal nanostructure shows successful encapsulation of the drug in nanostructure with a spherical morphology of the NLC structure. Results of drug release from commercial fentanyl citrate ampoule and NLC form indicate a control drug release from the NLC within 72 hours in comparison to the commercial ampoule. In vivo studies show that fentanyl citrate-loaded NLC not only has the potential to relieve pain in doses equal to commercial drug but also it can reduce the dose of the drug about 50%.Conclusion: In conclusion, NLC form of fentanyl citrate can increase the efficacy of the drug by appropriate drug distribution in the body and can reduce the risks of overdose.Keywords: fentanyl citrate, nanostructured lipid carrier, drug control release, pain relief, formalin test

OBJECTIVES: To transfer sterile medical devices (SMD), infusion bags (IB), ampoules (A), injection vials (V) and infusion bottles (B) into a laminar airflow cabinet (LAF) or safety cabinet (SC) with a surface bioburden as low as possible.METHODS: Surface bioburden of the outer layer of SMD, IB, A, V and B was determined by contact plates. Surface bioburden determination of critical spots on A, V and B (ampoule necks and stoppers) was determined by high-recovery swabs and contact plates. Particle emission from white cardboard boxes was determined by a particle counter.RESULTS: The chances of a contaminated outer layer of SMD is negligible as long as they stay in their original boxes. The outer layer of double-packed IB can contain a considerable number of micro-organisms. As found in previous studies, the surface bioburden of A, V and B is low as long as they stay in their original cardboard boxes. Particle emission from white boxes is low. The necessity of a final disinfection step inside LAF/SC of critical sspots of A, V and B cannot be proven. SmallSMD, ampoules and injection vials can be transferred into the background areain their original white boxes. Other materials have to be unpacked in front ofthe lock while the operator wear disposable gloves. Disinfection of the outerlayer of IB, before transfer trough the lock, is advised. Tohave materials with a low chance of contamination in LAF/SC, transfer bypresentation for SMD and IB and using a sterile tray for disinfected materialsis an effective procedure. Wiping of ampoule necks and stoppers inside LAF/SC isadvised based on risk assessment.Small SMD, ampoules and injection vials can be transferred into the background areain their original white boxes. Other materials have to be unpacked in front ofthe lock while the operator wear disposable gloves. Disinfection of the outerlayer of IB, before transfer trough the lock, is advised.CONCLUSION: When SMD, ampoules, injection vials and infusion bottles stay in their original boxes as long as possible, the aseptic transfer and the disinfection procedure can be maintained effectively and efficiently.

The III-V groups of materials with narrow energy gap possessing favourable attributes have attracted the attention of researchers, as a special class of optoelectronic compounds. (Bi0.88Sb0.12)0.86In0.14 crystal has been grown using vertical Bridgman Technique by maintaining axial temperature gradient 60°C/cm with lowering growth rate 0.7 cm/h. The crystallinity of the material depends on the shape of the ampoule and diameters on the crystal and homogeneity was studied. Study of structural characterization using X-Ray Analysis, optical study characterized by UV–VIS spectroscopy and Electrical properties studied using Hall Measurement as well as I-V measurement. The results are reported and discuss in detail.

Objective: To characterize the differences in stability of L-adrenaline in adrenaline ampoules from different manufacturers that are used by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Methods: Adrenaline ampoules from three different vendors (Products A, B and C; 52, 13, and 19 batches, respectively) were purchased by the IDF and were stored under the recommended storage conditions (room temperature) for different time periods. The content of L-adrenaline in these samples was determined using a chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with UV detection. Results: The three analyzed drug products showed very dissimilar patterns of L-adrenaline degradation. The content of L-adrenaline in Product C was variable and declined below the 85% threshold much earlier than at the end of the 24-months storage period. Products A and B had less variable content of L-adrenaline and were more stable. Conclusion: L-adrenaline is prone to degradation in solution. Its content in adrenaline ampoules from certain vendors can decline rapidly, below the stipulated threshold, and compromise their clinical effectiveness (e. g., during resuscitation). Stability of adrenaline ampoules from individual vendors should be analyzed at different storage conditions, using a chiral HPLC-based assay, to define the shelf-life period that can differ substantially between the vendors.

The solubilities of salts in the MgSO4–H2O and CdSO4–H2O systems are studied at 276–500°C using various methods (visual examination of phase transformations in water–salt mixtures in sealed quartz ampoules, collecting solution samples and performing chemical analysis, and measuring p–V–T dependences in an autoclave) to determine temperature dependence and classify the compounds as one the of two types (type 1 or type 2) according to the classification of inorganic salts. In the studied temperature range, the solubility of these salts is very low at pressures below 157 MPa and decreases when approaching the critical point of water. The systems under study are found to be classified as type 2 water–salt systems having the critical point (G = L – S) lying near the critical point of water. No separation of fluid into two liquid phases was detected at temperatures below 500°C and pressures below 157 MPa, thus indicating that the second critical point (L1 = L2 – S) has very high parameters. The resulting data can be used for elaborating methods for raw material processing.

Accurate, rapid and inexpensive determination of gemcitabine, an anticancer drug, is of high interest. This manuscript describes the use of potentiometric sensors as a basis for this work given their known attractive characteristics that meet our needs. Potentiometric sensors were comprised of carbon paste S 1 , coated wire S 2 and PVC membrane S 3 , of gemcitabine (an anticancer drug) were fabricated, studied and evaluated. The calibration plots for these electrodes showed a Nernstian slope of 58.4±0.3, 59.5±0.3 and 58.3±0.3 mV per decade with the limit of detection: 6.50×10 -5 , 7.20×10 -5 and 4.60×10 -5 for sensors S 1 , S 2 and S 3 , respectively. The electrodes have a short and stable response time of ~5 seconds and good reproducibility in a pH range of 2.5-9.5. The present sensors show distinct selectivity toward the drug ion in comparison to several inorganic ions, sugars, amino acids and some common drug excipients. Gemcitabine was determined successfully in ampoules and urine using these sensors by the calibration curve method.

Thermoanalytical methods are widely used to study seed germination processes. Our research aimed to use them in order to monitor the germination of maize seeds. To this end, we employed—for the first time—the isothermal calorimetric method with full oxygen access. Dry seeds were placed in ampoules with threaded caps, filled with distilled water. Heat flow was recorded in microwatts at 20 °C for 72 h in order to determine changes in thermal power associated with germination. In parallel with these measurements, in the same time regime, we measured FT-Raman spectra, which allowed us to analyze how endosperm and embryo changed their chemical compositions during imbibition and germination. Spectra obtained for endosperm reflected chemical changes resulting from catabolic processes. We also analyzed variations in the secondary structure of proteins in the embryo accompanying germination. Decomposition of amide I bands proved that during germination and protein hydrolysis, the content of helical and β-sheet structures decreased. Furthermore, in the embryos of dry seeds, S-S linkages were in both gauche–gauche-trans and trans-gauche-trans conformations, but after imbibition, only gauche–gauche-trans conformation can be identified.

One of the most important stages of the high-purity chalcogenide glasses’ analytical control is the determination of matrix elements’ content with the uncertainty at the levels of 0.1–0.2 mol.%. The content of the macro-components may differ from the composition of the initial charge; therefore, an important task is the macro-composition determination of the final materials. This article describes the development of the technique for determining the matrix elements of high-purity Ge-Se-Te glasses in the range of germanium content from 10 to 35 mol. %, selenium and tellurium content from 20 to 50 mol. % with the expanded uncertainty within 0.01–0.2 mol. % ( P = 0.95) using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). A simple technique for the preparation of primary calibration solutions from pure elementary Ge, Se and Te is proposed. The correctness of the analysis results is confirmed by comparing the calculated matrix composition of model glass samples, prepared by direct synthesis from high-purity simple substances in the sealed quartz glass ampoule, with the analysis results. The main advantage of the proposed analysis technique is the absence of the need for the reference samples identical to the analyzed material, which is especially important for determination of new materials’ matrix composition. The minimum sample mass for the determination of matrix elements is about 1 mg, which makes it possible to analyze not only bulk glass samples, but also fibers and expensive materials. Key words: Ge-Se-Te chalcogenide glasses, determination of matrix elements, high accuracy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2020.24.4.002 D.A. Fadeeva, I.I. Evdokimov, V.G. Pimenov G.G. Devyatykh Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Box-75, 49 Tropinin Str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603951, Russian Federation

Vitamin B12 is a type of vitamin also known by the name cobalamin. B12 is involved in many metabolism activities, including DNA synthesis, nervous system, red blood formation and immune system. Therefore, we chose the Differential Pulse Polarography (DPP) method is that has a high sensitivity for the determination of vitamin B12. This determination was possible with cobalt present in vitamin B12 structure. Since Co(III) is formed from the oxidation of the vitamin, its polarographic behavior had to be determined in various electrolytes such as acetate, borate, phosphate and ammonia. The polarograms of Co(III) were taken in these electrolytes in which 1.0 M NH3/ (pH = 9.8) and 1.0 M AcOH/AcO- (pH = 4.0) were found as the most suitable electrolytes. This method was successfully applied vitamin of B12 determination in a 1 mL ampoule with high precision. The LOD was found as 3.7 × 10-7 for instead of (S/N = 3). Besides Co(III), interference effects of Zn(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Se(IV) were also studied. It was found that only Zn(II) peak had an overlap Co(III) peak in ammonium buffer. This problem could be solved by working in 1.0 M AcOH/AcO- (pH = 4.0) buffer. B12, which is 1000 μg in 1 mL vitamin ampoule, was found for 4 measurements as 999 ± 15 μg as a result of 95% confidence interval.

MoSe2 is an attractive transition-metal dichalcogenide with a two-dimensional layered structure and various attractive properties. Although MoSe2 is a promising negative electrode material for electrochemical applications, further investigation of MoSe2 has been limited, mainly by the lack of MoSe2 mass-production methods. Here, we report a rapid and ultra-high-yield synthesis method of obtaining MoSe2 nanosheets with high crystallinity and large grains by ampoule-loaded chemical vapor deposition. Application of high pressure to an ampoule-type quartz tube containing MoO3 and Se powders initiated rapid reactions that produced vertically oriented MoSe2 nanosheets with grain sizes of up to ∼100 μm and yields of ∼15 mg h−1. Spectroscopy and microscopy characterizations confirmed the high crystallinity of the obtained MoSe2 nanosheets. Transistors and lithium-ion battery cells fabricated with the synthesized MoSe2 nanosheets showed good performance, thereby further indicating their high quality. The proposed simple scalable synthesis method can pave the way for diverse electrical and electrochemical applications of MoSe2.

Three solid solutions in the Pd–Bi–Te system were obtained by high-temperature ampoule synthesis from the elements at 700°C. The crystal structures of the solid solutions were determined using powder diffraction data by the full-profile Rietveld method. The solid solutions PdTe0.33Bi0.67 (a = 4.19816(8) A, c = 5.6861(1) A), PdTe0.5Bi0.5 (a = 4.18888(9) A, c = 5.6778(1) A), and PdTe0.67Bi0.33 (a = 4.17796(8) A, c = 5.6733(1) A) belong to the PdTe1 – xBix series: the structures of compounds are based on the statistical substitution of Bi atoms for Te atoms in the PdTe structure (NiAs type, hexagonal system, space group P63/mmc). The concentration limit for substitution in the PdTe1 – xBix series of solid solutions is in the 0.67 < x < 0.8 range. Band structure calculations demonstrate the metallic nature for all compounds and similar electronic structures for PdTe, PdTe1– xBix, and PdBi.

Propofol and cisatracurium besylate have been simultaneously determined using a highly sensitive first derivative synchronous spectrofluorometric method. The method is based on measuring first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric amplitude at Δλ = 40 nm with a scanning rate of 600 nm/min. The different experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence intensity of the two drugs were carefully studied and optimized. The amplitude-concentration plots were rectilinear over the range 40.0-400.0 ng/mL and 20.0-280.0 ng/mL for propofol and cisatracurium, respectively with lower detection limits of 4.0 and 2.35 ng/mL and quantification limits of 12.1 and 7.1 ng/mL for propofol and cisatracurium, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the two compounds in synthetic mixtures and in commercial ampoules. The high sensitivity attained using the proposed method allowed the simultaneous determination of both drugs in spiked plasma samples. The mean % recoveries in spiked human plasma (n = 3) were 96.53 ± 0.90 and 96.20 ± 1.64 for each of propofol and cisatracurium, respectively. The method was validated in compliance with International Council of Harmonization (ICH) Guidelines.

The first quasi-binary acetonitriletriide Sr3 [C2 N]2 has been synthesised and characterised. The nearly colourless crystals were obtained from the reaction of Sr metal, graphite, and elemental N2 , generated by decomposition of Sr(N3 )2 , in a sealed Ni ampoule with the aid of an alkali metal flux. The structure of this compound was analysed via single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the identity of the [C2 N]3- anion was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and further investigated by quantum-chemical methods. Computed interatomic distances within the [C2 N]3- anion strikingly match the obtained experimental data.

The ampoule method provides a promising pathway towards the controllable synthesis of novel electrocatalysts for water electrolysis due to its straightforward manipulation of reaction conditions, accessible experimental design, and controlled environment. This Concept introduces the development of the ampoule method and anticipates its application in electrocatalyst synthesis for water electrolysis. First, the history, device configuration, and merits of the ampoule method are briefly introduced. Afterwards, typical materials synthesized by the ampoule method are discussed. Then, recent process in applying the ampoule method to synthesize electrocatalysts for water electrolysis is highlighted. Finally, opportunities and potentials of this method in facilitating electrocatalyst synthesis for water electrolysis are discussed.

Directional solidification experiment was carried out with Al-Bi-Sn immiscible alloy under microgravity environment onboard the Tiangong 2 space laboratory of China. Sample with a well-dispersed microstructure was obtained by properly designing the experimental scheme, the matrix shows equiaxed morphology, and there is no visible gas cavity or pinhole in the sample. In contrast, the reference samples solidified on earth show phase-segregated structure and contain some gas cavities or pinholes. The grain morphology of the terrestrial sample depends on the solidification direction, it is equiaxed when the sample ampoule was withdrawn against the gravity direction, while it is columnar when the sample ampoule was withdrawn along the gravity direction. The solidification process and affecting mechanisms of microgravity on the microstructure formation are discussed. The results indicate that the microgravity conditions can effectively diminish the convective flow of the melt and the Stokes motions of the minority phase droplets and gas bubbles, which are helpful for suppressing the occurrence of macro-segregation and preventing the formation of porosity. The results also demonstrate that the microgravity conditions favor the detachment between the melt and the wall of crucible, thus increasing the nucleation undercooling of α-Al nuclei and promoting the formation of equiaxed grain.