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Fruit are rich source of antioxidants and total phenolic compounds (TPC). They are helpful in improving human health. As the consumption of fruit is increasing day by day, its wastage is also increasing. Currently, there is an increasing interest worldwide in the extraction of valuable chemicals from underutilized agro-wastes to investigate their potential commercial applications in cosmetics, drugs, and food preservation. The peels of many fruits, which are a byproduct of underutilized fruit processing, are a great source of various bioactive substances, including tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, and particularly limonoids, which are uncommon in other plants. In this review, it is discussed how ultrasonic energy has great importance in extracting polyphenols. By applying ultrasonication with enzymolysis or solvent, the yeild of polyphenols extract increases. Polyphenols present in different fruit peels help in improving human health as a preventative treatment agent against several oxidative stress degenerative disorders. Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) breaks the cell wall and intracelleluar material comes out. In this way, it increases the yield of different polyphenols in fruit peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depletion of fossil fuels and climate issues are calling for renewable sources of chemicals such as modern biomass, yet converting biomass into chemicals is challenging due to the inherent molecular complexity of biomass composition. Here, we review recent methods for the production of polyols from vegetable oil, lignin, and carbohydrates. We also review the production of polyurethane from biomass polyols. Conversion of vegetable oil into polyols is done by epoxidation, hydroformylation, and transesterification. Conversion of lignin into polyols is done by solvothermal liquefaction, hydroxymethylation, oxypropylation, and phenolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 4‐year‐old, spayed, female Jack Russell terrier dog presented after ingestion of 0.135 kg of dried beet pulp pellets. Survey radiographs revealed severe gastric distension. The dog was hospitalised and received intravenous fluids, analgesics and an antiemetic and recovered without complication. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of medical management of gastric distension secondary to beet pulp ingestion in a dog. This case illustrates that surgical intervention of severe gastric distension secondary to dry beet pulp ingestion may not be required. Close monitoring for evidence of gastric obstruction or perforation is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was focused on using raw bananas in place of natural wooden ice cream sticks. The raw bananas were used in a powdered form and then processed to create a substitute for the wooden sticks. A research operation was carried out, experimenting with different proportions of banana powder in a randomized complete block experimental design (RCBD). The properties of interest for the ice cream sticks were hardness, fracturability, and aw of samples, as well as a sensory evaluation. The research showed that ice cream sticks which contained 50–80% raw banana powder with 40% sugar and 40 min of baking resulted in a product with the properties of commonly used wooden ice cream sticks, and that the product also had a good appearance along with positive consumer response. In addition, the maximum shelf life of such ice-cream sticks was 8 days. In the future, development of this product can increase the value of bananas and also reduce the waste of single-use wooden ice cream sticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethanes, a major class of polymers conventionally derived from petroleum products, find applications in numerous sectors. Limited fossil resources, their extensive usage, large carbon footprint and alarming environmental issues motivated the research community worldwide in finding alternate and renewable routes for one of the key raw materials, polyols and isocyanate precursors. There are several reports available in the literature showing the techno-economic viability of bio-based polyols and hence polyurethanes. This article summarizes the synthesis of renewable polyols and polyurethanes thereof through utilization of various renewable sources such as vegetable oils, lingo-cellulosic biomass and other feedstock. The polyols obtained from different starting materials lead to variation in hydroxyl number and ultimately have a profound impact on the properties of polyurethanes. Hydroxyl groups are further classified based on their presence in polyols. Primary hydroxyl groups present in polyols hold the mechanical and thermal performance of final polyurethanes better. In this context, the recent advancements in increasing the primary hydroxyl groups in bio-based polyols through different chemical transformation has been focused on here. Moreover, the developments in the synthesis of polyurethane foam without the use of isocyanates have been considered as a green polymer. The ever-increasing demand in the market and the high potential of renewable sources will lead to further advancement in commercialization of bio-based polyurethanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are the agricultural waste generally eliminated by discarding or burning. It contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties (such as chlorogenic acid and gallic acid, etc.), which are beneficial in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Apart from extraction, the purification of targeted antioxidative substances from the liquid extract is essential. This research presents the separation of chlorogenic and gallic acids using the three-zone simulated moving bed, which is based on the principle of liquid chromatography. Preliminary, SCG were extracted to assess the content of chlorogenic acid and gallic acid. After that, the adsorption behavior of both substances (chlorogenic acid and gallic acid) in a single chromatographic C18 column was studied. The suitable mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile, water, and acetic acid (80:20:1). The model simulation was carried out in the mono-component system to determine the adsorption parameters. Breakthrough curve experiments for a binary mixture were performed to validate the predetermined parameters. Then, a three-zone SMB was designed and the model simulation was used to optimize the operating conditions via response surface methodology based on purity and productivity. At the optimal conditions, the purity of chlorogenic acid and gallic acid were 99.27% and 98.43%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous biomanufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins offers several potential advantages over conventional batch processing, including reduced cost of goods, more flexible and responsive manufacturing facilities, and improved and consistent product quality. Although continuous approaches to various upstream and downstream unit operations have been considered and studied for decades, in recent years interest and application have accelerated. Researchers have achieved increasingly higher levels of process intensification, and have also begun to integrate different continuous unit operations into larger, holistically continuous processes. This review first discusses approaches for continuous cell culture, with a focus on perfusion-enabling cell separation technologies including gravitational, centrifugal, and acoustic settling, as well as filtration-based techniques. We follow with a review of various continuous downstream unit operations, covering categories such as clarification, chromatography, formulation, and viral inactivation and filtration. The review ends by summarizing case studies of integrated and continuous processing as reported in the literature.

Organosolv lignin has been extracted from spent olive-pomace and converted into polyols by oxypropylation in presence of potassium hydroxide. Reaction parameters such as temperature, catalyst contents and lignin / propylene oxide ratio [L / PO (w / v)] were optimized. The macro-polyols obtained were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and size exclusion chromatography. The intrinsic viscosity, the amount of poly (propylene oxide) homopolymer (PPO) and the hydroxyl number (IOH) were also determined. Olive pomace- lignin based rigid polyurethane foams (RPU) have been produced and characterized. A RPU displaying specifications close to those of commercial RPU in terms of compressive strength (1.9 Mpa), density (40 Kg.m−3) and thermal conductivity (27 mW.mK−1) was produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we prepared a homogeneous dispersion of CaO-SiO2 sorbent with advanced nanostructures as an efficient solid-reducing agent for the elimination of hazardous chemicals. The hydrophobic properties of SiO2 ceramic particles are of interest for reducing the limitations and enhancing the chemical properties of highly hygroscopic materials. Nano-sized SiO2 is introduced and composited with CaO through a facile synthetic route. The structural and microstructural characteristics and elemental compositional analyses confirm the uniform distribution of the CaO-SiO2 nanocomposite. The as-prepared nanocomposites have particle sizes in the range of ~ 20-100 nm. Optimization of the composition reveals that the 60 wt% CaO-SiO2 can be considered as an efficient solid-reducing agent for the hydrogen fluoride (HF) removal process. In order to identify the catalytic effect and binder ratio, the specific surface area and HF removal performance was investigated and compared to CaO-SiO2 nanostructures with individual CaO catalyst. The higher amount of HF concentration was absorbed by CaO-SiO2 catalyst than the CaO only. In the first 2.5-h reaction, the outlet HF concentration is rapidly increased to 380 ppm by using CaO catalyst as a HF sorbent. However, the outlet HF concentration is sluggishly increased up to 180 ppm, when nanostructured CaO-SiO2 catalyst used as a sorbent in RE-RCS. It has been found that the addition of hydrophobic properties of SiO2 has prevented the reaction between water/moisture and CaO in CaO-SiO2 catalyst system, which is a major reason for enhancement in HF removal process. Furthermore, the CaF2 byproduct can be effectively used in the ceramic industry and building material applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]