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Devido a preocupacao atual com a preservacao das fontes de agua potavel para as futuras geracoes, cada vez mais tem sido importante o estudo de novos processos e tecnologias para tratamento do esgoto gerado pela sociedade. Uma das tecnologias emergentes para tratamento e o sistema de filtracao lenta. E um sistema de câmaras compartimentadas com material granular, constituido de areia e pedregulho. Esse trabalho monitorou um sistema de filtro lento desenvolvido no campus da UNICAMP. O sistema possui dois filtros com camadas de material suporte em que em um existe, ainda, uma camada adicional de carvao ativado. O estudo durou nove semanas com coletas semanais para analise da DBO proveniente do esgoto do local. Os estudos mostraram que o sistema teve uma eficiencia de ate 70% para remocao da DBO para o filtro com camada adicional de carvao ativado, enquanto o filtro convencional teve desempenho na faixa de 60% na remocao.Palavras-chave: Filtro de areia, esgoto domestico, contaminacao, poluicao hidrica.Linha de Investigacao: Cidade e Ambiente. Topico: Meio ambiente, paisagem e alteracoes climaticas. ABSTRACTDue to the current concern with the preservation of drinking water sources for future generations, it has been increasingly important to study new processes and technologies for treating the sewage generated by society. One of the emerging technologies for treatment is the slow filtration system. It is a system of chambers compartmentalized with granular material consisting of sand and gravel. This work monitored a slow filter system developed on the UNICAMP campus. The system has two filters with layers of support material in which there is still an additional layer of activated carbon. The study lasted nine weeks with weekly collections for the analysis of BOD from the local sewage. Studies have shown that the system had an efficiency of up to 70% for BOD removal for the filter with an additional layer of activated carbon, while the conventional filter performed in the range of 60% in removal.Keywords: Filter sand, domestic sewage, contamination, water pollution.Research line: City and Environment.Topic: Environment, landscape and climate change.

In terms of some specifics parameters, Eucalyptus and savanna trees were characterized by similar responses of resource use under field conditions. Remarkably, young eucalypt exhibited greater photosynthetic capacity, primarily in the dry season. Although a growing demand for paper and pulp is enhancing pressure for land use to increase eucalypt plantations in tropical savanna regions around the world, it has not been thoroughly characterized to date how eucalypt plantations perform in terms of energy, water and CO2 assimilation exchange compared to native savanna species. In this study, we performed an integrative analysis of diurnal changes in gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and water use efficiency of eucalypt and savanna species over a whole year in the Brazilian tropical savanna region in eastern Mato Grosso do Sul State. We also evaluated the response curves of net photosynthetic rate (A) in response to photosynthetic photon flux density in leaves of these species during both wet and dry seasons. Although dry season conditions led to decreases in all parameters, primarily in stomatal conductance (gs), Fv/Fm values remained above the level that causes photoinhibition. Young eucalypt exhibited mostly similar Amax values in wet and dry seasons, but adult eucalypt and savanna trees decreased their Amax by 83% and 69% in the dry season, respectively. Overall, all species were similar in photosynthetic terms and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi), as demonstrated via principal component analysis. Despite major differences between wet and dry seasons, eucalypt plantations and savanna woody species were characterized by similar responses of resource use efficiency under field conditions. Remarkably, young eucalypt was characterized by higher photosynthetic capacity, particularly during the dry season.

Scientific communication in agricultural and forest meteorology requires a correct conversion of units and the adequate use of equations. In general, most of conversion and equations are found separately in a specific book, paper or document. Thus, here we propose a single document with conversion units of solar radiation, evapotranspiration, resource use efficiency, carbon balance, ecophysiology, trace gases and water; and general equations: Penman-Monteith, canopy conductance, decoupling factor and Bowen ratio. This document has a lot of value for teaching, for scientists and as a quick reference.

Em várias localidades não existem registros horários de temperatura do ar, o que dificulta a elaboração de vários estudos sobre a aptidão agrícola de várias espécies e cultivares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar por meio de registros horários de temperatura do ar o número de horas de frio (NHF) inferiores a 7ºC, 10ºC e 13ºC em três localidades de Minas Gerais, e correlacioná-las com a temperatura mínima e máxima média mensal para identificar as potencialidades dessas variáveis em estimar o NHF. Utilizaram-se para este estudo dados horários de temperatura do ar dos municípios de Belo Oriente, Antônio Dias e São Domingos do Prata - MG, durante o período de junho de 2001 a dezembro de 2007. A localidade de Antônio Dias apresentou os menores valores de temperaturas do ar e maior número de horas de frio, quando comparada com as demais localidades, enquanto que a localidade de Belo Oriente apresentou as maiores temperaturas e o menor número de horas de frio. As variáveis temperaturas médias mensais mínima e máxima do ar correlacionaram-se bem com o NHF < 13 °C em todas as localidades, não acontecendo o mesmo com o e o NHF < 10 °C e NHF < 7 °C que apresentou valores muitos fracos ou não significativos de correlação. As variáveis temperatura mínima e máxima médias mensais do ar podem ser utilizadas para estimar o NHF < 13 °C.

Manaus se localiza na parte central da bacia Amazônica e apresenta as melhores séries de dados disponíveis da região de floresta tropical brasileira. A região de Manaus apresenta media anual de chuva de 2107mm no período 1911-1985. Tendo o período chuvoso (dez-maio) 1546mm, e o período seco (jun-nov) com 516mm. No mês mais úmido (março) não se observou precipitação em 24% dos dias no mais seco (agosto) em 51% dos dias. Nota-se, que as chuvas em cerca de 80% dos casos e igual ou inferior a 15mm. Os sistemas que ocasionam chuvas são os mesmos ao longo do ano, diferenciando as variações estacionais apenas pelo número de mecanismos de precipitação ocorrentes em função da água precipitável e do balanço de energia local. Os períodos mais úmidos foram aqueles em que se verificou, de maneira geral os períodos mais úmidos foram aqueles em que se verificou, temperatura menores. No inicio do século ate 1930 observaram-se menores precipitações em relação ao restante do período com comportamento inverso para as temperaturas máximas, mínimas e medias. Isto explica a tendência crescente para a precipitação decrescente para a temperatura média. Analisando-se a precipitação e a temperatura média anual nos períodos 1931-60 e 1961-85, verificou-se a tendência desses elementos flutuarem flutuaram em torno de um valor médio. Portanto, para as series de dados analisados, parece não existir tendência recente de mudança climática. Manaus is in the geographical center of the Amazon Basin and has the best available data series of the Brasilian Tropical Forest. That region displays an annual rainfall average of 2107mm over the period 1911-1985, while the rainy season (december-may) has a mean of 1546mm and the dry season 516mm. In the moister month (march) , it was not observed precipitation over 24,4% of the days and in (august), the dryer month 51,3% of the days. It was noted that 77,7% of the rainfalls is equal or lesser than 15mm. The rainfall systems are the same throughout the year differing the season, deffer only by the number of precipitation that occur as a function of the available water and of the localenergy balance. In general, the moister period had lower temperatures. At the beginning of this century (until 1930) were lower anual precipitations observed than the remaining of the period, with invese behavior with the maximum, minimum and mean temperatures. This explain the increasing trend in the precipitation but decreasing of the mean temperature. Analysing the annual precipitation and the mean temperature over 1931-1960 and 1961-1985, there was no defined trend, the temperature varying about the mean value. Therefore, no recent trend of climate change could be detect in data series used in this study.

Objectives The use of consolidation chemotherapy (CCT) after chemoradiation (CRT) in cervical cancer remains debatable. We evaluated the impact of CCT added to up-to-date CRT (CRT) and sought to identify predictive factors of CCT benefit. Methods This retrospective study reviewed 216 patients with 2014 FIGO stage IB2-IIA2, and IIB-IVB (para-aortic nodes only) cervical cancer treated with CRT alone or CRTT followed by CCT (CCT group). Firstly, we assessed the prognostic role of CCT. Moreover, we developed a prognostic score for distant metastasis free survival (DMFS). Results After 42.8 months of median follow up 174 patients were treated with standard CRT and 72 with CCT. Clinical characteristics were comparable between groups, except CCT patients were younger (p 1 but not for patients with score ≤1 (OS: p=0.310; DMFS: p=0.179). Conclusions A clinical score may predict CCT benefit. If this score withstands external validation, it may contribute to better selection for CCT.

As Brazil becomes one of the largest agricultural and livestock producers, the expansion of cultivated pasture and crop areas in the Cerrado region is expected to cause significant changes in carbon and water vapor fluxes. While this change in land use promotes modifications in regional carbon uptake and water cycle, eddy covariance studies carried out in pasture areas in the Brazilian Cerrado remain scarce. The present study aimed to quantify the carbon uptake and water vapor exchange of these areas in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experimental site was installed in an area covered by Brachiaria sp. in Tres Lagoas – MS, Brazil. Data were collected during two hydrological years (2016–2017 and 2017–2018). Pasture strongly acted as a carbon sink; its total accumulation reached −208.9 (±9.6) and −171.8 (±15.8) g C m−2 in the first and second hydrological years, respectively. Average evapotranspiration of 2.0 (±1.1) mm d−1 was observed in the two hydrological years. There was significant reduction in evapotranspiration at the pasture site during the driest months of the year (June and July), mainly in the second hydrological year, which recorded an average of 0.4 (±0.1) mm d−1. The lower recorded water availability in the soil led to the release of 86.7 g C m−2 (over 85 days) in the dry season of the second hydrological year. Ecosystem-level water use efficiency observed during the higher soil water deficit facilitated the survival of the grass. This information is the basis for further studies about the impact of climate change on carbon uptake and water vapor flux by cultivated and natural pasture; additionally, the present research will allow comparisons of carbon storage results to other ecosystems and to support studies of agrometeorological modeling.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar o efeito de diferentes níveis de estresse hídrico no crescimento das cultivares RB92579, RB855453, RB867515 e RB928064, utilizando um sistema automático de controle dos eventos de fertirrigação, durante o período de formação da cana-de- -açúcar. No período experimental, as plantas foram submetidas a períodos alternados de estresse e de reposição hídrica, por meio de fertirrigações periódicas, cujos limites do potencial matricial de água (Y) foram aqui denominados, para propósitos comparativos, como ausência de estresse, estresse leve, moderado e severo, respectivamente, para os valores críticos de Y de −10, −60, −90 e −120 kPa. Para avaliação do efeito do estresse hídrico no crescimento da cana-de-açúcar, foi utilizado o modelo sigmoidal com três parâmetros, tendo graus-dia acumulados como variável independente, o qual demonstrou excelente ajuste aos dados de estatura dos colmos (R2aj > 0,95). Na ausência de estresse hídrico, os valores máximos da taxa de elongação dos colmos (TEC) estiveram compreendidos entre 0,23 e 0,26 cm°Cd-1, independentemente da cultivar. Por outro lado, sob estresse severo, os valores máximos da TEC estiveram entre 0,07 e 0,09 cm°Cd-1, também independentemente da cultivar avaliada. The objective of this research was to identify the effect of different water stress levels on crop growth of RB92579, RB855453, RB867515 and RB928064 cultivars, by using an automatic system to control fertigation events, during the sugarcane formative phase. In the experimental period, plants were subjected to alternate periods of stress and water supply, by means of periodic fertigations, whose limits of the water matric potential (Y) were denoted, for comparison purposes, as absence of water stress and mild, moderate and severe water stress, respectively for critical Y values of −10, −60, −90 and −120 kPa. For evaluation of the water stress effect on the sugarcane growth, it was utilized the sigmoid model with three parameters and degree-days as independent variable, which demonstrated excellent adjust to stalk length (R2aj > 0.95). Under the absence of water stress, the maximum values of the stalk elongation rate (SER) ranged from 0.23 to 0.26 cm°Cd-1, regardless of the cultivar. In contrast, under severe water stress, the maximum SER values were between 0.07 and 0.09 cm°Cd-1, also regardless of the evaluated cultivar.

A simulação do comportamento térmico de galpões avícolas com e sem Sistemas de Resfriamento Adiabáticos Evaporativos (SRAE) permite aos tomadores de decisão avaliarem a viabilidade econômica e os custos da instalação de um empreendimento na avicultura de corte. Para operacionalização desta investigação, o primeiro passo foi a execução do teste do modelo de comportamento térmico desenvolvido por Gates et al. (1995) para galpões avícolas nos Estados Unidos, com base na hipótese de que este modelo, utilizando-se galpões climatizados, como sugerido pelos autores, possa ser usado em condições brasileiras. O modelo se mostrou adequado para o objetivo previsto, na forma indicada por Gates et al. (1995) para galpões com vazão mássica do ar elevada, (120,8 kg de ar por segundo ou maior). É necessário um fator de correção referente a uma série de fontes de calor desprezada pelo modelo para galpões sem uma grande vazão mássica, ou a inclusão dessas fontes. The simulation of poultry house thermal behavior with and without Adiabatic Evaporative Cooling (SRAE) allows the decision makers to evaluate the economical feasibility and the installation costs of a poultry production business. The first step in this research investigation was test the thermal behavior model developed by Gates et al. (1995) for broiler houses in the United States based on the hypothesis that this model, using climatized sheds, as proposed by the authors, could be used under Brazilian conditions. The model is suitable for the proposed objective in the form proposed by Gates et al. (1995) for poultry houses with an elevated mass air flow rate (120.8 kg air s -1 or higher). A correction factor referring to a series of heat sources not included in the model, or the inclusion of these sources, is necessary for poultry houses without a high mass air flow.

Among the environmental variables that affect the growth and development of plants, the air temperature is of great importance. In this context, the objectives of this work were to model the growth of eucalyptus seedlings in terms of accumulated degree-days during the production process and model validation. The study was conducted in the forest research nursery of the Department of Forestry, located in Viçosa (MG), during the periods of 08/02/2011 to 28/04/2011 and 03/08/2012 to 01/11/2012, making it possible to contemplate seasonal variations in the production cycle. The monitored variables were shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, root length and fresh and dry biomass. Results showed that it took 1065 degree-days for the production of seedlings and sigmoidal models obtained showed high correlation and Willmott coefficients, indicating good performance for estimating the growth and development of eucalyptus seedlings. This tool has great potential for planning and monitoring the production of eucalyptus seedlings in nurseries. RESUMO Dentre as variáveis ambientais que afetam o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, a temperatura do ar é de grande importância. Nesse contexto, os objetivos desse trabalho foram realizar a modelagem do crescimento de mudas de eucalipto em função dos graus-dia acumulados no decorrer do processo de produção e a validação do modelo proposto. O estudo foi realizado no viveiro de pesquisas florestais pertencente ao Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, localizado em Viçosa (MG), nos períodos de 08/02/2011 a 28/04/2011 e 03/08/2012 a 01/11/2012, sendo possível contemplar as variações sazonais no ciclo de produção. As variáveis monitoradas foram altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, área foliar, comprimento do sistema radicular e biomassa fresca e seca. Resultados mostraram que foram necessários 1065 graus-dia acumulados para a produção das mudas e que os modelos sigmoidais obtidos apresentaram altos coeficientes de correlação e de Willmott, apresentando bom desempenho para estimar o crescimento e desenvolvimento das mudas de eucalipto. Esta ferramenta apresenta alto potencial para o planejamento e condução da produção de mudas de eucalipto em viveiros.

The rapid expansion of Eucalyptus plantations in Doce river basin, eastern Brazil, by changing the grassland and the natural surface cover in the savanna ecosystem, can potentially cause significant changes to water resources of the region. Especially for the higher amount of water transpired by the trees. The objective of this work was to model the water balance in an area cultivated with clonal E. grandis × urophylla in the Doce river basin, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Between October 2007 and September 2010, the water balance model estimated the daily variation of available soil water as a function of the water loss via evapotranspiration. Components of the evapotranspiration process were estimated by modifying the stomatal resistance of the Penman-Monteith equation. Evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (P), during the three years, were 3,467 mm and 3,439 mm, respectively. The evapotranspiration/precipitation ratio (ET/P) was of 1.01. Precipitation input was approximately balanced by water losses to evapotranspiration, without significant changes to water stored in soil and groundwater.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar as diferenças da intensidade da radiação frente às distintas faces de exposição do relevo e quantificar estes efeitos no índice de área foliar (IAF) e outras variáveis que expressam a produtividade de florestas de eucalipto, para simulações em um modelo de crescimento de plantios florestais. O estudo foi realizado em duas localidades de contrastes edafoclimáticos, localizadas na bacia do Rio Doce, MG. Trabalhou-se em dois talhões com plantios em idades de 32 meses, tendo sido alocadas parcelas fixas em locais com a face de exposição norte e sul. Os dados meteorológicos foram obtidos de duas estações meteorológicas automáticas localizadas próximas às localidades de estudo. A radiação solar foi corrigida em função das inclinações efaces de exposição do terreno, tendo em vista que esta é mensurada no plano, perpendicularmente à vertical do local. Foram utilizados os valores do IAF coletados em campo. Para as simulações comparativas na variação da produtividade, utilizou-se o modelo mecanístico 3PG considerando as faces de exposição do relevo. Verificou-se que na maior parte do ano, as faces sul apresentaram menor disponibilidade de radiação solar incidente resultando em perdas de até 66% em comparação à mesma superfície considerada plana, podendo estar relacionada à localização geográfica e maior declividade do terreno nessa face de exposição. Maiores valores foram obtidos para os plantios localizados naface norte nas variáveis IAF, volume e incremento médio anual de madeira. Esta tendência se repetiu nas simulações do modelo 3PG. This study aimed to verify the differences in radiation intensity as a function of distinct relief exposure surfaces and to quantify these effects on the leaf area index (LAI) and other variables expressing eucalyptus forest productivity for simulations in a process-based growth model. The study was carried out at two contrasting edaphoclimatic locations in the Rio Doce basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two stands with 32-year-old plantations were used, allocating fixed plots in locations with northern and southern exposure surfaces. The meteorological data were obtained from two automated weather stations located near the study sites. Solar radiation was corrected for terrain inclination and exposure surfaces, as it is measured based on the plane, perpendicularly to the vertical location. The LAI values collected in the field were used. For the comparative simulations in productivity variation, the mechanistic 3PG model was used, considering the relief exposure surfaces. It was verified that during most of the year, the southern surfaces showed lower availability of incident solar radiation, resulting in up to 66% losses, compared to the same surface considered plane, probably related to its geographical location and higher declivity. Higher values were obtained for the plantings located on the northern surface for the variables LAI, volume and mean annual wood increase, with this tendency being repeated in the 3PG model simulations.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo ajustar modelos de regressão entre o índice de área foliar (IAF) de plantios de Eucalyptusgrandis x urophylla e índices de vegetação (IVs) de imagens TM - Landsat 5. O estudo foi realizado em plantios com diferentes idades localizados na porção mineira da bacia hidrográfica do rio Doce, entre os anos de 2008 e 2011. O IAF foi medido em campo, de forma não destrutiva, com o equipamento LAI-2000. Os IVs utilizados foram o Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), o Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) e o Simple Ratio (SR). O melhor modelo foi ajustado a partir do NDVI, com coeficiente de determinação de 0,73 e erro quadrático médio da raiz de 0,37 m² m–2(19%). Pode-se concluir que os valores de IAF podem ser estimados pelos modelos de regressão ajustados a partir dos IVs derivados do TM - Landsat. The objective of the present study was to fit regression models to the measured leaf area in eucalyptus forests and vegetation indices derived from Landsat-5 TM images. The study was carried out in commercial plantations located in the basin of the Doce River, Minas Gerais state, between 2008 and 2011. Leaf area was measured in the field, non-destructively, with the LAI-2000 device. The following indices were used: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Simple Ratio (SR). The best model was adjusted from the NDVI, with a correlation coefficient of 0.73 and root mean square error of 0.37 m² m–2 (19%). We conclude that the leaf area index can be estimated by the regression models fit to the vegetation indices derived from the Landsat - 5 TM images.

The industrial development of solar photovoltaic technology has attracted investors and influenced governments to establish public policies for the sector. The present research consisted of studying, building and testing low concentration solar radiation systems for photovoltaic energy conversion. The study used optical nonimaging parameters for the V- trough type radiation concentrator constructed of anodized aluminum, to reflect and to cool. Designed to concentrate radiation by about two times and consisting of a set of photovoltaic modules connected in parallel, they were modeled in the Laboratory of Energy Area in the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of Vicosa, Brazil, at the coordinates 20 degrees 45' 14'' S latitude, 42 degrees 52' 53'' W longitude and altitude 648.74 m. They were installed to the geographic North, with the same slope as the local latitude. For comparative analysis, it was determined the electrical characteristics for evaluation of the prototype's performance with and without radiation concentration, the final productivity for cities in tropical and temperate regions and economic analysis for the system. It was concluded that the prototypes allowed for a gain of energy with concentration, about 31.3% more, and therefore a productivity gain for the analyzed cities in, kWh . kWp(-1).