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Research question: What challenges exists in the internal supply chain of an ETO-producing company? How can OTE, 5s Kanban, Ishikawa diagrams, and 5 Whys contribute to a more efficiently controlled internal supply chain in ETO-producing companies? Aim: Describe how OTE, 5s, Kanban, Ishikawa diagrams, and 5 Whys can get implemented at one ETO-producing company to streamline the internal supply chain. Method: This qualitative study had a deductive approach, and the theoretical framework developed from a literature study. The empirical material could get obtained by a case study. Conclusion: The study demonstrated several conclusions concerning lean manufacturing and ETO-producing companies. One of the most important aspects for companies is that the flow of information must be systematic and standardised. The study has also shown that agile and lean manufacturing can work in symbiosis for ETO-producing companies. From a holistic perspective, the study has also shown that it is possible to implement five lean tools at an ETO-producing company. Frågeställningar: Vilka utmaningar finns i ett ETO-producerande företags interna försörjningskedja? Hur kan OTE, 5s, Kanban, Ishikawadiagram och 5 varför bidra till en mer effektivt styrd intern försörjningskedja i ETO-producerande företag? Syfte: Beskriva hur OTE, 5s, Kanban, Ishikawadiagram och 5 varför kan tillämpas i ett ETO-producerande företag för att effektivisera dess interna försörjningskedja. Metod: Denna kvalitativa studie har haft en deduktiv ansats som utgångspunkt. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom en fallstudie på ett ETO-företag och det teoretiska ramverket genom en litteraturstudie. Slutsats: Genom studien kunde ett flertal slutsatser i relation till lean tillverkning och ETO-producerande företag påvisas. En av de viktigaste aspekterna för företagen är att informationsflödet måste vara systematiskt och standardiserat. Studien har även visat på att agil- och lean tillverkning kan fungera i symbios för ETO-producerande företag. Ur ett holistiskt perspektiv har studien även visat att det är möjligt att implementera fem lean-verktyg på ett ETO-producerande företag.

China is today the global leader and innovator of sharing economy, and the Chinese government has included it in their Five Year (2016-2020) development plan. China has during the last 30 years been the most rapid economically developing country in the world, but it has also brought along some negative consequences. It has become evident that the quick development of China has taken place at the expense of the environment. It is also described that the country has an economic development model heavily based on investment, export and high consumption which is arguably not sustainable. The sharing economy presents great potential to change how consumers use resources andgoods, and also presents an opportunity to solve sustainability challenges such as decreasingenvironmental, economic and social conditions. There are today little research on this subject, especially empirical, and more research is preferred. The purpose of this study is to investigate and explore how the sustainability work and marketing of three selected sharing economy companies in Shanghai correspond to customers’ motives for using sharing economy services. To collect data, three interviews were conducted with three different companies that utilize the sharing economy model in Shanghai, China. These companies are major players in the industries of ride-sharing, bike-sharing and house-sharing. Additionally, an online consumer survey regarding customers’ primary motives for using sharing economy services were conducted in order to fulfill our purpose and answer our research questions. Results from this study conclude that the primary motives for consumers to use sharingeconomy is convenience (bike-sharing and ride-sharing) and to experience something unique (house-sharing). Other important motives are time-saving, accessibility and low cost aspects. The companies, on the other hand, tend to emphasize low cost, environmental and socialaspects. That is, consumer views are often in line with the three companies' marketing andsustainability views. However, there are several cases in this study where it differ.

To find out what differs between two versions of a file can be done with several different techniques and programs. These techniques and programs are often focusd on finding differences in text files, in documents, or in class files for programming. An example of a program is the popular git tool which focuses on displaying the difference between versions of files in a project. A common way to find these differences is to utilize an algorithm called Longest common subsequence, which focuses on finding the longest common subsequence in each file to find similarity between the files. By excluding all similarities in a file, all remaining text will be the differences between the files. The Longest Common Subsequence is often used to find the differences in an acceptable time. When two lines in a file is compared to see if they differ from each other hashing is used. The hash values for each correspondent line in both files will be compared. Hashing a line will give the content on that line a unique value. If as little as one character on a line is different between the version, the hash values for those lines will be different as well. These techniques are very useful when comparing two versions of a file with text content. With data from a database some, but not all, of these techniques can be useful. A big difference between data in a database and text in a file will be that content is not just added and delete but also updated. This thesis studies the problem on how to make use of these techniques when finding differences between large datasets, and doing this in a reasonable time, instead of finding differences in documents and files. Three different methods are going to be studied in theory. These results will be provided in both time and space complexities. Finally, a selected one of these methods is further studied with implementation and testing. The reason only one of these three is implemented is because of time constraint. The one that got chosen had easy maintainability, an easy implementation, and maintains a good execution time.

Soil compaction by vehicular traffic modifies the pore structure and soil hydraulic properties. These changes potentially influence the occurrence of preferential flow which so far has been little studied. Our aim was to study the effect of compaction on soil hydraulic and transport properties in subsoil. A randomized block design trial at two sites on a well structured clay soil in central Sweden was established. Plots with two levels of compaction were created at both sites in the following referred to as trafficked and control. The trafficked treatment was created by 4 passes track by track with a three axle dumper with a maximum wheel load of 5.8 Mg. After one year undisturbed soil columns (20 cm height 20 cm diameter) from both trafficked and control plots at a depth of 30–50 cm were sampled. The columns were analyzed using X ray CT imaging together with measures of the degree of preferential transport derived from non reactive tracer breakthrough curves and measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and air permeability at the field moisture content (Ka). Although the traffic treatment did not cause any compaction effects at one of the two sites it did result in significant reductions in saturated hydraulic conductivity air permeability and number of macropores at the second site. At this site the traffic also significantly reduced the strength of preferential flow presumably due to compaction induced disruption of macropore continuity. In apparent contrast some previous studies have shown increases in the strength of preferential flow as a result of compaction. We propose a conceptual model to explain these apparently contradictory results which suggests that preferential flow should be strongest at some intermediate level of compaction.

År 2010 startades försök med fasta körsspår (CTF; Controlled Traffic Farming) som skördadats sex gånger, med start 2011. Projektet innehåller två traditionella fältförsök på Säby 1 och SITES försöksstation Lönnstorp, samt storruteförsök i praktisk odling på Lydinge gård utanför Helsingborg. Resultaten från sex års försök visar inte på någon skördehöjning för system med fasta körspår jämfört med konventionell slumpvis körning. Skörden i körspåren har varit hög, i flera fall högre än för spårfria ytor. Det var signifikant mer packat i spår jämfört med spårfria ytor i några CTF-led, men generellt sett var packningen inte på en skadlig nivå (för hög). Snarare var packningen i spår nära optimalt för hög skörd. På Säby 1 finns istället en risk att etablering och tillväxt inte blir tillfredställande torra år pga. för lite återpackning i spårfria ytor, med vattenbrist som följd. Resultaten indikerar att även plöjningsfri odling kan behöva en viss återpackning.

I dagsläget erbjuder ett flertal energibolag produkter och tjänster som är relaterade till mikroproduktion av solel vilket kan verka irrationellt då en minskad energianvändning hos företagets kunder leder till minskad lönsamhet för kärnverksamheten. En ökande efterfrågan på mikroproducerande anläggningar skapar därför ett behov av förändring av företagens nuvarande affärsmodeller. Solceller och distribuerad elproduktion växer idag fram som en ny marknad och utgör en ny konkurrensfaktor inom energibranschen. Denna konkurrensfaktor måste företagen ta hänsyn till för att inte ta skada på längre sikt allt eftersom marknaden utvecklas. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur energibolag kan utveckla sina affärsmodeller för att på ett hållbart sätt främja distribuerad elproduktion och mikroproduktion av solel. I arbetet har det identifierats sex olika affärsmodeller som används i olika delar av världen för att sprida solcellsteknologier. Dessa är 1) kundägande som innebär att kunden äger sin solcellsanläggning efter leverans, 2) samordnat ägande där ett energibolag eller en tredjepartsfirma samordnar och driver ett solcellsprojekt med ett flertal ägare eller kunder, 3) tredjepartsägande som innebär att ett tjänsteföretag erbjuder helhetslösningar till slutkonsumenter och finansierar detta genom en tredje part, 4) integrerad försäljning där solceller säljs som tillval eller extrautrustning till andra produkter, 5) nätinmatning som innebär att all producerad el matas in på nätet till en hög ersättning samt 6) modulbaserade värdeerbjudanden där kunden kan välja mellan olika paket av produkter och tjänster som bygger vidare på varandra. Inom den teoretiska referensramen kunde vidare de fyra grupperna kundrelaterade-, leverantörsrelaterade-, styrmedelsrelaterade- och tekniska barriärer identifieras mot spridning av solceller och mikroproduktion. Totalt identifierades 17 teoretiska barriärer. Efter en inledande litteraturgenomgång kunde en lämplig metod bestående av tre olika delar väljas ut för den empiriska delen av arbetet. En e-fokusgruppsdiskussion ligger tillsammans med skrivbordsforskning till grund för en kartläggning av omgivande möjligheter och hot. En fokusgruppsdiskussion bedömdes ge en bra kombination av bredd och djup och genomfördes online då detta är mindre resurskrävande och kan nå geografiskt spridda respondenter. Skrivbordsforskning bedömdes vara ett bra komplement till e-fokusgruppsdiskussionen. För att kunna studera de nuvarande affärsmodellerna mer djupgående genomfördes även en fallstudie bestående av fem intervjuer på ett svenskt energibolag som arbetar med både elhandel och solcellsförsäljning samt är nätägare. Det empiriska arbetet resulterade i en kartläggning av 38 möjligheter och 27 hot som energibolag ställs inför när marknaden för distribuerad elproduktion och mikroproduktion av solel expanderar. För att energiföretagen ska kunna förändra sina affärsmodeller finns det ett behov av omvärldsförändringar gällande politik och forskning. Energiföretagen borde dock kunna förekomma en förändring mot en mer distribuerad elmarknad och implementera nya affärsmodeller redan idag. Samtidigt bör det redan i nuläget finnas förutsättningar för företagen att arbeta för att påverka både politiken och forskningen genom exempelvis branschorganisationer. Det kan utifrån resultatet i detta arbete konstateras att mikroproduktion är ett framväxande substitut till traditionell elhandel som hotar företag inom flera verksamheter i elbranschen. Svenska företags sätt att hantera detta nya marknadshot är inte hållbart och behöver förändras. Rapporten presenterar slutligen tre olika riktningar som energiföretagens affärsmodeller kan utvecklas mot. Several utility companies are today offering products and services related to microgeneration of solar electricity which may seem irrational since a decreased usage of energy of a customer will lead to a decreased profitability for the core business. An increased demand for microgenerating facilities therefore creates a need for change of the utility companies’ current business models. Solar cells and distributed electricity generation are today developing into new markets that constitutes a new competitive force within the energy sector. The companies need to take this competitive force into account if they are not to be harmed in the long-term as the market develops. The aim of this thesis is to examine how the utility companies can develop their business models in order to support distributed electricity generation and microgeneration of solar electricity in a sustainable way. Six different business models have been identified that are used in different parts of the world in order to deploy solar cell technologies. These are 1) customer owned that implies that the customer owns the solar cell facility after delivery, 2) community owned where an utility company or a third-party actor coordinates and runs a solar cell project with several owners or customers, 3) third-party owned that implies that a service company offers a complete solution to end customers and finances this through a third-party actor, 4) cross-selling where solar cells are sold as extra equipment or add-ons to other products, 5) host-owned feed-in that implies that all the generated electricity are fed in to the grid for a high compensation and also 6) modular based value propositions where a customer can choose between different packages of products and services that builds upon each other. The four groups customer related-, supplier related-, policy related- and technology related barriers against diffusion of solar cells and microgeneration could be identified within the theoretical framework of the thesis. In total, 17 theoretical barriers could be identified. After an initial study of literature, a proper method constituted by three different parts could be chosen for the empirical work of the thesis. An online focus group discussion is together with desk research providing a foundation for a mapping of contextual opportunities and threats. A focus group discussion was decided to provide a proper combination of width and depth and was executed online since this demands less resources and can reach geographically spread respondents. Desk research was decided to be a proper supplement for the e-focus group. In order to be able to study the current business models in more depth, a case study was also executed constituting five different interviews at a Swedish utility company that offers sales of electricity and solar cells and also is a grid owner. The empirical work resulted in a mapping of 38 opportunities and 27 threats that utility companies are faced with as the market for distributed electricity generation and microgeneration of solar electricity expands. There is also a need for contextual changes regarding policies and research as the utility companies are changing their business models. Though, utility companies should be able to anticipate a change towards a more distributed electricity market and implement new business models already today. There should already exist a basis for the utility companies to influence both politics and research through for example industry associations. It can through the result of this thesis be found that microgeneration is a growing substitute to traditional sales of electricity that threatens companies in several activities in the electricity sector. The way Swedish companies handle this new market threat is not sustainable and needs to be changed. This thesis finally presents three different directions that the business models of the utility companies can develop towards.

Compaction of subsoil is a hidden but persistent damage that impairs a range of soil functions and ecosystem services. We analyzed the soil compaction issue in the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) context. The driving force (DPSIR-D) is the farmers’ efforts to sustain economic viability. This entails a steady increase in the size and weight of the agricultural machinery (DPSIR-P) exerting the specific pressures on the soil system. Simulations using historical data for agricultural machinery show sig-nificant increases in the mechanical stresses exerted on the soil profile during the last five decades. Surveys and comparative measurements (DPSIR-S) in the literature indi-cate that much of the European subsoil is compacted to critical levels for cropping. This calls for changes in agricultural management (DPSIR-R). Mechanical stresses impact the soil (DPSIR-I) by reducing the volume, dimensions, and interconnections of soil pores. Subsequent impacts on ecosystem services (subtle DPSIR-I aspects) include a decrease in crop production, an impaired soil filtering of pollutants, and the risk of higher greenhouse gas emissions. The natural ability of compacted subsoil to recover is poor. We highlight the need to expand the DPSIR concept to include a risk assess-ment methodology to identify sustainable management systems. Risk assessment involves the evaluation of the mechanistic causeeeffect chain of the compaction pro-cess. Measured data as well as modeling indicate that contemporary tires are not able to carry the loads frequently inflicted on wet soil without exerting critical stresses on deep subsoil layers. We suggest the use of online modeling tools that combine existing knowledge. Such tools may also create maps of vulnerable areas from the field to the continent scale. Groups of stakeholders including researchers, farmers and their consul-tants, and policy-makers need to identify sustainable traffic systems that secure both presently focused ecosystem services as well as nonuse soil values (the bequest for future generations).