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Helianthus annus L., known as sunflower, is belong to Asteraceae family. This family is one of the biggest angiosperm plant families in between dicotyledons and cultivated sunflower is an important oil plant all around the world. Chloroplast DNA analysis reveals that the origin of the genus dates back to 4.75 to 22.7 million years ago. Sunflower seeds contain 18% protein, 15% cellulose, 9% water, 14% minerals and carbohydrates. In general, sunflower seeds contain 35% to 50% oil by weight. The oil content of sunflower had been specified from 36.9% to 50.2%. These features have made sunflower an important plant worldwide. In principle, the breeding of sunflowers aims to improve the oil content and to get a plant resistant to disease. All breeding methods both classical and biotechnological methods try to contribute these aims. With the help of technology DNA markers have provided useful information about polymorphism, genetic relatedness, and diversity. Technology advances in breeding, especially the use of molecular markers, offer new strategies to obtain high-yielding and resistant plants through DNA sequences located at a known location on the chromosome. Sunflower has been a model plant in Asteraceae family in molecular marker studies because of its economic importance. Many molecular marker studies have been conducted against biotic and abiotic stress conditions, increase oil content and nutritional value, and water consumption etc. Considering its economic value, current studies on the plant will shed light on future studies and improvements can be observed in many yield criteria such as water consumption, harvest efficiency, resistance to pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crisis is giving rise to long term social and economic issues as they both are closely related. The production of biofuel from plant-based biomass is becoming an attractive alternative to non-renewable energy sources. Sorghum is a model bioenergy crop owing to its high biomass yield and low input requirements. In the present study, 142 accessions of Sorghum bicolor were evaluated for biomass (plant height (cm), stem thickness (mm), no. of leaves/plant, leaf area (cm²), internodal length (cm), green fodder yield (g)) and biofuel (moisture contents (%), protein contents (%), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ash contents (%), crude fat (%) and hemicellulose content (%)) related traits, selected accessions were crossed in line × tester mating design, seven lines and five testers were selected and resultant F1 progeny along with their parents were evaluated and data were recorded to estimate genetic variability, additive and dominance variance, combing ability effects, and gene action among the traits. Highly significant differences were found among all the accessions, parents, parents vs crosses, crosses, lines and testers. Line × tester was also found significant for all the biomass traits and biofuel related traits except moisture content and ash content. Genetic variability indicated that this material can be used for the development of improved genotypes for biomass and biofuel related traits. Results of general combining ability estimates indicated that lines L1, tester T5 were the best general combiners for biomass traits and L6, L7, testers T1, T2 for biofuel related traits. Whereas specific combining ability estimates indicated that crosses L1 × T3, L1 × T5, L2 × T2, L3 × T5, L7 × T3 were the best specific combiners for biomass and L2 × T2, L4 × T5, L5 × T1 for biofuel. Partial dominance was observed for most of the traits. Based on association studies, plant height, green fodder yield, neutral detergent fiber, and hemicellulose might be used as selection criteria for improved biomass and biofuel related traits in sorghum breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the variation of the parameters in oilseed sunflower-number of seeds per plant, seed mass per plant and weight per 1000 seeds with respect to environmental changes, inheritance type and heterosis effect in hybrid combinations. The experimental work was conducted during the period 2018-2020 on a soil subtype leached chernozem, under nonflooded conditions. Five sterile lines, 11 fertility restorer lines and 23 hybrid combinations were the subject of the study. The indicators " total number of seeds per plant ", " the weight of seeds per plant " and " weight per 1000 seeds " were analyzed. When the hybrid combinations were examined, little variation was found in the values of the indicator " total number of seeds per plant ". The type of inheritance of this trait in 6 of the hybrids (2003A x 98R, 2008A x 98R, 217A x 100R, 813A x 100R, 2003A x 100R, 2008A x 100R) is overdominant relative to the parental lines, and in two of the crosses (217A x 98R and 813A x 98R) its values are close to complete dominance. The values of the indicator " the weight of seeds per plant " varied very little in six of the hybrid combinations,which determines their high adaptability to changing environmental conditions and is an important indicator for crop selection and yield. The values for the 'weight per 1000 seeds indicator are mainly influenced by the climatic conditions in the second half of the sunflower vegetation (after the 'end of flowering' phase) and less by the genotype factor. Overdominance in "weight per 1000 seeds " was found in hybrid combinations - (813A x 100R and 2008A x 100R), with higher value in the maternal line. Overdominance results from the accumulation of genes in hybrid combinations. In a ratio-based (D/A) evaluation, a dominant type of inheritance was found in four hybrid combinations in terms of "weight per 1000 seeds". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Geologija (0016-7789) is the property of Geological Survey of Slovenia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Geologija (0016-7789) is the property of Geological Survey of Slovenia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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