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Optimization of nitrogen (N) application rate and seeding rates to coordinate the balanced development of crop growth and yield is important for the efficient use of resources and the cultivation of high-quality and high-yield crops. In this study, four levels of N application rates (N0 0 kg ha−1, N1 150 kg ha−1, N2 190 kg ha−1 , and N3 240 kg ha−1 ) and three direct seeding rates (D1 22.22 kg ha−1, D2 25.00 kg ha−1 , and D3 28.57 kg ha−1 ) were used to explore their effects on the yield and growth characteristics of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China. Canonical correlation analysis showed that the soil–plant analyses development (SPAD) value, leaf area index (LAI), and plant height were closely related to grain yield, spikelet number per panicle, and seed setting rate, and the increase in the SPAD value may have caused the increase in the number of effective panicles and the decrease in 1000-grain weight. Gray correlation analysis showed that plant height and leaf area index were essential indices that affected grain yield. For increased grain yield, medium N and medium density (N2D2) were suitable for hybrid rice, whereas high N and high density (N3D3) were suitable for conventional rice. Plant height and leaf area index may be used as important growth indices to control yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid solution crystals, Bi4(GexS1-x)3O12 (BGSO) with x = 0, 0.05, and 0.15, have been grown by the modified vertical Bridgman method. The as-grown crystals show 80% of transmittance with an absorption edge of 285 nm. The relative light yields of BGSO crystals are found to be 7.2%, 6.3%, and 4.2% of CsI(Tl) crystal for x = 0, 0.05, and 0.15, respectively. The energy resolutions of these crystals are 18.9%, 21.3%, and 24.7%, respectively, with PMT for 662 keV gamma rays at room temperature when exposed to 137Cs-ray. The scintillation performance of BGSO crystals clearly deteriorates with the increase of Ge content. However, the appropriate number of germanium ions doped to BSO crystal can improve its crystallization behavior and effectively restrain component segregation. It is expected that large size crystals of BGSO will be grown and applied to the dual readout calorimeter in the nearest future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]