Search

Your search keyword '"Becker, Meike"' showing total 95 results
Start Over Author "Becker, Meike" Publication Year Range Last 10 years
95 results on '"Becker, Meike"'

2. In the Wake of Deeper Convection: Nonsteady State Anthropogenic Carbon in the Greenland Sea.

Author

Olsen, Are, Rajasakaren, Balamuralli, Jeansson, Emil, Lauvset, Siv K., Omar, Abdirahman M., and Becker, Meike

Subjects
CARBON cycle, CARBON emissions, CARBON, ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, CLIMATE research, WATER depth
Abstract

We evaluate changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Greenland Sea between 2002 and 2016, a period characterized by increasing convection depths. We find a mid‐depth maximum in anthropogenic carbon (Cant) accumulation that occurred as waters at these depths were rejuvenated by deeper reaching convection; broadly, these waters have caught up with the atmospheric CO2 rise that had happened between the last time they were ventilated and 2002 and also tracked the atmospheric CO2 rise 2002–2016. The overlying waters only tracked the atmospheric CO2 rise 2002–2016. The mid‐depth maximum in Cant accumulation was not evident in estimates generated with commonly used multiple linear regression (MLR) methods. We analyze the reasons why and show that the eMLR(C*) method may not fully capture nonsteady state changes in Cant when applied along a single hydrographic section as done here. This nonsteady component equates to redistribution of C*, whose spatial gradients in the Greenland Sea are dominated by Cant. We also show that the regular extended multiple linear regression method is sensitive to loss of spatial DIC gradients, which now happens as more and more Cant enters the ocean. Our findings demonstrate that MLR‐based estimates of the Cant accumulation rate should not be taken at face value in highly dynamical ocean regions, such as the Greenland Sea, and the need for also considering the total change in DIC and how this is affected by natural processes. Further investigations into the ability of MLR methods to reproduce nonsteady state changes in Cant are encouraged. Plain Language Summary: The ocean holds vast quantities of carbon. Each year this inventory increases as the ocean absorbs a quarter of our CO2 emissions. Keeping track of ocean carbon is a key climate change research priority. Observations from the Greenland Sea indicate at first glance a steady rise in DIC concentrations in the upper approximately 1,500–2,000 m of the water column, roughly equal to what one would expect from the atmospheric CO2 rise. This is unusually deep compared to the rest of the global ocean but reflects the deep‐water formation that occurs in this region. A closer inspection of the data, however, reveals that the seemingly uneventful rise in carbon in this region is the net result of several counteracting processes. In response to deeper convection, mid‐depth waters have lost inorganic carbon generated by the remineralization of organic matter, natural carbon. This has been counteracted by an unusually large rise in their content of man‐made, or anthropogenic carbon. Widely adopted methods for estimating decadal rises in anthropogenic carbon struggle to quantify these changes, such that our ability to detect the nature of effects of climate variability and change on the efficiency of the ocean carbon sink can be questioned. Key Points: Deeper convection caused a mid‐depth maximum in the rate of anthropogenic carbon increase in the Greenland Sea from 2002 to 2016The mid‐depth maximum in anthropogenic carbon accumulation was not evident in estimates generated with multiple linear regression methodsNonsteady state anthropogenic carbon accumulation may bias the eMLR(C*) method when applied along a single hydrographic section [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

3. Global Carbon Budget 2023

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, additional, Cadule, Patricia, additional, Chamberlain, Matthew A., additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Dou, Xinyu, additional, Enyo, Kazutaka, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Ford, Daniel J., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Ghattas, Josefine, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hefner, Matthew, additional, Heinke, Jens, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jacobson, Andrew R., additional, Jain, Atul, additional, Jarníková, Tereza, additional, Jersild, Annika, additional, Jiang, Fei, additional, Jin, Zhe, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Keeling, Ralph F., additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Li, Hongmei, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Liu, Zhiqiang, additional, Ma, Lei, additional, Marland, Greg, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, McKinley, Galen A., additional, Meyer, Gesa, additional, Morgan, Eric J., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin M., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Paulsen, Melf, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Pocock, Katie, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Powis, Carter M., additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Smallman, T. Luke, additional, Smith, Stephen M., additional, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takao, Shintaro, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Ooijen, Erik, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watanabe, Michio, additional, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, additional, Yang, Dongxu, additional, Yang, Xiaojuan, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Zeng, Jiye, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

4. Supplementary material to "Global Carbon Budget 2023"

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, additional, Cadule, Patricia, additional, Chamberlain, Matthew A., additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Dou, Xinyu, additional, Enyo, Kazutaka, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Ford, Daniel. J., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Ghattas, Josefine, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hefner, Matthew, additional, Heinke, Jens, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jacobson, Andrew R., additional, Jain, Atul, additional, Jarníková, Tereza, additional, Jersild, Annika, additional, Jiang, Fei, additional, Jin, Zhe, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Keeling, Ralph F., additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Li, Hongmei, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Liu, Zhiqiang, additional, Ma, Lei, additional, Marland, Greg, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, McKinley, Galen A., additional, Meyer, Gesa, additional, Morgan, Eric J., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin M., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Paulsen, Melf E., additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Pocock, Katie, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Powis, Carter M., additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Smallman, T. Luke, additional, Smith, Stephen M., additional, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takao, Shintaro, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Ooijen, Erik, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watanabe, Michio, additional, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, additional, Yang, Dongxu, additional, Yang, Xiaojuan, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Zeng, Jiye, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

5. The consolidated European synthesis of CO2 emissions and removals for the European Union and United Kingdom: 1990–2020

Author

McGrath, Matthew J., primary, Petrescu, Ana Maria Roxana, additional, Peylin, Philippe, additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Matthews, Bradley, additional, Dentener, Frank, additional, Balkovič, Juraj, additional, Bastrikov, Vladislav, additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Broquet, Gregoire, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Fortems-Cheiney, Audrey, additional, Ganzenmüller, Raphael, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Jones, Matthew, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Kuhnert, Matthias, additional, Monteil, Guillaume, additional, Munassar, Saqr, additional, Palmer, Paul I., additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Qiu, Chunjing, additional, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, additional, Tarasova, Oksana, additional, Vizzarri, Matteo, additional, Winkler, Karina, additional, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, additional, Berchet, Antoine, additional, Briggs, Peter, additional, Brockmann, Patrick, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Conchedda, Giulia, additional, Crippa, Monica, additional, Dellaert, Stijn N. C., additional, Denier van der Gon, Hugo A. C., additional, Filipek, Sara, additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Fuchs, Richard, additional, Gauss, Michael, additional, Gerbig, Christoph, additional, Guizzardi, Diego, additional, Günther, Dirk, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Lauerwald, Ronny, additional, Lerink, Bas, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Moulas, Géraud, additional, Muntean, Marilena, additional, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, additional, Paquirissamy, Aurélie, additional, Perugini, Lucia, additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pilli, Roberto, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Scholze, Marko, additional, Serengil, Yusuf, additional, Smith, Pete, additional, Solazzo, Efisio, additional, Thompson, Rona L., additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Vesala, Timo, additional, and Walther, Sophia, additional

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

8. Visual Comparison of 3D Medical Image Segmentation Algorithms Based on Statistical Shape Models

Author

Geurts, Alexander, Sakas, Georgios, Kuijper, Arjan, Becker, Meike, Landesberger, Tatiana von, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, and Duffy, Vincent G., editor

Published
2015
Full Text
View/download PDF

9. The consolidated European synthesis of CO2 emissions and removals for EU27 and UK: 1990–2020

Author

McGrath, Matthew Joseph, primary, Petrescu, Ana Maria Roxana, additional, Peylin, Philippe, additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Matthews, Bradley, additional, Dentener, Frank, additional, Balkovič, Juraj, additional, Bastrikov, Vladislav, additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Broquet, Gregoire, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Fortems, Audrey, additional, Ganzenmüller, Raphael, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Jones, Matthew, additional, Knauer, Juergen, additional, Kuhnert, Matthias, additional, Monteil, Guillaume, additional, Munassar, Saqr, additional, Palmer, Paul I., additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Qiu, Chunjing, additional, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, additional, Tarasova, Oksana, additional, Vizzarri, Matteo, additional, Winkler, Karina, additional, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, additional, Berchet, Antoine, additional, Briggs, Peter, additional, Brockmann, Patrick, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Conchedda, Giulia, additional, Crippa, Monica, additional, Dellaert, Stijn, additional, Denier van der Gon, Hugo A. C., additional, Filipek, Sara, additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Fuchs, Richard, additional, Gauss, Michael, additional, Gerbig, Christoph, additional, Guizzardi, Diego, additional, Günther, Dirk, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Lauerwald, Ronny, additional, Lerink, Bas, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Moulas, Géraud, additional, Muntean, Marilena, additional, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, additional, Paquirissamy, Aurélie, additional, Perugini, Lucia, additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pilli, Roberto, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Scholze, Marko, additional, Serengil, Yusuf, additional, Smith, Pete, additional, Solazzo, Efisio, additional, Thompson, Rona L., additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Vesala, Timo, additional, and Walther, Sophia, additional

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

10. Supplementary material to "The consolidated European synthesis of CO2 emissions and removals for EU27 and UK: 1990–2020"

Author

McGrath, Matthew Joseph, primary, Petrescu, Ana Maria Roxana, additional, Peylin, Philippe, additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Matthews, Bradley, additional, Dentener, Frank, additional, Balkovič, Juraj, additional, Bastrikov, Vladislav, additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Broquet, Gregoire, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Fortems, Audrey, additional, Ganzenmüller, Raphael, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Jones, Matthew, additional, Knauer, Juergen, additional, Kuhnert, Matthias, additional, Monteil, Guillaume, additional, Munassar, Saqr, additional, Palmer, Paul I., additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Qiu, Chunjing, additional, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, additional, Tarasova, Oksana, additional, Vizzarri, Matteo, additional, Winkler, Karina, additional, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, additional, Berchet, Antoine, additional, Briggs, Peter, additional, Brockmann, Patrick, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Conchedda, Giulia, additional, Crippa, Monica, additional, Dellaert, Stijn, additional, Denier van der Gon, Hugo A. C., additional, Filipek, Sara, additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Fuchs, Richard, additional, Gauss, Michael, additional, Gerbig, Christoph, additional, Guizzardi, Diego, additional, Günther, Dirk, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Lauerwald, Ronny, additional, Lerink, Bas, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Moulas, Géraud, additional, Muntean, Marilena, additional, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, additional, Paquirissamy, Aurélie, additional, Perugini, Lucia, additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pilli, Roberto, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Scholze, Marko, additional, Serengil, Yusuf, additional, Smith, Pete, additional, Solazzo, Efisio, additional, Thompson, Rona L., additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Vesala, Timo, additional, and Walther, Sophia, additional

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

11. Global Carbon Budget 2022

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Alkama, Ramdane, additional, Arneth, Almut, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Bittig, Henry C., additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Gehlen, Marion, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Gloege, Lucas, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hefner, Matthew, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Jersild, Annika, additional, Kadono, Koji, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lindsay, Keith, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Liu, Zhu, additional, Marland, Gregg, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, McGrath, Matthew J., additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Monacci, Natalie M., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin, additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Palmer, Paul I., additional, Pan, Naiqing, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Pocock, Katie, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rodriguez, Carmen, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Shutler, Jamie D., additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takao, Shintaro, additional, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Xiangjun, additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Walker, Anthony P., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Whitehead, Chris, additional, Willstrand Wranne, Anna, additional, Wright, Rebecca, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Chao, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Zeng, Jiye, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

12. The consolidated European synthesis of CO2 emissions and removals for EU27 and UK: 1990–2020

Author

McGrath, Matthew Joseph, Petrescu, Ana-Maria-Roxana, Peylin, Philippe, Andrew, Robbie M., Matthews, Bradley, Dentener, Frank J., Balkovič, Juraj, Bastrikov, Vladislav, Becker, Meike, Broquet, Gregoire, Ciais, Philippe, Fortems-Cheiney, Audrey, Ganzenmüller, Raphael, Grassi, Giacomo, Harris, Ian, Jones, Matthew W., Knauer, Jürgen, Kuhnert, Matthias, Monteil, Guillaume, Munassar, Saqr, Palmer, Paul I., Peters, Glen P., Qiu, Chunjing, Schelhaas, Mart Jan, Tarasova, Oksana A., Vizzarri, Matteo, Winkler, Karina, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, Berchet, Antoine, Briggs, Peter, Brockmann, Patrick, Chevallier, Frederic, Conchedda, Giulia, Crippa, Monica, Dellaert, Stijn, A. C. Denier Van Der Gon, Hugo, Filipek, Sara, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Fuchs, Richard, Gauss, Michael, Gerbig, Christoph, Guizzardi, Diego, Günther, Dirk, Houghton, Richard A., Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Lauerwald, Ronny, Lerink, Bas, Van Der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., Moulas, Geraud, Muntean, Marilena, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Paquirissamy, Aurélie, Perugini, Lucia, Peters, Wouter, Pilli, Roberto, Pongratz, Julia, Regnier, Pierre, Scholze, Marko, Serengil, Yusuf, Smith, Pete, Solazzo, Efisio, Thompson, Rona L., N. Tubiello, Francesco, Vesala, Timo, and Walther, Sophia

Published
2023

13. Supplementary material to "Global Carbon Budget 2022"

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Alkama, Ramdane, additional, Arneth, Almut, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Bittig, Henry C., additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Gehlen, Marion, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Gloege, Lucas, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hefner, Matthew, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Jersild, Annika, additional, Kadono, Koji, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lindsay, Keith, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Liu, Zhu, additional, Marland, Gregg, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, McGrath, Matthew J., additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Monacci, Natalie M., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin, additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Palmer, Paul I., additional, Pan, Naiqing, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Pocock, Katie, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rodriguez, Carmen, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Shutler, Jamie D., additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takao, Shintaro, additional, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Xiangjun, additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido, additional, Walker, Anthony P., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Whitehead, Chris, additional, Willstrand Wranne, Anna, additional, Wright, Rebecca, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Chao, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Zeng, Jiye, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

14. The Asyut Project: Eleventh Season of Fieldwork (2014)

Author

Kahl, Jochem, El-Khadragy, Mahmoud, Ahmed, Hesham Faheed, Verhoeven, Ursula, Abdelrahiem, Mohamed, Regulski, Ilona, Becker, Meike, Czyżewska-Zalewska, Ewa, Kilian, Andrea, Stecher, Marcus, and Rzeuska, Teodozja

Published
2015

15. Global Carbon Budget 2021

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jones, Matthew W., O'Sullivan, Michael, Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C.E., Hauck, Judith, Le Quéré, Corinne, Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Rob B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bopp, Laurent, Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Currie, Kim I., Decharme, Bertrand, Djeutchouang, Laique M., Dou, Xinyu, Evans, Wiley, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Liang, Gasser, Thomas, Gilfillan, Dennis, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Grassi, Giacomo, Gregor, Luke, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Jain, Atul, Jones, Steve D., Kato, Etsushi, Kennedy, Daniel, Goldewijk, Kees Klein, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lauvset, Siv K., Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lienert, Sebastian, Liu, Junjie, Marland, Gregg, McGuire, Patrick C., Melton, Joe R., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E.M.S., Nakaoka, Shin Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, Ono, Tsuneo, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Séférian, Roland, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Tanhua, Toste, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Vuichard, Nicolas, Wada, Chisato, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watson, Andrew J., Willis, David, Wiltshire, Andrew J., Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Chao, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye, Integr. Assessm. Global Environm. Change, and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Sciences(all)
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4% relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5±0.5GtCyr-1 (9.3±0.5GtCyr-1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9±0.7GtCyr-1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2±0.8GtCyr-1 (37.4±2.9GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0±0.2GtCyr-1 (2.4±0.1ppmyr-1), SOCEAN was 3.0±0.4GtCyr-1, and SLAND was 2.9±1GtCyr-1, with a BIM of -0.8GtCyr-1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45±0.1ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.8% (4.2% to 5.4%) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2020, but discrepancies of up to 1GtCyr-1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at 10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).

Published
2022

16. The consolidated European synthesis of 1 CO2 emissions and removals for EU27 and UK: 1990-2020.

Author

McGrath, Matthew Joseph, Petrescu, Ana Maria Roxana, Peylin, Philippe, Andrew, Robbie M., Matthews, Bradley, Dentener, Frank, Balkovič, Juraj, Bastrikov, Vladislav, Becker, Meike, Broquet, Gregoire, Ciais, Philippe, Fortems, Audrey, Ganzenmüller, Raphael, Grassi, Giacomo, Harris, Ian, Jones, Matthew, Knauer, Juergen, Kuhnert, Matthias, Monteil, Guillaume, and Munassar, Saqr

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC models, EMISSION inventories, CARBON dioxide, LAND use, GREENHOUSE gases, ATMOSPHERIC methane, CLIMATE change
Abstract

Quantification of land surface-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and their trends and uncertainties is essential for monitoring progress of the EU27+UK bloc as it strives to meet ambitious targets determined by both international agreements and internal regulation. This study provides a consolidated synthesis of fossil sources (CO2 fossil) and natural sources and sinks over land (CO2 land) using bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches for the European Union and United Kingdom (EU27+UK), updating earlier syntheses (Petrescu et al., 2020, 2021b). Given the wide scope of the work and the variety of approaches involved, this study aims to answer essential questions identified in the previous syntheses and understand the differences between datasets, particularly for poorly characterized fluxes from managed ecosystems. The work integrates updated emission inventory data, process-based model results, data-driven sectoral model results, and inverse modeling estimates, extending the previous period 1990-2018 to the year 2020 to the extent possible. BU and TD products are compared with European National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) reported by Parties including the year 2019 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The uncertainties of the EU27+UK NGHGI were evaluated using the standard deviation reported by the EU Member States following the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and harmonized by gap-filling procedures. Variation in estimates produced with other methods, such as atmospheric inversion models (TD) or spatially disaggregated inventory datasets (BU), originate from within-model uncertainty related to parameterization as well as structural differences between models. By comparing NGHGIs with other approaches, key sources of differences between estimates arise primarily in activities. System boundaries and emission categories create differences in CO2 fossil datasets, while different land use definitions for reporting emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) activities result in differences for CO2 land. The latter has important consequences for atmospheric inversions, leading to inversions reporting stronger sinks in vegetation and soils than are reported by the NGHGI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

17. Global Carbon Budget 2021

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, Jones, Matthew W., additional, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Rob B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chau, Thi T. T., additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Currie, Kim I., additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Djeutchouang, Laique, additional, Dou, Xinyu, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Gilfillan, Dennis, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Jones, Steve D., additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Marland, Gregg, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, Wada, Chisato, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watson, Andrew, additional, Willis, David, additional, Wiltshire, Andrew J., additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Chao, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, and Zeng, Jiye, additional

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

19. An instrument intercomparison exercise in the Skagerrak allows extending the FerryBox pCO 2 observational coverage across the Central and Southern North Sea

Author

Macovei, Vlad, Voynova, Yoana, Becker, Meike, Triest, Jack, Petersen, Wilhelm, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Shom, Ifremer, EuroGOOS AISBL, and MORVAN, Gaël

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, ship-of-opportunity, instrument intercomparison, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, carbonate system, North Sea, pCO 2
Abstract

International audience; The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) in surface seawater is an important biogeochemical variable, influencing the direction of air-sea carbon dioxide exchange. Large-scale observations of pCO 2 are facilitated by Ships-of-Opportunity (SOOP-CO 2) equipped with underway measuring instruments that are becoming more autonomous. Here we performed a comparison between a FerryBox-integrated membrane-based sensor and a showerhead equilibration sensor installed on two SOOP-CO 2 between 2013 and 2018. We identified time-and space-adequate crossovers in the Skagerrak Strait, where the two ship routes often crossed. We found a mean total difference of 1.5 ± 10.6 μatm and a root mean square error of 11 μatm. The pCO 2 values recorded by the two instruments showed a strong linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 and a slope of 1.07 (± 0.14), despite the dynamic nature of the environment and the difficulty of comparing measurements from two different vessels. We showed the strength of having a sensor-based network with a high spatial coverage that can be cross-checked against conventional SOOP-CO 2 methods. Validating membrane-based sensors and using the expanded coverage and higher frequency measurements they provide can enable a thorough characterization of pCO 2 variability in both open oceans and dynamic coastal seas.

Published
2021

20. The northern European shelf as an increasing net sink for CO2

Author

Becker, Meike, Olsen, Are, Landschützer, Peter, Omar, Abdirahman, Rehder, Gregor, Rödenbeck, Christian, and Skjelvan, Ingunn

Subjects
TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES
Abstract

We developed a simple method to refine existing open-ocean maps and extend them towards different coastal seas. Using a multi-linear regression we produced monthly maps of surface ocean fCO2 in the northern European coastal seas (the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Norwegian Coast and the Barents Sea) covering a time period from 1998 to 2016. A comparison with gridded Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) v5 data revealed mean biases and standard deviations of 0 ± 26 µatm in the North Sea, 0 ± 16 µatm along the Norwegian Coast, 0 ± 19 µatm in the Barents Sea and 2 ± 42 µatm in the Baltic Sea. We used these maps to investigate trends in fCO2, pH and air–sea CO2 flux. The surface ocean fCO2 trends are smaller than the atmospheric trend in most of the studied regions. The only exception to this is the western part of the North Sea, where sea surface fCO2 increases by 2 µatm yr−1, which is similar to the atmospheric trend. The Baltic Sea does not show a significant trend. Here, the variability was much larger than the expected trends. Consistently, the pH trends were smaller than expected for an increase in fCO2 in pace with the rise of atmospheric CO2 levels. The calculated air–sea CO2 fluxes revealed that most regions were net sinks for CO2. Only the southern North Sea and the Baltic Sea emitted CO2 to the atmosphere. Especially in the northern regions the sink strength increased during the studied period.

Published
2021

24. Global Carbon Budget 2020

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone, additional, Aragão, Luiz E. O. C., additional, Arneth, Almut, additional, Arora, Vivek, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Benoit-Cattin, Alice, additional, Bittig, Henry C., additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Bultan, Selma, additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Florentie, Liesbeth, additional, Forster, Piers M., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Gehlen, Marion, additional, Gilfillan, Dennis, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hartung, Kerstin, additional, Haverd, Vanessa, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Joetzjer, Emilie, additional, Kadono, Koji, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Kitidis, Vassilis, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lenton, Andrew, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Liu, Zhu, additional, Lombardozzi, Danica, additional, Marland, Gregg, additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin, additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Palmer, Paul I., additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Smith, Adam J. P., additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, van der Werf, Guido, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, Walker, Anthony P., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watson, Andrew J., additional, Willis, David, additional, Wiltshire, Andrew J., additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, and Zaehle, Sönke, additional

Published
2020
Full Text
View/download PDF

25. The northern European shelf as increasing net sink for CO2

Author

Becker, Meike, Olsen, Are, Landschützer, Peter, Omar, Abdirhaman, Rehder, Gregor, Rödenbeck, Christian, and Skjelvan, Ingunn

Abstract

We developed a simple method to refine existing open ocean maps towards different coastal seas. Using a multi linear regression we produced monthly maps of surface ocean fCO2 in the northern European coastal seas (North Sea, Baltic Sea, Norwegian Coast and in the Barents Sea) covering a time period from 1998 to 2016. A comparison with gridded SOCAT v5 data revealed standard deviations of the residuals 0 ± 26 μatm in the North Sea, 0 ± 16 μatm along the Norwegian Coast, 0 ± 19 μatm in the Barents Sea, and 2 ± 42 μatm in the Baltic Sea.We used these maps as basis to investigate trends in fCO2, pH and air-sea CO2 flux. The surface ocean fCO2 trends are smaller than the atmospheric trend in most of the studied region. Only the western part of the North Sea is showing an increase in fCO2 close to 2 μatm yr−1, which is similar to the atmospheric trend. The Baltic Sea does not show a significant trend. Here, the variability was much larger than possibly observable trends. Consistently, the pH trends were smaller than expected for an increase of fCO2 in pace with the rise of atmospheric CO2 levels. The calculated air-sea CO2 fluxes revealed that most regions were net sinks for CO2. Only the southern North Sea and the Baltic Sea emitted CO2 to the atmosphere. Especially in the northern regions the sink strength increased during the studied period.

Published
2020

26. Second state of the art database : Deliverable D3.2

Author

Kuhnert, Matthias, Smith, Pete, McGrath, Matthew J., Peylin, Philippe, Winkler, K., Fuchs, R., Herold, M., Lugato, Emanuele, Engelen, Richard, Leip, Adrian, Ciais, Philippe, Schelhaas, M., Nabuurs, G.J., Deneter, Frank, Lauerwald, Ronny, Regnier, Pierre, Olsen, Are, Reuter, Maximillian, and Becker, Meike

Subjects
Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Life Science, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, PE&RC
Abstract

The state of the art database addresses the data demand by the different modeling groups in order to provide data for forcing, calibration and evaluation of the models. We were already able to summarize most relevant datasets in deliverable D3.1 (the first version of the database deliverable). Therefore, this new version only resumes previous datasets and describes in details the new ones (since D3.1 was submitted). New datasets concern coastal ocean fluxes and biomass and to a certain level land use/land cover data and XCO2. For these datasets only the methodology was provided in the initial deliverable. Some of the other datasets got also replaced by better or more refined data (i.e., climate data).The available data of coastal ocean carbon fluxes cover all European shelf areas in a 6 hour time step for the period 1998-2018. Given the need for the VERIFY modeling groups, a monthly resolution was picked for analysis. The land use/land cover data are provided over an extended period (now 1900-2015). Additionally changes in the approach are reported. The climate data are provided in a finer resolution, which also affects the calculation of the management timing for croplands.All details are reported in the core of the deliverable. All data are up-loaded on the VERIFY THREDDS server (accessible through http://verify.lsce.ipsl.fr/index.php/products). Section 3 of the deliverable resume again the access to all datasets.

Published
2020

27. Constraining the Oceanic Uptake and Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases by Building an Ocean Network of Certified Stations: The Ocean Component of the Integrated Carbon Observation System, ICOS-Oceans

Author

Steinhoff, Tobias, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Lauvset, Siv K., Jones, Stephen D., Schuster, Ute, Olsen, Are, Becker, Meike, Bozzano, Roberto, Brunetti, Fabio, Cantoni, Carolina, Cardin, Vanessa, Diverrès, Denis, Fiedler, Björn, Fransson, Agneta, Giani, Michele, Hartman, Sue, Hoppema, Mario, Jeansson, Emil, Johannessen, Truls, Kitidis, Vassilis, Körtzinger, Arne, Landa, Camilla S., Lefèvre, Nathalie, Luchetta, Anna, Naudts, Lieven, Nightingale, Philip, Omar, Abdirahman M., Pensieri, Sara, Pfeil, Benjamin, Castaño-Primo, Rocío, Rehder, Gregor, Rutgersson, Anna, Sanders, Richard, Schewe, Ingo, Siena, Giuseppe, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Soltwedel, Thomas, Van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., Watson, Andrew J., Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, University of Leeds, Instrumentation, Moyens analytiques, Observatoires en Géophysique et Océanographie (IMAGO), Norwegian Polar Institute, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), University of Bergen (UiB), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], European Project: 654410,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,JERICO-NEXT(2015), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), University of Bergen (UIB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], and NASA Ames Research Center (ARC)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], autonomous surface vehicle, Climate Research, ATC, dissolved inorganic, carbon portal, ocean observation, network design, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, flux maps, Klimatforskning, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, CO2 fluxes, Atmospheric Thematic Centre, DIC, CP, carbon sink, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, ASV
Abstract

The European Research Infrastructure Consortium “Integrated Carbon Observation System” (ICOS) aims at delivering high quality greenhouse gas (GHG) observations and derived data products (e.g., regional GHG-flux maps) for constraining the GHG balance on a European level, on a sustained long-term basis. The marine domain (ICOS-Oceans) currently consists of 11 Ship of Opportunity lines (SOOP – Ship of Opportunity Program) and 10 Fixed Ocean Stations (FOSs) spread across European waters, including the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the Barents, North, Baltic, and Mediterranean Seas. The stations operate in a harmonized and standardized way based on community-proven protocols and methods for ocean GHG observations, improving operational conformity as well as quality control and assurance of the data. This enables the network to focus on long term research into the marine carbon cycle and the anthropogenic carbon sink, while preparing the network to include other GHG fluxes. ICOS data are processed on a near real-time basis and will be published on the ICOS Carbon Portal (CP), allowing monthly estimates of CO2 air-sea exchange to be quantified for European waters. ICOS establishes transparent operational data management routines following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) guiding principles allowing amongst others reproducibility, interoperability, and traceability. The ICOS-Oceans network is actively integrating with the atmospheric (e.g., improved atmospheric measurements onboard SOOP lines) and ecosystem (e.g., oceanic direct gas flux measurements) domains of ICOS, and utilizes techniques developed by the ICOS Central Facilities and the CP. There is a strong interaction with the international ocean carbon cycle community to enhance interoperability and harmonize data flow. The future vision of ICOS-Oceans includes ship-based ocean survey sections to obtain a three-dimensional understanding of marine carbon cycle processes and optimize the existing network design. publishedVersion

Published
2019

28. Global Carbon Budget 2021.

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jones, Matthew W., O'Sullivan, Michael, Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Hauck, Judith, Quéré, Corinne Le, Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Rob B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, and Bopp, Laurent

Subjects
CARBON cycle, GOVERNMENT policy on climate change, CARBON dioxide, CARBON, GREENHOUSE gases, CARBONATION (Chemistry)
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data-products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gases inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr-1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr-1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1 and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr-1, with a BIM of -0.8 GtC yr-1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021, suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.9 % (4.1 % to 5.7 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr-1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al., 2020; Friedlingstein et al., 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, 2018a, 2016, 2015b, 2015a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

32. Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO2 on the north-west European shelf

Author

Kitidis, Vassilis, primary, Shutler, Jamie D., additional, Ashton, Ian, additional, Warren, Mark, additional, Brown, Ian, additional, Findlay, Helen, additional, Hartman, Sue E., additional, Sanders, Richard, additional, Humphreys, Matthew, additional, Kivimäe, Caroline, additional, Greenwood, Naomi, additional, Hull, Tom, additional, Pearce, David, additional, McGrath, Triona, additional, Stewart, Brian M., additional, Walsham, Pamela, additional, McGovern, Evin, additional, Bozec, Yann, additional, Gac, Jean-Philippe, additional, van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., additional, Hoppema, Mario, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Johannessen, Truls, additional, Omar, Abdirahman, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Lefevre, Nathalie, additional, Diverrès, Denis, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Cattrijsse, André, additional, Petersen, Wilhelm, additional, Voynova, Yoana G., additional, Chapron, Bertrand, additional, Grouazel, Antoine, additional, Land, Peter E., additional, Sharples, Jonathan, additional, and Nightingale, Philip D., additional

Published
2019
Full Text
View/download PDF

33. Global Carbon Budget 2019

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, Jones, Matthew W., additional, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bastos, Ana, additional, Bastrikov, Vladislav, additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Buitenhuis, Erik, additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Currie, Kim I., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Gehlen, Marion, additional, Gilfillan, Dennis, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Goll, Daniel S., additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gutekunst, Sören, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Haverd, Vanessa, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Joetzjer, Emilie, additional, Kaplan, Jed O., additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lenton, Andrew, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Lombardozzi, Danica, additional, Marland, Gregg, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Neill, Craig, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Peregon, Anna, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Smith, Naomi, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Wiltshire, Andrew J., additional, and Zaehle, Sönke, additional

Published
2019
Full Text
View/download PDF

34. Wintertime fCO2 variability in the subpolar North Atlantic since 2004

Author

Fröb, Friederike, Olsen, Are, Becker, Meike, Chafik, Leon Martin, Johannessen, Truls, Reverdin, Gilles, Omar, Abdirahman, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), ICOS-Norway (Norwegian Research Council) 245927, SNACS project part of the KLIMAFORSK program of the Norwegian Research Council 229752, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)

Subjects
[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract

Winter data of surface ocean temperature (SST), salinity (SSS) and CO 2 fugacity (fCO 2 ) collected on the VOS M/V Nuka Arctica in the subpolar North Atlantic between 2004 and 2017 are used to establish trends, drivers, and interannual variability. Over the period, waters cooled and freshened, and the fCO 2 increased at a rate similar to the atmospheric CO 2 growth rate. When accounting for the freshening, the inferred increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was found to be approximately twice that expected from atmospheric CO 2 alone. This is attributed to the cooling. In the Irminger Sea, fCO 2 exhibited additional interannual variations driven by atmospheric forcing through winter mixing. As winter fCO 2 in the region is close to the atmospheric, the subpolar North Atlantic has varied between being slightly supersaturated and slightly undersaturated over the investigated period. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

Published
2019

35. Global carbon budget 2019

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jones, Matthew W., O'Sullivan, Michael, Andrew, Robbie, Hauck, Judith, Peters, Glen Philip, Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Sitch, Stephen, Le Quéré, Corinne, Bakker, Dorothée C.E., Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bastos, Ana, Bastrikov, Vladislav, Becker, Meike, Bopp, Laurent, Buitenhuis, Erik, Chandra, Naveen, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Currie, Kim I., Feely, Richard A., Gehlen, Marion, Gilfillan, Dennis, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Goll, Daniel S., Gruber, Nicolas, Gutekunst, Sören, Harris, Ian, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Joetzjer, Emilie, Kaplan, Jed O., Kato, Etsushi, Goldewijk, Kees Klein, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Landschutzer, Peter, Lauvset, Siv Kari, Lefevre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lombardozzi, Danica, Marland, Gregg, McGuire, Patrick C., Melton, Joe R., Metzl, Nicolas, Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E.M.S., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Neill, Craig, Omar, Abdirahman, Ono, Tsuneo, Peregon, Anna, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Séférian, Roland, Schwinger, Jörg, Smith, Naomi, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco N., van der Werf, Guido R., Wiltshire, Andrew J., and Zaehle, Sönke

Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2009–2018), EFF was 9.5±0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.9±0.02 GtC yr−1 (2.3±0.01 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 2.5±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.2±0.6 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.4 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2018 alone, the growth in EFF was about 2.1 % and fossil emissions increased to 10.0±0.5 GtC yr−1, reaching 10 GtC yr−1 for the first time in history, ELUC was 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5±0.9 GtC yr−1 (42.5±3.3 GtCO2). Also for 2018, GATM was 5.1±0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4±0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 2.6±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 407.38±0.1 ppm averaged over 2018. For 2019, preliminary data for the first 6–10 months indicate a reduced growth in EFF of +0.6 % (range of −0.2 % to 1.5 %) based on national emissions projections for China, the USA, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. Overall, the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2018, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018a, b, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). The data generated by this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2019 (Friedlingstein et al., 2019).

Published
2019

36. A detailed view on the seasonality of stable carbon isotopes across the North Atlantic

Author

Becker, Meike, Steinhoff, Tobias, and Körtzinger, Arne

Abstract

The North Atlantic Ocean plays a major role in climate change not the least due to its importance in CO2 uptake and thus natural carbon sequestration. The CO2 concentration in its surface waters, which determines the ocean's CO2 sink/source function, varies on seasonal and interannual timescales and is mainly driven by air‐sea gas exchange, temperature variability and biological production/respiration. The variability in stable carbon isotope signatures can provide further insight and help to improve the understanding of the controls of the surface ocean carbon system. In this work, a cavity ringdown spectrometer was coupled to a classical, equilibrator‐based pCO2 system on a VOS line that regularly sails across the subpolar North Atlantic between North America and Europe. From 2012 to 2014, a 3‐year time series of underway surface δ13C(CO2) data was obtained along with continuous measurements of temperature, salinity and fCO2. We perform a decomposition of thermal and non‐thermal drivers of fCO2 and δ13C(CO2). The direct measurement of the surface ocean δ13C(CO2) allows us to estimate the mass flux and also the stable carbon isotope fractionation during air‐sea gas exchange. While the CO2 mass flow was in the range of 1 − 2 mol CO2 m−2 yr−1 on the shelves and 2.5 − 3.5 mol CO2 m−2 yr−1 in the open ocean, the isotope signature of this CO2 flux with respect to the sea surface ranged from −2.6 ± 1.4‰ on the shelves to −6.6 ± 0.9‰ in the western and −4.5 ± 0.9‰ in the eastern part of the open ocean section.

Published
2018

37. Inszenierung Von Herrschaft Und Macht Im Agyptischen Tempel : Religion Und Politik Im Theben Des Fruhen 1. Jahrtausends V. Chr.

Author

Becker, Meike, Ilona Blobaum, Anke, Lohwasser, Angelika, Becker, Meike, Ilona Blobaum, Anke, and Lohwasser, Angelika

Abstract

The present study correlates religion and politics in Ancient Egypt by treating them as social and cultural fields that may change during history. The relationship between these two phenomena is always the result of varying power structures, conflicts, negotiations, and symbolic constructions. Our premise is that the distinction between religion and politics is not based on some essential difference between them, nor can it historically be taken for granted. The investigation focuses on the political and religious centre of the early First Millennium BC in Egypt, the city and region of Thebes, and includes textual, pictorial, art historical and architectural sources. The three parts of the project cover the period between the Twenty-second Dynasty and the transitional phase to the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. The first case study deals with the High Priest of Amun and later King Osorkon (B/III.) as well as the royal secretary Hor in the Twenty-second Dynasty, discussing the entanglement between their religious and political offices and ambitions. Although highlighting these two personalities, the interconnections between the most influential families of that time are another aspect of the social and political reality in Thebes. The second part is devoted to the political and religious legitimation of the Nubian kings Pi(ankh)y and Taharqo in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Apart from the difficult situation of a foreign Nubian to become pharaoh in Egypt, also a Kushite-type legitimation was necessary to rule the indigenous realm of Kush. The third case study deals with the influential personality of the governor of Thebes, Montuemhat, in the Twenty-fifth-Twenty-sixth Dynasty. His self-staging is most intriguing, visible first of all through the statues and their inscriptions in the Karnak temple. All three parts of this project together highlight Thebes as a hotspot of political and social changes leaving traces in the realm of religion. The diachronic examination of the representations reflecting the entanglement of religion and politics makes the fluctuation visible.

Published
2020

38. Global Carbon Budget 2017

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard, Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan D., Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank J., Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Padin, X. Antonio, Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, Zhu, Dan, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Climate Change Science Institute [Oak Ridge] (CCSI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, ESRL Chemical Sciences Division [Boulder] (CSD), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Climatic Research Unit, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Cycles biogéochimiques marins : processus et perturbations (CYBIOM), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST)-Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC), University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Montana State University (MSU), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract

International audience; Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the "global carbon budget" – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2007–2016), EFF was 9.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.7 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.6 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For year 2016 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1. Also for 2016, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM was 6.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.7 ± 1.0 GtC yr−1, with a small BIM of −0.3 GtC. GATM continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007–2016), reflecting in part the high fossil emissions and the small SLAND consistent with El Niño conditions. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 402.8 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2016. For 2017, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.0 % (range of 0.8 to 3.0 %) based on national emissions projections for China, USA, and India, and projections of gross domestic product (GDP) corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2017 (GCP, 2017).

Published
2018

40. Long‐term intercomparison of two pCO2 instruments based on ship‐of‐opportunity measurements in a dynamic shelf sea environment.

Author

Macovei, Vlad A., Voynova, Yoana G., Becker, Meike, Triest, Jack, and Petersen, Wilhelm

Subjects
STANDARD deviations, CONTINENTAL shelf, PARTIAL pressure, CARBON dioxide, MEASURING instruments
Abstract

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in surface seawater is an important biogeochemical variable because, together with the pCO2 in the atmosphere, it determines the direction of air–sea carbon dioxide exchange. Large‐scale observations of pCO2 are facilitated by Ships‐of‐Opportunity (SOOP‐CO2) equipped with underway measuring instruments. The need for expanding the observation capacity and the challenges involving the sustainability and maintenance of traditional equilibrator systems led the community toward developing simpler and more autonomous systems. Here we performed a comparison between a membrane‐based sensor and a showerhead equilibration sensor installed on two SOOP‐CO2 between 2013 and 2018. We identified time‐ and space‐adequate crossovers in the Skagerrak Strait, where the two ship routes often crossed. We found a mean total difference of 1.5 ± 10.6 μatm and a root mean square error of 11 μatm. The pCO2 values recorded by the two instruments showed a strong linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 and a slope of 1.07 (± 0.14), despite the dynamic nature of the environment and the difficulty of comparing measurements from two different vessels. The membrane‐based sensor was integrated with a FerryBox system on a ship with a high sampling frequency in the study area. We showed the strength of having a sensor‐based network with a high spatial coverage that can be validated against conventional SOOP‐CO2 methods. Proving the validity of membrane‐based sensors in coastal and continental shelf seas and using the higher frequency measurements they provide can enable a thorough characterization of pCO2 variability in these dynamic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

41. An Internally Consistent Dataset of delta13C-DIC in the North Atlantic Ocean - NAC13v1

Author

Becker, Meike, Andersen, Nils, Erlenkeuser, Helmut, Humphreys, Matthew. P., Tanhua, Toste, and Körtzinger, Arne

Abstract

The stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC) can be used to quantify fluxes within the carbon system. For example, knowing the δ13C signature of the inorganic carbon pool can help in describing the amount of anthropogenic carbon in the water column. The measurements can also be used for evaluating modeled carbon fluxes, for making basin-wide estimates of anthropogenic carbon, and for studying seasonal and interannual variability or decadal trends in interior ocean biogeochemistry. For all these purposes, it is not only important to have a sufficient amount of data, but these data must also be internally consistent and of high quality. In this study, we present a δ13C-DIC dataset for the North Atlantic which has undergone secondary quality control. The data originate from oceanographic research cruises between 1981 and 2014. During a primary quality control step based on simple range tests, obviously bad data were flagged. In a second quality control step, biases between measurements from different cruises were quantified through a crossover analysis using nearby data of the respective cruises, and values of biased cruises were adjusted in the data product. The crossover analysis was possible for 24 of the 32 cruises in our dataset, and adjustments were applied to 11 cruises. The internal accuracy of this dataset is 0.017 ‰.

Published
2016

42. The northern European shelf as increasing net sink for CO2.

Author

Becker, Meike, Olsen, Are, Landschützer, Peter, and Omar, Abdirhaman

Subjects
OCEANOGRAPHIC maps, STANDARD deviations, OCEAN acidification, ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, TIME measurements, COINTEGRATION
Abstract

We developed a simple method to refine existing open ocean maps towards different coastal seas. Using a multi linear regression we produced monthly maps of surface ocean f CO2 in the northern European coastal seas (North Sea, Baltic Sea, Norwegian Coast and in the Barents Sea) covering a time period from 1998 to 2016. A comparison with gridded SOCAT v5 data revealed standard deviations of the residuals 0 ± 26 μatm in the North Sea, 0 ± 16 μatm along the Norwegian Coast, 0 ± 19 μatm in the Barents Sea, and 2 ± 42 μatm in the Baltic Sea.We used these maps as basis to investigate trends in f CO2, pH and air-sea CO2 flux. The surface ocean f CO2 trends are smaller than the atmospheric trend in most of the studied region. Only the western part of the North Sea is showing an increase in f CO2 close to 2 μatm yr-1, which is similar to the atmospheric trend. The Baltic Sea does not show a significant trend. Here, the variability was much larger than possibly observable trends. Consistently, the pH trends were smaller than expected for an increase of f CO2 in pace with the rise of atmospheric CO2 levels. The calculated air-sea CO2 fluxes revealed that most regions were net sinks for CO2. Only the southern North Sea and the Baltic Sea emitted CO2 to the atmosphere. Especially in the northern regions the sink strength increased during the studied period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
Full Text
View/download PDF

43. Global Carbon Budget 2017

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, primary, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Manning, Andrew C., additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Boden, Thomas A., additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Andrews, Oliver D., additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Betts, Richard A., additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Cosca, Catherine E., additional, Cross, Jessica, additional, Currie, Kim, additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Haverd, Vanessa, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hunt, Christopher W., additional, Hurtt, George, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Kautz, Markus, additional, Keeling, Ralph F., additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lenton, Andrew, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Lima, Ivan, additional, Lombardozzi, Danica, additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Millero, Frank, additional, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, additional, Nojiri, Yukihiro, additional, Padín, X. Antoni, additional, Peregon, Anna, additional, Pfeil, Benjamin, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Reimer, Janet, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Stocker, Benjamin D., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Heuven, Steven, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, Walker, Anthony P., additional, Watson, Andrew J., additional, Wiltshire, Andrew J., additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, and Zhu, Dan, additional

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

44. Autonomous 13C measurements in the North Atlantic - a novel approach for identifying patterns and driving factors of the upper ocean carbon cycle

Author

Becker, Meike, Körtzinger, Arne, and Marandino, Christa

Subjects
doctoral thesis, Abschlussarbeit, CRDS, ddc:540, North Atlantic, carbon dioxide, ddc:5XX, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, isotope, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CRDS, carbon dioxide, isotope, North Atlantic
Abstract

The North Atlantic Ocean plays a major role in climate change not least due to its importance in CO2 uptake and thus natural carbon sequestration. The CO2 concentration in its surface waters, which determines the ocean's CO2 sink/source function, varies on seasonal and interannual timescales and is mainly driven by air-sea gas exchange and biological production/respiration. However, the quantification of these processes is still afflicted with a high degree of uncertainty. In this thesis, a cavity ringdown spectrometer (G2131-i, Picarro, USA), which is able to measure the CO2 mole fraction and it's stable carbon isotope composition, was installed on a VOS line that regularly sails across the subpolar North Atlantic between North America and Europe. From summer 2012 to the end of 2014, two and a half years of d13C(CO2) underway data was obtained along with continuous measurements of temperature, salinity and fCO2. Combined with a discrete sampling program (consisting of DIC, TA, nutrients, Chl a, POM, DOC, d13C(POC) and d15N(PON) samples), the dynamics of the upper North Atlantic Ocean were studied. This analysis comprises interannual variations of fCO2 and d13C(CO2), relative changes of nutrient concentration in comparison with C:N ratios of suspended particle matter, biologically and mixing driven variability in DIC and d13C(DIC) and the fractionation between dissolved CO2 and particulate matter. Based on the variations in DIC, fCO2, DIC, fCO2, d13C(DIC), nitrate, phosphate and silicate, the respective change rates and overall inventory changes due to air-sea gas exchange, net community production and convective mixing were calculated utilizing a box model.

Published
2016

48. Patientenspezifische Planung für die Multi-Port Otobasischirurgie

Author

Becker, Meike

Abstract

Bisher werden Operationen im Bereich der seitlichen Schädelbasis (Otobasis) stark invasiv durchgeführt. Um die Traumatisierung für den Patienten zu reduzieren, wird seit kurzem ein Multi-Port Ansatz untersucht, bei dem bis zu drei dünne Bohrkanäle von der Schädeloberfläche bis zum Operationsziel angelegt werden. Aufgrund der Minimalinvasivität des neuen Eingriffs ist die visuelle Kontrolle durch den Chirurgen nicht mehr möglich. Somit ist eine präzise patientenspezifische Planung basierend auf Bilddaten zwingend erforderlich. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt daher auf der Planung eines Multi-Port Eingriffs basierend auf patientenspezifischen Modellen. Zur Generierung dieser Modelle habe ich zunächst Methoden für die Segmentierung der Risikostrukturen der Otobasis in Computertomographiedaten entwickelt. Die Herausforderungen dabei sind die geringe Größe der Strukturen, der fehlende Kontrast zum umliegenden Gewebe sowie die zum Teil variierende Form und Bildintensität. Daher schlage ich die Verwendung eines modellbasierten Ansatzes – das Probabilistic Active Shape Model – vor. Dieses habe ich für die Risikostrukturen der Otobasis adaptiert und intensiv evaluiert. Dabei habe ich gezeigt, dass die Segmentierungsgenauigkeit im Bereich der manuellen Segmentierungsgenauigkeit liegt. Ferner habe ich Methoden für die automatische Planung der Bohrkanäle basierend auf den durch die Segmentierung gewonnenen patientenspezifischen Modellen entwickelt. Die Herausforderung hierbei ist, dass der Multi-Port Eingriff noch nicht im klinischen Einsatz ist und somit Erfahrung mit der neuen Strategie fehlt. Daher wurde zunächst ein Planungstool zur Berechnung einer Menge von zulässigen Bohrkanälen entwickelt und die manuelle Auswahl einer Bohrkanalkombination ermöglicht. Damit haben zwei Ärzte eine erste Machbarkeitsanalyse durchgeführt. Die so gewonnene Erfahrung und Datenbasis habe ich formalisiert und ein Modell für die automatische Planung einer Bohrkanalkombination abgeleitet. Die Evaluation zeigt, dass auf diese Weise Bohrkanalkombinationen vergleichbar mit der manuellen Wahl der Ärzte berechnet werden können. Damit ist erstmals die computergestützte Planung eines Multi-Port Eingriffs an der Otobasis möglich.

Published
2014

50. Global Carbon Budget 2017.

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek K., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard A., Bopp, Laurent, and Chevallier, Frédéric

Subjects
CARBON dioxide mitigation, CARBON offsetting, EFFECT of human beings on climate change
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere - the "global carbon budget" - is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of our imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2007-2016), EFF was 9.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, ELUC 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.7 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.6 GtC yr-1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For year 2016 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1. Also for 2016, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr-1, GATM was 6.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 and SLAND was 2.7 ± 1.0 GtC yr-1, with a small BIM of -0.3 GtC. GATM continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007-2016), reflecting in part the higher fossil emissions and smaller SLAND for that year consistent with El Niño conditions. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 402.8 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2016. For 2017, preliminary data indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.0 % (range of 0.8 % to 3.0 %) based on national emissions projections for China, USA, and India, and projections of Gross Domestic Product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. For 2017, initial data indicate an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration of around 5.3 GtC (2.5 ppm), attributed to a combination of increasing emissions and receding El Niño conditions. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2016; 2015b; 2015a; 2014; 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results