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Choosing when to claim Social Security Administration (SSA) benefits is an important decision for older Americans' financial health. While previous work has examined heterogeneity in claiming decisions, relatively little research has systematically tested the psychological factors that predict early or delayed SSA claiming or the effectiveness of theory-driven interventions meant to help with the claiming decision. A preregistered experiment and three replications examined the extent to which intended claiming age is a function of theory-driven interventions, individual difference measures, and relevant interactions between interventions and individual differences. The interventions that increased intended claiming age were those that suggest that delayed claiming may be the right choice (i.e., injunctive norm, information about the commonality of regret), those that highlight the financial benefits from delayed claiming (i.e., gains framing, focus on benefits to the future self), and those that guide preference construction through self-reflection (i.e., focus on right-tail longevity, reason generation). In addition, intertemporal discounting, subjective life expectancy, and perceived ownership of SSA benefits predicted intended claiming age. This research advances our understanding of which retirees will decide to claim earlier or later and offers practical insights for policy makers, financial planners, and consumer finance organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India bears the highest global burden of oral cancer, despite having an operational tobacco cessation framework. Occupational groups like solid waste management personnel face significant health challenges due to prevalent tobacco use, leading to oral potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer. Enhanced tobacco control strategies are essential for these groups. Methods: A pre-post interventional, community-based study enrolled 1200 municipal workers in Varanasi, India, from July 2022 to August 2023. 858 tobacco users underwent screening and were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: Very Brief Advice, Individual Behavioral Counseling, or Group Behavioral Therapy. Follow-up was conducted one year after the baseline interventions Effectiveness was measured by nicotine dependence reduction using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores and cessation rates defined as at least 6-month abstinence. Appropriate statistical tests assessed the burden of tobacco use, oral potentially malignant lesions, and pre-post differences in FTND scores within and between groups. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Municipal workers exhibited a high prevalence (71.5%) of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use. One-third (32.9%) of the participants screened positive for oral potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer. Leukoplakia was the most common lesion. Screened positivity correlated with significant nicotine dependence. Among 494 follow-up participants, 47.1% reported a significant reduction in nicotine dependence across all intervention groups. Quade's ANCOVA indicated significant differences in post-test FTND scores, with individual behavioral counselling showing the greatest reduction. However, no cessation was achieved in any group despite the significant decline in dependence. Conclusion: Solid waste management personnel in Varanasi show heightened SLT use and associated oral potentially malignant lesions. The persistent tobacco use in these high-risk occupational populations undermines government tobacco control efforts and highlights the need for robust policy and implementation strategies. The study demonstrated a significant reduction in nicotine dependence following interventions, though tobacco cessation was not achieved. More frequent interventions and addressing quitting barriers—such as cultural norms, lack of awareness, easy accessibility, and adverse working conditions—are crucial. Developing a tailored workplace model to tackle tobacco use in occupational settings may facilitate cessation. Clinical trial registration number: Trial registration Clinical Trials Registry India CTRI/2020/07/026479. Date of registration 10/07/2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To summarize and evaluate evidence regarding the efficacy of interventions for depressive symptoms in adults living with spinal cord injury (SCI) and comorbid major depressive disorder or significant depressive symptoms to inform the development of clinical practice guidelines. Articles published since 2013 and available in Medline, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, or PsycINFO. Databases were searched in June 2022 and updated November 2023. Inclusion criteria: age 18 years or older, traumatic SCI, and clinically significant depression (Population), mental health interventions including behavioral, pharmacologic, and complementary and alternative medicine (Intervention), inclusion of a control group (Comparator), with a primary outcome of depression symptom reduction (Outcome). Criteria were applied by multiple reviewers and disagreements were reconciled via unanimous decision among the entire research team. Eight articles of 2780 screened met the selection criteria. Data were extracted independently by multiple reviewers. Two reviewers independently assigned a quality score using the guidelines described by Hawker and associates and independently evaluated the risk of bias of each article using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. All studies assessed depressive symptoms during participant recruitment, screening, and/or at a baseline assessment stage. Pharmacotherapy with venlafaxine XR and several behavioral interventions appear promising, including an online mindfulness course and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. Remote interventions may be effective in reaching individuals who are unable to travel to in-person therapy sessions. This systematic review provides valuable information for clinicians who treat individuals with SCI and comorbid major depressive disorder or significant depressive symptoms. It highlights the importance of considering a variety of interventions and individualizing treatment to meet individuals' needs and preferences. Future research should aim to identify effective interventions for treating depressive symptoms in individuals with SCI and optimal delivery methods for these interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background India bears the highest global burden of oral cancer, despite having an operational tobacco cessation framework. Occupational groups like solid waste management personnel face significant health challenges due to prevalent tobacco use, leading to oral potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer. Enhanced tobacco control strategies are essential for these groups. Methods A pre-post interventional, community-based study enrolled 1200 municipal workers in Varanasi, India, from July 2022 to August 2023. 858 tobacco users underwent screening and were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: Very Brief Advice, Individual Behavioral Counseling, or Group Behavioral Therapy. Follow-up was conducted one year after the baseline interventions Effectiveness was measured by nicotine dependence reduction using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores and cessation rates defined as at least 6-month abstinence. Appropriate statistical tests assessed the burden of tobacco use, oral potentially malignant lesions, and pre-post differences in FTND scores within and between groups. A p-value of

Elayna Kirsch,1 Sadiq Rahman,2 Katrina Kerolus,2 Rabale Hasan,1 Dorota B Kowalska,1 Amruta Desai,2 Sergio D Bergese2 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USACorrespondence: Sergio D Bergese, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Science Center, Level 4, Room 060, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA, Tel +631444-2979, Fax +631444-2907, Email sergio.bergese@stonybrookmedicine.eduAbstract: Dysmenorrhea is the most common pathology women of childbearing age face. It is defined as painful uterine cramping associated with menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea occurs in the absence of an organic cause, whereas secondary dysmenorrhea is pelvic pain associated with an underlying pelvic pathology. The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea and provide a discussion of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options. Prostaglandins play a large role in the pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea by causing myometrial contraction and vasoconstriction. The first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea is with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes, thereby blocking prostaglandin formation, as well as hormonal contraception. Other pharmacologic treatment options include Paracetamol, as well as Gonadotrophic Release Hormone Analogs, which are typically used in the treatment for endometriosis. Non-pharmacologic treatments with strong evidence include heat therapy and physical exercise. There are less evidence-based data behind other modalities for treating dysmenorrhea, such as dietary supplements, acupuncture, and transcutaneous nerve stimulation, and these methods should be used in conjunction with first-line therapy after a discussion of risks and benefits. Lastly, for women who fail medical management, surgical options include endometrial ablation, presacral neurectomy, and laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation. Further research is needed to measure the socioeconomic burden of dysmenorrhea on the healthcare system and to evaluate the efficacy of treatment combinations, as a multi-modal approach likely provides the most benefit for women who suffer from this condition.Keywords: dysmenorrhea, prostaglandin, NSAIDs, hormonal contraception, pelvic pain, pharmacologic management, behavioral interventions, surgical intervention

Objective To investigate the effect of breathing exercises combined with behavioral intervention in nursing of patients with asthma patients, and provide reference for the nursing quality improvement. Methods Totally 90 cases of asthma patients admitted to the hospital from May 2021 to February 2023 were selected and divided into a control group and an observation group using a randomized numerical table method, with 45 cases in each group. The control group received routine care, and the observation group was given breathing exercises and behavioral interventions on the basis of the control group. Score of quality of life assessment, duration of oxygen intake, nursing effectiveness and nursing satisfaction were observed in both groups. Results The score of quality of life assessment was increased in both groups after intervention, and score of quality of life assessment in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P＜0. 01). The total duration of oxygen intake in the observation group was lower than that in the control group. The total effective rate of nursing and nursing satisfaction of patients in the observation group were higher than those of the control group (P＜0. 05). Conclusion In addition to routine care, breathing exercises and behavioral interventions may improve patients' quality of life, reduce the duration of oxygen intake, increase the nursing efficiency, and is conductive asthma control. (目的 探究呼吸训练联合行为干预在哮喘患者护理中的应用效果, 为提升哮喘护理质量提供参考。方法 选取2021年5月—2023年2月医院收治的90例哮喘患者为研究对象, 采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组, 每组45例。对照组施加常规护理, 观察组在对照组基础上实施呼吸训练及行为干预。对比两组患者的生活质量评分、吸氧时长、护理有效率和护理满意度。结果 干预后, 两组患者生活质量评分均较干预前提高, 且观察组评分高于对照组(P＜0. 01)。观察组总吸氧时长短于对照组。观察组护理总有效率和护理满意度均高于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 05)。结论 将呼吸训练及行为干预引入常规护理中, 能够提高患者生活质量, 降低吸氧时长, 提升护理效率, 有利于哮喘病情控制。)

Background: Older adult women often do not engage in sufficient physical activity (PA) and can encounter biological changes that exacerbate the negative effects of inadequate activity. Wearable activity monitors can facilitate PA initiation, but evidence of sustained behavior change is lacking. Supplementing wearable technologies with intervention content that evokes enjoyment, interest, meaning, and personal values associated with PA may support long term adherence. In this paper, we present the protocol of an NIA-funded study designed to evaluate the efficacy of CHALLENGE for increasing step count and motivation for PA in insufficiently active older women (Challenges for Healthy Aging: Leveraging Limits for Engaging Networked Game-based Exercise). CHALLENGE uses social media to supplement wearable activity monitors with the autonomy-supportive frame of a game. We hypothesize that CHALLENGE will engender playful experiences that will improve motivation for exercise and lead to sustained increases in step count. Methods: We will recruit 300 healthy, community dwelling older adult women on a rolling basis and randomize them to receive either the CHALLENGE intervention (experimental arm) or an activity monitor-only intervention (comparison arm). Participants in both groups will receive a wearable activity monitor and personalized weekly feedback emails. In the experimental group, participants will also be added to a private Facebook group, where study staff will post weekly challenges that are designed to elicit playful experiences while walking. Assessments at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months will measure PA and motivation-related constructs. We will fit linear mixed-effects models to evaluate differences in step count and motivational constructs, and longitudinal mediation models to evaluate if interventional effects are mediated by changes in motivation. We will also conduct thematic content analysis of text and photos posted to Facebook and transcripts from individual interviews. Discussion: By taking part in a year-long intervention centered on imbuing walking behaviors with playful and celebratory experiences, participating older adult women may internalize changes to their identity and relationship with PA that facilitate sustained behavior change. Study results will have implications for how we can harness powerful and increasingly ubiquitous technologies for health promotion to the vast and growing population of older adults in the U.S. and abroad. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04095923. Registered September 17th, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) and behavioral interventions (BI) are cornerstone treatments for nocturnal enuresis (NE), a common pediatric urinary disorder. Despite the growing body of clinical studies on massage therapy for NE, comprehensive evaluations comparing the effectiveness of Tuina with DDAVP or BI are scarce. This study aims to explore the efficacy of Tuina in the management of NE. Methods: A systematic search of international databases was conducted using keywords pertinent to Tuina and NE. The inclusion criteria were limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated NE treatments utilizing Tuina against DDAVP or BI. This meta-analysis included nine RCTs, comprising a total of 685 children, to assess both complete and partial response rates. Results: Tuina, used as a combination therapy, showed enhanced clinical efficacy and improved long-term outcomes relative to the control group. The therapeutic efficacy of Tuina was not directly associated with the number of acupoints used. Instead, employing between 11 and 20 acupoints appeared to have the most significant effect. Conclusion: The findings of this meta-analysis support the potential of Tuina as an adjunct therapy to enhance the sustained clinical efficacy of traditional treatments for NE. However, Tuina cannot completely replace DDAVP or BI in the management of NE. While this study illuminates some aspects of the effective acupoint combinations, further research is crucial to fully understand how Tuina acupoints contribute to the treatment of NE in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We examined the perspectives of expert headache psychologists to inform best practices for integrating headache psychologists into the care of children and adults with headache disorders within medical settings. Background: Headache disorders are prevalent, chronic, and disabling neurological conditions. As clinical providers trained in evidence-based behavior change interventions with expertise in headache disorders, headache psychologists are uniquely positioned to provide behavioral headache treatment. Methods: In 2020, we conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of expert headache psychologists working across the United States. Open–ended questions focused on their roles, clinical flow, and treatment content. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, de-identified, and analyzed using a rapid qualitative analysis method. Results: We interviewed seven expert headache psychologists who have worked for an average of 18 years in outpatient settings with pediatric (n = 4) and adult (n = 3) patients with headache. The themes that emerged across the clinical workflow related to key components of behavioral headache treatment, effective behavioral treatment referral practices, and barriers to patient engagement. The expert headache psychologists offered evidence-based behavioral headache interventions such as biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive behavioral therapy emphasizing lifestyle modification as standalone options or concurrently with pharmacological treatment and were of brief duration. Participants reported many of their patients appeared reluctant to seek behavioral treatment for headache. Participants believed referrals were most effective when the referring provider explained to the patient the rationale for behavioral treatment, treatment content, and positive impact on headache activity, functioning, and quality of life. Barriers cited by participants to integrating headache psychology into headache care included the paucity of psychologists with specialized headache training, lack of insurance reimbursement, limited patient time to seek behavioral treatment, and inadequate patient knowledge of what behavioral treatment entails. Conclusion: Headache psychologists are often core members of multidisciplinary headache teams offering short-term, evidence-based behavioral interventions, both as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. However, barriers to care persist. Enhancing referring providers' familiarity with psychologists' role in headache care may aid successful referrals for behavioral interventions for headache. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored school psychologists' practices in the areas of developing behavior intervention plans (BIPs), conducting functional behavior assessments (FBAs), and behavioral consultation. Practitioners were asked to rate their level of confidence in the implementation with fidelity of the last BIP they developed. Relationships between these practices and school psychologists' confidence levels were examined. Data were collected from a national sample of practitioners (n = 179). Overall, results suggest that school district supports, being mindful of potential barriers to implementation, certain components of the FBA process, and adhering to best practices in behavioral consultation can have substantial positive impacts on a school psychologist's confidence in the treatment integrity and maintenance of BIPs over time. Implications for practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected healthcare is a form of health delivery that connects patients and providers through connected health devices, allowing providers to monitor patient behavior and proactively intervene before an adverse event occurs. Unlike the costs, the benefits of connected healthcare in improving patient behavior and health outcomes are usually difficult to determine. In this study, we examine the efficacy of a connected health system that aimed to reduce readmissions through improved medication adherence. Specifically, we study 975 patients with heart disease who received electronic pill bottles that tracked medication adherence. Patients who were nonadherent received active social support that involved different types of feedback, such as text messages and calls. By integrating data on adherence, intervention, and readmission, we aim to (1) investigate the efficacy of connected healthcare in promoting medication adherence, (2) examine the relationship between medication adherence and readmission, and (3) develop a dynamic readmission risk-scoring model that considers medication adherence and use the model to better target nonadherent patients. Our findings suggest that patients are more likely to become adherent when they or their partners receive high levels of intervention that involve personalized feedback and when the intervention is escalated quickly and consistently. We also find that long-term adherence to three common heart medications is strongly associated with reduced readmission risk. Lastly, using counterfactual simulation, we apply the dynamic readmission risk-scoring model to our setting and find that, when using an intervention strategy that prioritizes high-risk patients, we obtain 10% fewer readmissions while using the same effort level from the patient support team. This paper was accepted by Jayashankar Swaminathan, operations management. Funding: The randomized, controlled trial was funded by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation [Healthcare Innovation Award 1C1CMS331009]. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4865. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research has increasingly suggested a benefit to combining multiple cognitive or behavioral strategies in a single treatment program for cognitively impaired older adults. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize results on the effects of multimodal cognitive and behavioral interventions versus control conditions on changes in cognition and mood in patients with mild cognitive impairment (pwMCI). Methods: The review followed a general PRISMA guideline for systematic literature review with a format consisting of participants, interventions, comparators, and outcomes (PICO). Multilevel meta-analyses of aggregated efficacy were performed to assess the pooled effect sizes for cognitive and mood outcomes. Risk-of-bias, heterogeneity across studies, and publication bias were assessed for each outcome. Results: After primary and reference searches, 18 studies with low or some concerns of risk of bias were included. Low heterogeneity was found for mood and cognition. Funnel plots did not indicate publication bias. All the studies assessed changes in cognition (n = 1,555) while seven studies with mood outcomes (n = 343) were included. Multilevel meta-analyses demonstrated moderate effect (Hedge's g = 0.44, 95% CI = [0.21-0.67]) in cognitive outcomes and large effect in mood (g = 0.65, 95% CI = [0.37-0.93]). Subdomain analyses found low-moderate effects in global cognition, verbal and non-verbal memory, executive function, visuospatial abilities, and semantic fluency (0.20 < g < 0.50). Conclusion: These findings showed comparable to larger effects of multimodal cognitive and behavioral interventions on cognition than pharmacological treatment. Future studies should focus on the longitudinal effects of multimodal interventions in delaying dementia. Systematic review registration: PROSEPRO, CRD42022349297. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Behavioral interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are possible in acute care • STAR-VA is applicable to acute care units with minimal modifications needed • Behavioral interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia increase staff efficacy and confidence responding to and managing distress behaviors in dementia • Behavioral interventions on an acute care unit decrease behavioral rapid responses As the population grows, the incidence of dementia will increase. A common occurrence in people with dementia is behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). BPSD can include apathy, aggression, resistance to care, and agitation. BPSD can start or worsen during an acute hospitalization, but these units are not well-equipped to handle BPSD, often relying on pharmacological interventions to address distress behaviors. One known behavioral intervention for BPSD is STAR-VA, an interdisciplinary approach to managing these behaviors. However, this intervention has not been utilized in acute care. Our team implemented STAR-VA in acute care at a Veterans Affairs hospital in the northeastern United States. Using the VA's Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) implementation roadmap to guide our work, we first outlined the problem, completed a needs assessment with staff, and began implementation. Results from this quality improvement project demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of STAR-VA in an acute care setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Evidence Project conducts systematic reviews and meta-analyses of HIV behavioral interventions, behavioral aspects of biomedical interventions, combination prevention strategies, modes of service delivery, and integrated programs in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we present the overall protocol for our reviews. For each topic, we conduct a comprehensive search of five online databases, complemented by secondary reference searching. Articles are included if they are published in peer-reviewed journals and present pre/post or multi-arm data on outcomes of interest. Data are extracted from each included article by two trained coders working independently using standardized coding forms, with differences resolved by consensus. Risk of bias is assessed with the Evidence Project tool. Data are synthesized descriptively, and meta-analysis is conducted when there are similarly measured outcomes across studies. For over 20 years, this approach has allowed us to synthesize literature on the effectiveness of interventions and contribute to the global HIV response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scalable, transdiagnostic interventions are needed to meet the needs of a growing population of older adults experiencing multimorbidity and functional decline. Behavioral activation (BA) is a pragmatic, empirically supported treatment for depression that focuses on increasing engagement in values-aligned activities. We propose BA is an ideal transdiagnostic intervention approach for older adults because it (a) specifically targets activity restriction, a shared characteristic of common conditions of aging; and (b) has strong potential for scalability through delivery by a broad range of clinician and nonclinician interventionists and via telehealth. We describe the history of BA and review recent literature demonstrating impacts beyond depression including on cognition, social isolation, and disability. We also describe the feasibility of delivering BA across interventionists, settings, and modalities. Our approach advances scholarship by proposing BA as a scalable, transdiagnostic behavioral intervention to address functional decline in older adults with common geriatric conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is a growing public health concern, with rising prevalence and significant impact on individuals across age groups. This systematic review examines 24 studies investigating pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for CUD among adolescents (up to 17), young adults (18–24), and older adults (25–65). Database searches were conducted for randomized controlled trials of CUD interventions reporting outcomes such as cannabis use, abstinence, withdrawal symptoms, and treatment retention. For adolescents, interventions such as contingent rewards and family engagement have shown promise, while young adults benefit from technology-based platforms and peer support. In older adults, pharmacological adjuncts combined with counseling have shown promise in enhancing treatment outcomes. However, optimal treatment combinations remain uncertain, highlighting the need for further research. Addressing CUD requires tailored interventions that acknowledge developmental stages and challenges across the lifespan. Although promising interventions exist, further comparative effectiveness research is needed to delineate the most efficacious approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pathways to Wellness randomized controlled trial found that 2 behavioral interventions, mindfulness awareness practices and survivorship education, reduced depressive symptoms in younger breast cancer survivors (BCSs) compared with wait-list control. This secondary analysis examines whether the interventions led to reduced loss of work productivity among younger BCSs and whether such reductions were mediated by reductions in depressive symptoms. The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment scale was used to measure work productivity loss at 4 assessment time points. Correlates of productivity loss at enrollment were examined using multivariable linear regression. Differences in change over time in productivity loss between each intervention group and control were assessed using linear mixed models. Reduced depressive symptoms were tested as a mediator of reduced productivity loss. Of 247 trial participants, 199 were employed and included in the analyses. At enrollment, higher productivity loss was associated with chemotherapy receipt (P =.003), younger age (P =.021), more severe cognitive problems (P =.002), higher musculoskeletal pain severity (P =.002), more depressive symptoms (P =.016), and higher fatigue severity (P =.033). The mindfulness intervention led to significantly less productivity loss compared with control at all 3 postintervention assessment points (all P <.05), with about 54% of the effect mediated by reduction in depressive symptoms. Survivorship education was not associated with reduced loss of productivity. These findings suggest that addressing depressive symptoms through behavioral interventions, such as mindfulness, may mitigate impacts on work productivity in younger BCSs. • Breast cancer is a leading cause of work productivity loss, with younger breast cancer survivors particularly affected. • In a randomized trial, younger breast cancer survivors receiving a mindfulness intervention had reduced productivity loss compared with a control condition, with the effect largely mediated through reduction in depressive symptoms. • Because many younger women will be in the workforce for many years after their cancer diagnosis, screening and referral for depressive symptoms should be a central component of high-quality survivorship care in this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an effective methodology for translating research findings from academia to community interventions. The Bench to Community Initiative (BCI), a CBPR program, builds on prior research to engage stakeholders across multiple disciplines with the goal of disseminating interventions to reduce breast cancer disparities and improve quality of life of Black communities.MethodsThe BCI program was established to understand sociocultural determinants of personal care product use, evaluate the biological impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals, and develop community interventions. The three pillars of the program include research, outreach and engagement as well as advocacy activities. The research pillar of the BCI includes development of multidisciplinary partnerships to understand the sociocultural and biological determinants of harmful chemical (e.g., endocrine disrupting chemicals) exposures from personal care products and to implement community interventions. The outreach and engagement pillar includes education and translation of research into behavioral practice. The research conducted through the initiative provides the foundation for advocacy engagement with applicable community-based organizations. Essential to the mission of the BCI is the participation of community members and trainees from underrepresented backgrounds who are affected by breast cancer disparities.ResultsTwo behavioral interventions will be developed building on prior research on environmental exposures with the focus on personal care products including findings from the BCI. In person and virtual education activities include tabling at community events with do-it-yourself product demonstrations, Salon Conversations—a virtual platform used to bring awareness, education, and pilot behavior change interventions, biennial symposiums, and social media engagement. BCI’s community advisory board members support activities across the three pillars, while trainees participate in personal and professional activities that enhance their skills in research translation.DiscussionThis paper highlights the three pillars of the BCI, lessons learned, testimonies from community advisory board members and trainees on the impact of the initiative, as well as BCI’s mission driven approaches to achieving health equity.

The increasing use of smartphones and the internet among adolescents has raised significant concerns about potential addictive behaviors. These technologies, while beneficial in many ways, pose risks of addiction which can lead to significant impairments or distress. This review aims to synthesize current research on the prevalence, risk factors, consequences, and interventions for smartphone and internet addiction among adolescents. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of studies published in peer-reviewed journals from 2015 to 2023. Databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were used to collect data on the prevalence, diagnostic criteria, psychological, social, and environmental risk factors, and the impacts of addictive behaviors. We also reviewed interventions aimed at mitigating these effects. The prevalence of smartphone addiction in adolescents ranges from 10% to 30%, while internet addiction affects about 6% to 18% globally, varying by region and diagnostic criteria. Key risk factors identified include psychological traits such as depression and anxiety, social influences like peer pressure, and environmental factors such as parental monitoring and technology availability. The consequences of addiction include impaired academic performance, deteriorated mental and physical health, and weakened social relationships. Effective interventions include educational programs, parental guidelines, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and policy measures. Smartphone and internet addiction among adolescents is a complex issue influenced by multiple factors. Effective management requires a multifaceted approach that includes education, parental involvement, therapeutic interventions, and regulatory policies. Ongoing research and tailored interventions are crucial to mitigate the adverse effects and promote healthier engagement with technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical interventions, such as laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), are frequently associated with significant weight loss. However, the initiation and maintenance of this weight reduction are multifaceted processes influenced by genetic, psychological, behavioral, dietary, and metabolic factors. This review examined the role of metabolic hormones, specifically serotonin, in sustaining weight loss post-LSG. A systematic evaluation of six research articles obtained from Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane was conducted, focusing on the role of serotonin in weight loss maintenance. We included randomized controlled trials involving adults over 18 years. Studies lacking an intensive weight regulation approach were excluded. Information was systematically extracted and analyzed from the selected studies, with data on intervention and control groups summarized in tables to compare outcomes one year post-LSG. The findings revealed a complex interplay between serotonin and its role in weight maintenance after sleeve gastrectomy. While some studies demonstrated successful weight loss maintenance with serotonin intervention, the systematic review found no association between serotonin and weight loss maintenance. Factors beyond serotonin levels, including individual motivation, behavioral strategies, and physical activity, were identified as crucial contributors to sustained weight loss. While the results may not demonstrate a recognizable association between serotonin and weight loss maintenance, the significance of this review lies in its contribution to the existing body of knowledge. By synthesizing current evidence, the study adds a nuanced perspective to understanding factors influencing post-LSG outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Describe the method for conducting community-engaged research to identify needed changes for an existing evidence-based intervention, and prepare it for implementation in a community setting within the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center catchment area in an effort to achieve more equitable outcomes in diet-related disease risk factors. Methods: The intervention, Family Eats, was developed over 10 years ago. It works directly with parents of Black/African American 9–12 year old children to create a healthy home food environment to support prevention of obesity and related cancers. Data collection with community stakeholders occurred through a series of Community Advisory Board (CAB) meetings guided by the Delphi Technique, an iterative approach for gaining group consensus on a topic. Results: Key information on needed changes and potential implementation strategies were identified. Perceived level of engagement among CAB members was high overall and in terms of both quantity and quality. Conclusion: The Delphi Technique shows promise as a method for conducting community-engaged research that promotes engagement and identifies key information needed to adapt and implement an existing intervention in a community setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective animal disease reporting is critical for early disease detection and control, but it is often hindered by various human behavioral barriers. This review outlines a comprehensive approach to understanding and addressing these barriers in animal owners and producers. The result is a proposed scoping review protocol to find evidence on human behavioral barriers, enablers, and interventions to animal disease reporting and the use of established behavioral frameworks, including the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and Behavior Change Wheel (BCW), to systematically analyze factors affecting disease reporting behavior. This scoping review protocol introduces a novel perspective on animal disease reporting by delving into the human behavioral aspects. By leveraging established frameworks, we aim to provide systematic insights into the influences on animal disease reporting behavior and propose evidence-based interventions. This research has the potential to significantly contribute to the enhancement of global animal health surveillance systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concern over democratic erosion has led to a proliferation of proposed interventions to strengthen democratic attitudes in the United States. Resource constraints, however, prevent implementing all proposed interventions. One approach to identify promising interventions entails leveraging domain experts, who have knowledge regarding a given field, to forecast the effectiveness of candidate interventions. We recruit experts who develop general knowledge about a social problem (academics), experts who directly intervene on the problem (practitioners), and nonexperts from the public to forecast the effectiveness of interventions to reduce partisan animosity, support for undemocratic practices, and support for partisan violence. Comparing 14,076 forecasts submitted by 1,181 forecasters against the results of a megaexperiment (n = 32,059) that tested 75 hypothesized effects of interventions, we find that both types of experts outperformed members of the public, though experts differed in how they were accurate. While academics' predictions were more specific (i.e., they identified a larger proportion of ineffective interventions and had fewer false-positive forecasts), practitioners' predictions were more sensitive (i.e., they identified a larger proportion of effective interventions and had fewer false-negative forecasts). Consistent with this, practitioners were better at predicting best-performing interventions, while academics were superior in predicting which interventions performed worst. Our paper highlights the importance of differentiating types of experts and types of accuracy. We conclude by discussing factors that affect whether sensitive or specific forecasters are preferable, such as the relative cost of false positives and negatives and the expected rate of intervention success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ADHD medication adherence interventions and explore the pathways to effectiveness. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using multiple databases to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Pooled effect sizes were calculated for medication adherence and ADHD symptom outcomes. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) was used to identify pathways to effectiveness. Results: Six RCTs were included. The interventions significantly improved medication adherence (OR = 2.39, 95% CI [1.19, 4.79]) and ADHD symptoms (Hedges' g = −0.96, 95% CI [−1.38, −0.54]). Multi-regression analysis showed a positive relationship between medication adherence and ADHD symptom reduction. QCA revealed two paths for effectiveness: (1) Presence of ADHD drug education and absence of reminder and (2) Presence of tracking and absence of reminder. Conclusion: ADHD medication adherence interventions have a positive impact on both medication adherence and ADHD symptoms. Interventions should consider including ADHD drug education or tracking to maximize effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental challenges like resource depletion, climate change, and biodiversity loss require human action. Environmental education influences individuals' understanding and motivates responsible behavior, making it a real solution to address current problems. In this study, we examine the impact of situational environmental education and daily environmental education on tourists' responsible environmental behavior by incorporating them as covariates into an integrated tourist behavior model. In total, 2381 valid questionnaires were obtained. The results showed that (1) daily environmental education mainly affects tourists' responsible environmental behavior through attitude (0.467) and habits (0.634); (2) tourists' responsible environmental behavior is mainly affected by situational environmental education through habits (0.534), subjective norms (0.504), and intention (0.614); and (3) personal factors, including attitudes toward environmental behavior, subjective norms, and perceptual behavior control, positively influence tourists' responsible environmental behavioral intention and their responsible environmental behavior. This research will help to improve sustainability indicators and frameworks and to promote the adoption of sustainable tourism practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to assess the efficacy of behavioral therapy interventions in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The study utilized the PubMed and Embase databases to locate randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental treatment studies, and randomized clinical trial comparisons. The experimental group received treatment based on an applied behavioral approach, such as PECS, DTT, PRT, TEACCH, ESDM, and EIBI. After examining seventeen studies, the researchers found that each type of behavioral intervention had a positive impact. Naturalistic protocols that employed PRT and PECS improved ASD symptoms in general, despite their targeting of particular cognitive domains such as language. ESDM enhanced receptive language, particularly in preschool-aged children. Structured and integrated interventions, like EIBI and TEACCH, improved overall adaptive functioning. Combining DTT with a TEACCH program produced greater benefits in linguistic, affective-social, and personal autonomy domains. However, there is a scarcity of high-quality research available on behavioral interventions for ASD. Further comparative studies are necessary to identify cost-efficient interventions. For example, PRT and PECS significantly improved social communication skills in only 15–40 hours over six months. The authors emphasized the need for continued research and the application of evidence-based interventions in specialized settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Our aim was to investigate whether cognitive functional therapy (CFT) was more effective than core exercises and manual therapy (CORE-MT) in improving pain and function for patients with chronic low back pain after spinal surgery. Methods This study was a randomized controlled superiority trial in a university hospital and a private physical therapist clinic in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Eighty participants who were 18 to 75 years old and had chronic low back pain after spinal surgery received 4 to 12 treatment sessions of CFT or CORE-MT once per week for a maximum period of 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were pain intensity (numeric pain rating scale, scored from 0 to 10) and function (Patient-Specific Functional Scale, scored from 0 to 10) after intervention. Results We obtained primary outcome data for 75 participants (93.7%). CFT was more effective, with a large effect size, than CORE-MT in reducing pain intensity (mean difference [MD] = 2.42; 95% CI = 1.69–3.14; effect size [ d ] = 0.85) and improving function (MD = −2.47; 95% CI = −3.08 to −1.87; effect size = 0.95) after intervention (mean = 10.4 weeks [standard deviation = 2.17] after the beginning of treatment). The differences were maintained at 22 weeks for pain intensity (MD = 1.64; 95% CI = 0.98–2.3; effect size = 0.68) and function (MD = −2.01; 95% CI = −2.6 to −1.41; effect size = 0.81). Conclusion CFT was more effective than CORE-MT, with large effect sizes, and may be an option for patients with chronic low back pain after spinal surgery. Impact CFT reduces pain and improves function, with large effect sizes, compared with CORE-MT. The difference between CFT and CORE-MT was sustained at the midterm follow-up. Treatment with CFT may be an option for patients with chronic low back pain after spinal surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the urgent need for comprehensive climate education amid a climate emergency. Human (energy) behaviors are developed from childhood and early adulthood. This study hypothesizes that transcending a nation's net-zero energy ambition can be accomplished through experiential education. An Urban Governance Lab plus nEt-Zero Energy league model is introduced. Various behavioral interventions are designed based on the principles of serious games. Discussions provide rich narratives on how a nation with so many diverse communities can forge a rapid net-zero transition. The blended multi-disciplinary STEM education can drive energy citizenship in campus-like communities. A scenarios-based analysis demonstrating the potential of the proposed model in shaping energy behavior in young citizens leading to net zero is presented. The results from the scenario analysis present optimistic evidence underlining how campus-like communities driven by bottom-up initiatives can realize net-zero ambition beyond hope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High adiposity impacts health and quality of life in old age, owing to its association with multimorbidity, decreased physical performance, and frailty. Whether a high adherence to a Mediterranean diet (Medi-Diet) is associated with reduced body adiposity in older adults is unclear. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of high adiposity in a large sample of community-dwelling older adults. We also explored the relationship between whole-body adiposity estimated through relative fat mass (RFM) and Medi-Diet adherence. Data were obtained from the Longevity Check-up 7+ (Lookup7+) project database. RFM was estimated from anthropometric and personal parameters using a validated equation. RFM was categorized as high if ≥40% in women and ≥30% in men. Information on diet was collected using a food frequency questionnaire, while Medi-Diet adherence was assessed through a modified version of the Medi-Lite scoring system. Analyses were conducted in 2092 participants (mean age 73.1 ± 5.9 years; 53.4% women). Mean RFM was 39.6 ± 5.14% in women and 29.0 ± 3.6% in men. High adiposity was found in 971 (46.4%) participants and was more frequent in those with a low (54.2%) or moderate (46.4%) Medi-Diet adherence compared with the high-adherence group (39.7%, p < 0.001). Logistic regression indicated that older adults with high Medi-Diet adherence were less likely to have a high RFM. Other factors associated with a greater risk of having high adiposity were older age, female sex, and physical inactivity. Our findings support an association between healthy lifestyles, including a greater adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet, and lower body adiposity in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Effective school-based interventions for youth with ADHD are critical to their success. We examined whether teacher application of such interventions and perceptions of professional support related to greater well-being, including fewer burnout symptoms. Method: Teachers in primary schools in Iceland were invited to participate in an online survey, including questions about professional support and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The sample comprised N = 592 (88.5% female) participants. Results: Regression analyses indicated that use of recommended ADHD interventions was positively associated with MBI-Personal Achievement (PA). Greater satisfaction with professional support related to lower MBI-Emotional Exhaustion and MBI-Depersonalization, and higher MBI-PA. Level of professional support was positively associated with use of recommended interventions. Conclusion: Effective interventions and support for students with ADHD may enhance teacher well-being. Icelandic teachers require further training and professional support in best practices for ADHD, to help promote teacher and student success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundResearch has increasingly suggested a benefit to combining multiple cognitive or behavioral strategies in a single treatment program for cognitively impaired older adults. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize results on the effects of multimodal cognitive and behavioral interventions versus control conditions on changes in cognition and mood in patients with mild cognitive impairment (pwMCI).MethodsThe review followed a general PRISMA guideline for systematic literature review with a format consisting of participants, interventions, comparators, and outcomes (PICO). Multilevel meta-analyses of aggregated efficacy were performed to assess the pooled effect sizes for cognitive and mood outcomes. Risk-of-bias, heterogeneity across studies, and publication bias were assessed for each outcome.ResultsAfter primary and reference searches, 18 studies with low or some concerns of risk of bias were included. Low heterogeneity was found for mood and cognition. Funnel plots did not indicate publication bias. All the studies assessed changes in cognition (n = 1,555) while seven studies with mood outcomes (n = 343) were included. Multilevel meta-analyses demonstrated moderate effect (Hedge’s g = 0.44, 95% CI = [0.21–0.67]) in cognitive outcomes and large effect in mood (g = 0.65, 95% CI = [0.37–0.93]). Subdomain analyses found low-moderate effects in global cognition, verbal and non-verbal memory, executive function, visuospatial abilities, and semantic fluency (0.20

Background: Technology-based interventions are increasingly used to improve physical activity (PA) and diet. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to August 2021 that tested mobile health (mHealth) PA and/or dietary interventions among cancer survivors and reported on the feasibility, satisfaction, behavioral change, and/or quality of life (QOL) outcomes. Results: In total, 61 articles were identified on PubMed, and 23 of those met the inclusion criteria. The most common cancers were breast (n = 1000), prostate (n = 713), and colorectal (n = 650). Participants were predominantly White (median: 84%, interquartile range (IQR): 20%) and college-educated (58%). The interventions varied, but the most common combination of components (six studies) was a website/mobile app with an activity tracker and coaching. In terms of duration, 70% (n = 16) of the interventions lasted 12 weeks. The median total tracker wear was 87% of the study days (IQR: 6%) and the median text-message reply rate was 73% (IQR 4%). Most participants (median: 87%; IQR: 16%) were satisfied with at least one intervention component. Eleven out of 18 studies examining behavioral change reported significant between-group differences and six out of 11 studies examining QoL reported significant improvements. Conclusions: mHealth interventions are a promising approach to improving the PA and diets of cancer survivors. Research in racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse populations is needed.

Abstract Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease that targets the central nervous system. Globally it is estimated that 2.8 million people live with MS (2018) and as there is no known cure; therefore, identifying methods to increase a patient’s quality of life (QoL) is of considerable importance. Non-pharmacological interventions are a viable and effective option to increase QoL in patients with MS, however, to date, the literature lacks a complete systematic review of these interventions. Methods A literature search was conducted for studies published up until March 4th 2022 in Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, The Cochrane Library, Medline, and Embase. Studies were included if they were randomized control trials (RCTs) assessing a non-pharmacological intervention in adults with MS and measured QoL using the MSQOL-54, SF-36 or MSQLI tools for at least two time points. Quality assessment of each study was completed as well as a review of publication bias. Where possible, meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model and for other studies a qualitative synthesis was presented. Results Thirty studies were included in the meta-analysis and eleven studies were summarized qualitatively. The pooled effects across all non-pharmacological interventions showed a modest improvement in both the physical and mental components of QoL, with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.44 (95% CI 0.26–0.61) and 0.42 (95% CI 0.24–0.60), respectively. Non-pharmacological interventions based around a physical activity were found to be particularly effective in improving both the physical composite score (PCS) and mental composite score (MCS), with an SMD of 0.40 (95% CI 0.14–0.66) and 0.31 (95% CI 0.08–0.55), respectively. Interventions incorporating balance exercises presented a significant advantageous solution for improving QoL, with an SMD of 1.71 (95% CI 1.22, 2.20) and 1.63(95% CI 1.15–2.12) for PCS and MCS respectively. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis identified that non-pharmacological interventions can be an effective method of improving QoL in patients with MS, especially modalities with a physical activity component and balance interventions.

BackgroundObesity has become a significant health concern among young adults aged 18–35 years. Addressing this issue is crucial, and exploring psychological treatments and perspectives specifically for this population is essential.MethodsThis literature review examines psychological treatments for obesity in young adults over the past decade. It focuses on interventions and discussions particularly relevant to this age group.DiscussionResearch on obesity often overlooks young adults, with most interventions primarily focusing on weight loss and neglecting emotional aspects. Cognitive-behavioral approaches are commonly used for self-regulation and motivation, but psychodynamic perspectives remain underutilized. While group-based methods lack a detailed analysis of benefits, hybrid approaches demonstrate higher engagement compared to technology-only interventions. There is a notable gap in tailoring obesity interventions to meet the unique needs of young adults during this transitional life phase. It’s imperative to shift the focus from merely weight loss to a broader consideration of psychological, emotional, and unconscious factors. Integrating group modalities with psychodynamic approaches might offer additional benefits.ConclusionThis review highlights the need for further research into the psychological well-being of young adults with obesity. A more comprehensive approach is required to address their distinct needs and psychological factors.

Background: Preoperative anxiety (PA) in children is a common phenomenon associated with various negative patient outcomes. Allaying PA is accepted as a standard of care, but its use is not universal and often overlooked. This survey is designed to evaluate the nationwide current practice patterns and attitudes of anesthesiologists toward the practice of allaying PA in children. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire of 25 questions, including information on methods of relieving PA in children, reasons for noncompliance, and associated complications, was framed. It was circulated among members of the Indian Society of Anaesthesiologists through an online survey of Google Forms and manually. Results: Four hundred and fifty anesthesiologists were surveyed. Responses were predominantly from anesthesiologists practicing in medical colleges across the country. Although 97% of the surveyed respondents practiced anxiety-relieving strategies, only 37% used it consistently. Seventy-three percent of anesthesiologists practiced both pharmacological and nonpharmacological techniques. The most common reason for avoiding premedication was an anticipated difficult airway (88%). Inadequate sedation was a commonly reported problem. Ninety-five percent of participants felt that PA-relieving strategies should be integral to pediatric anesthesia practice. The most common reason for not following these practices was an inadequate hospital infrastructure (67%). Ninety-seven percent of the participants believed that more awareness is required on this crucial perioperative issue. Conclusion: Only 37% of the surveyed anesthesiologists consistently used some form of PA-relieving strategy and the practice varied widely. Further improvement and team approach involving anesthesiologists, surgeons, and nurses is required to ensure the quality of pediatric PA-relieving services and establish it as a standard of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing interest about the fidelity with which interventions are implemented because it is theorized that better implementation fidelity by facilitators is associated with better participant outcomes. However, in the parenting program literature, there is mixed evidence on the relationship between implementation fidelity and outcomes. This paper provides a synthesis of the evidence on the relationship between facilitator delivery and outcomes in the parenting program literature. Following PRISMA guidelines, this paper synthesizes the results of a systematic review of studies on parenting programs aiming to reduce violence against children and child behavior problems. Specifically, it examines associations between observational measures of facilitator competent adherence and parent and child outcomes. A meta-analysis was not feasible due to study heterogeneity. As a result, Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed. Searches in electronic databases, reference searching, forward citation tracking, and expert input identified 9653 articles. After screening using pre-specified criteria, 18 articles were included. The review found that most studies (n = 13) reported a statistically significant positive relationship with at least one parent or child outcome. However, eight studies reported inconsistent findings across outcomes, and four studies found no association with outcomes. The results suggest that better facilitator competent adherence is generally associated with positive parent and child outcomes. However, this finding is weakened by the methodological heterogeneity of included studies and due to the wide variety of ways in which studies conceptualized competent adherence-outcome relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of context in behavioral interventions is undeniable, yet few intervention studies begin with a systematic investigation of the contextual factors that influence the behavior in question. This is largely due to the lack of a reliable method for doing so. In recognition of this gap in the field, we have developed a procedure called the Choice Context Exploration that uses machine learning tools to examine the contextual factors that influence a targeted behavior. We demonstrate the steps of Choice Context Exploration using the example of the behavioral choice between using stairs or an elevator. Potential contextual factors were identified by laypeople and experts, and two surveys were created to measure both the behavior and choice, as well as the beliefs of participants. We estimated the effect of contextual factors on participants' behavior and were able to identify the most influential ones in relation to the studied choice. We achieved an accurate prediction of whether participants would choose the stairs or the elevator based on contextual information in 91.43% of cases on previously unseen data. We also found that participants had different beliefs about what influenced their choice in this situation and that they could be divided into different groups based on these beliefs. Our results suggest that the Choice Context Exploration is a useful procedure for collecting and assessing contextual factors in a given choice setting, which can aid in the planning of behavioral interventions by significantly reducing the number of potential interventions that are likely to be effective. Plain Language Summary: Examining Contextual Factors in Behavioral Choices This study aimed to address the lack of systematic investigation into contextual factors influencing targeted behaviors in interventions. The researchers developed a procedure called Choice Context Exploration, which employs machine learning tools to examine such factors. Using the example of choosing between stairs and an elevator, potential contextual factors were identified, and surveys were administered to measure behavior, choice, and beliefs. The analysis revealed influential contextual factors and achieved a 91.43% accurate prediction of participants' choices based on unseen data. Participants held different beliefs, and can be grouped by these beliefs. The study concludes that Choice Context Exploration is valuable for collecting and assessing contextual factors, aiding in behavioral intervention planning by reducing potential interventions. However, limitations include a narrow focus on one behavior and the need for further investigation into generalizability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is a grave traumatic experience that can profoundly compromise patients' psychological resilience, impacting their overall quality of life. The oxytocin system represents one of the essential neurobiological bases of psychological resilience and plays a critical role in regulating resilience in response to social or traumatic events during adulthood. Oxytocin, through its direct interaction with peripheral or central oxytocin receptors, has been found to have a significant impact on regulating social behavior. However, the precise mechanism by which the activation of peripheral oxytocin receptors leads to improved social is still not completely comprehended and requires additional research. Its activation can modulate psychological resilience by influencing estrogen and its receptors, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thyroid function, 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism levels, and arginine pressure release in breast cancer patients. Various interventions, including psychotherapy and behavioral measures, have been employed to improve the psychological resilience of breast cancer patients. The potential effectiveness of such interventions may be underpinned by their ability to modulate oxytocin release levels. This review provides an overview of the oxytocin system and resilience in breast cancer patients and identifies possible future research directions and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing consensus suggests that a cause of support for undemocratic practices and partisan violence is that partisans misperceive the other side. That is, they vastly exaggerate the extent to which members of the other party support undemocratic practices and violence. When these misperceptions are corrected, citizens' own beliefs moderate. I present results from an experiment that show that misperception corrections do not have an effect in the presence of competing information (i.e., that challenges the validity of the correction or offers a conflicting narrative). Basic corrections do not constitute a robust way to counter democratic backsliding stemming from citizens' misperceptions. The results highlight the need to devise stronger misperception interventions and, more generally, to consider competing information environments when devising any scalable behavioral intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]