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In this chapter, the traditional uses, the phytochemistry, and the cytotoxic potential of Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) (Fabaceae) have been provided. The plant is traditionally used to treat sexually transmitted infections, gastrointestinal tract disorders, headaches, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, respiratory disorders, injuries, pain, and female fertility problems. Several pharmacological studies have demonstrated the activity of botanicals from different parts of this plant against human cancer cell lines. Phytochemical studies of the plant revealed 26 compounds belonging to terpenoids, phenolics, and alkaloids. Their cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines has been reported. Botanicals and phytochemicals from A. adianthifolia are potential sources of cytotoxic drugs to fight cancers including the refractory phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrapleura tetraptera is an African medicinal spice used in traditional medicine to treat several ailments including cancer. The present study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1) extract of the fruits of Tetrapleura tetraptera (TTF) and its constituents: (3 R , 4 S)-3,4-dimethyloxetan-2-one (1), luteolin (2), stigmasterol (4), 3- O -[6′- O -undecanoyl- β - D -glucopyranosyl]stigmasterol (6), olean-12-en-3- β - O - D -glucopyranoside (7), 3- O - β - D -glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)- β - D -glucopyranosylurs-12-en-28-oic acid (8), 3- O - β - D -glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)- β - D -glucopyranosyl-27-hydroxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid (9), methyl- O - β - D -glucopyranoside (10), β - D -fructofuranosyl-(2 → 1)- β - D -glucopyranoside (11) towards a panel of cancer cell lines including MDR phenotypes. The cellular mode of induction of apoptosis by TTF and compound 7 was further investigated. The resazurin reduction assay (RRA) was applied to determine the cytotoxicity of the studied samples. The cell cycle (PI staining), apoptosis (annexin V/PI staining), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; JC-1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS; H 2 DCFH-DA) were measured by flow cytometry. Column chromatography was used for the purification of TTF, whilst nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis was applied for structural elucidation. The botanical, TTF and the phytochemicals, 2 , 7 , 8 and 9 as well as doxorubicin exerted cytotoxicity against 9 cancer cell lines including drug-sensitive and drug resistant phenotypes. TTF, compound 7 and doxorubicin were the most active samples, and displayed IC 50 values ranging from 10.27 μg/mL (in CCRF-CEM leukemia cells) to 23.61 μg/mL (against HCT116 p53 −/− colon adenocarcinoma cells) for TTF, from 4.76 μM (against CCRF-CEM cells) to 12.92 μM (against HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells) for compound 7 , and from 0.02 μM (against CCRF-CEM cells) to 122.96 μM (against CEM/ADR5000 cells) for doxorubicin. TTF induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cells through MMP alteration and increased ROS production while compound 7 induced apoptosis mediated by caspases activation, MMP alteration and increased ROS production. Tetrapleura tetraptera and some of its constituents, mostly compound 7 are good cytotoxic natural products that should be explored in depth to develop new drugs to fight cancers. The botanical, TTF and the phytochemicals, 2 , 7 , 8 and 9 had cytotoxic effect against the nine cancer cell lines tested including drug-sensitive and drug resistant phenotypes. TTF and compounds 7 had the best activities. TTF induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cells through MMP alteration and increased ROS production while compound 7 induced apoptosis mediated by caspases activation, MMP alteration and increased ROS production. Image 1 • The cytotoxicity of Tetrapleura tetraptera (TTF) fruit extract and compounds was evaluated. • TTF and compounds, 2 , 7 , 8 and 9 had cytotoxic effects against the 9 cancer cell lines tested. • TTF and compounds 7 had the best activities and induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]