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W. H. Russell, the famous war correspondent of The Times. created the phrase 'The Thin Red Line' to describe the brave stand of British troops against the Russians during the Crimean War. It is the intention of this thesis to explore the work of the political cartoonist in wartime using the example of one particular artist, Leslie Illingworth of the Daily Mail during the Second World War. This is a relatively new area of research and the main aim of the thesis is to discover what it is that a staff political cartoonist working for a national daily newspaper actually does in wartime. In addition, it investigates what sort of person such an artist is, what his relationship is to his newspaper, his public and the government of the day, and how far his material follows in the historical traditions of political cartoon art. The thesis draws on extensive archive material - including a large uncatalogued collection of wartime cartoons by Illingworth deposited in the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth - and considerable original research into the hitherto unrecorded life of the artist himself. After tracing the history of war cartoons in general, the history of the Daily Mail and the background of Illingworth's own life and career, a detailed study is made of Illingworth's wartime political cartoons - their content, frequency of publication and other factors - before examining his work in the context of his wartime contemporaries and evaluating the impact of his cartoons on the readers of the Daily Mail and the world at large. The thesis concludes that, during the Second World War in particular, political cartoonists had a far from simple job and were important figures who were greatly valued by the newspapers for which they worked, by the public at large and by the government of the day. Their creations were seen by Britain and her allies - as well as her enemies - as a significant weapon in the arsenal of democracy. Also, as the Second World War was the last major international conflict before the widespread use of television, it is argued that this period marked the high point in the development of political war cartoons in daily newspapers throughout history. In addition, by demonstrating that Leslie Illingworth of the Daily Mail can be seen not only as a typical political cartoonist working as a staff artist on a typical national daily newspaper during this period, but also one of its most accomplished practitioners, a case is made for viewing him as one of the finest political war cartoonists of all time.

A solar array (SA) mechanical subsystem made of thin and lightweight substrates was developed, built and tested for a small spacecraft. The SA is compactly foldable and deployable to a length of approximately five times the widthof the spacecraft. It has miniature hinges and latches, and deploys freely without dampers and synchronizing mechanisms. The solar cell interconnect harness consists ofthin, laminatedflexible circuits,and the substrates feature a syntactic foam core exposed to large temperature extremes. This developmental technology, currently at TRL 6, when completely proven out, would be viable for small satellites and would enable missions in the Express-class. The Express-class (or Express) refers to satellites in the range of 25kg to 100 kg that are positioned in the gap between 12U CubeSats and small ESPA-class spacecraft. Cornerstones of the SA development were compact packaging, deployment dynamic simulation, and hinge-latch tuning for dynamics and lock-up loads. Dynamic deployment simulations were modeled in Adams to observe the behavior of the unfolding array, to size the hinge springs and to monitor the lockup loads at the substrate to hinge interfaces. Extensive substrate mechanical and thermal tests were conducted to verify the substrate’s structural capability and dimensional stability in its operating environment. Thermal tests were carried out to observe the effect of mismatching coefficients of thermal expansion between the adhered flexible laminated interconnect circuits and the substrate. Gravity-negated wing deployment tests were performed at temperature limits and in vacuum to verify the overall design intent of the deployment. The stowed wing was vibration tested to verify its structural capabilities under launch environments, and then deployment tested again to demonstrate that the array as a mechanism was unaffected by launch loads. Mechanically, the Express SA substrate assembly has been advanced in its development and proven out as a structure and mechanism. Further development of the electrical power system is necessary, and additional testing for mechanical and thermal interactions of the solar cells with the overall SA substrate will need to be done. This SA subsystem would be an essential expansion to the Express hardware developed by The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) for the advancement and enablement of Express-class missions.