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Inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and cell damage are the major patho-physiological reasons behind type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which is one of the most prevalent non communicable metabolic disorders in the world. Oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin shots are usually exercised to treat the diabetic patients but it produces many side effects. Thereby paving the way for natural hypoglycemic agents; a Himalayan herb and alternative nutritional therapy; low glycaemic indexed pumpkin seed, are used in combination for a better management of the disease. The aim of the study was to explore the combined efficacy of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl root Salep and low-glycemic indexed-pumpkin seeds in better management of T2DM and associated complications. Balb/c mice were randomly allocated to six different groups (n=5). Streptozotocin along with high-fat-diet was used to induce T2DM. The experimental animals were supplemented with low-glycemic food or root Salep (200 mg/kg body weight) or combination of both according to their groups for 21 days, post which various biochemical tests were performed. T2DM augmented the IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, BAX, Insulin levels, and HOMA-IR with concurrent reduction of IL-4, QUICKI, Bcl-2, estradiol and progesterone levels. FACS revealed augmented cellular damage in T2DM mice. Interestingly, root Salep and pumpkin seeds normalized those parameters in T2DM animals suggesting significant (p<0.001) improvement of immunity of the diseased animals and ameliorated associated complications. Root Salep and pumpkin seed display synergism among binomial set of herbal agents which may be safely used for T2DM management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of multi-organ affecting Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing day by day that consequently becomes a serious threat to public health. According to Ayurveda, individual's basic constitution (Prakriti) describes its predisposition and prognosis to disease status and also the treatment for disease but no detailed studies carried out yet on diabetic individuals of three Prakriti groups on biochemical aspects. This study was conducted with twelve patients in each three Prakriti groups having Type 2 diabetes mellitus to determine the differences of some anthropometrical and biochemical parameters amongst them. Clinical profiling and various biochemical parameters of liver and kidney, lipid profiles and antioxidant enzymes were assayed. Significant differences were observed amongst the subjects belonging in different Prakriti groups. Differences in liver function enzymes and kidney function parameters and lipid profiles revealed that the subjects of Kapha and Pitta Prakriti were predominant groups. Glycosylated haemoglobin percentage was higher in Pitta Prakriti individuals. The screening process of the study indicated that diabetic individuals mostly belong to the Pitta and Kapha Prakriti groups of which Kapha Prakriti was more prone to hepatic and renal disorder and Pitta Prakriti was more susceptible towards cardiac disorder due to their diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Archaea, previous studies have revealed the presence of multiple intron-containing tRNAs and split tRNAs. The full unexpurgated analysis of archaeal tRNA genes remains a challenging task in the field of bioinformatics, because of the presence of various types of hidden tRNA genes in archaea. Here, we suggested a computational method that searched for widely separated genes encoding tRNA halves to generate suppressive variants of missing tRNAs., Objectives: The exploration of tRNA genes from a genome with varying hypotheses, among all three domain of life (eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea), has been rapidly identified in different ways in the field of bioinformatics. Like eukaryotic tRNA genes, it has been established that two separated regions of the coding sequence of a tRNA gene are essential and sufficient for promotion of transcription. Our objective is to find out the two essential regions in the genome sequence which comprises two halves of the hidden tRNAs., Material and Methods: Considering the existence of split tRNA genes widely separated throughout the genome, we developed our tRNA search algorithm to predict such separated tRNA genes by searching both a conserved terminal 5'- and 3'-motif of tRNA in agreement with the split hypothesis on the basis of cloverleaf prediction and precise insilico determination of bulge-helix-bulge secondary structure at the splice sites., Results: By a comprehensive search for all kinds of missing tRNA genes, we have constructed hybrid tRNA genes containing one essential region from tDNA (XYZ) and the other from tDNA (ABC), both from same species in the archaea. We have also found, this type of hybrid tRNA genes are identified in the different species of the archaea (XYZ ASN, ARG and MET; ABC ASP,SER, ARG and PRO).These hybrid split tRNA share a common structural motif called bulge-helix-bulge (BHB) a more relaxed bulge-helix loop (BHL), at the leader exon boundary and suggested to be evolutionary interrelated., Conclusions: Analysis of the complete genome sequences of Metallosphaera sedula DSM 5348, Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis 1221n and Ignicoccus hospitalis KIN4/I in archaea by our algorithm revealed that a number of hybrid tRNAs are constructed from different tDNAs . Asymmetric combination of 5' and 3' tRNA halves may have generated the diversity of tRNA molecules. Our study of hybrid tRNA genes will provide a new molecular basis for upcoming tRNA studies., (Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s); Published by National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.)