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Purpose: To provide an overview of pre-selected emerging arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) that cause ocular inflammation in humans. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature published between 1997 and 2023 was conducted in PubMed database. We describe current insights into epidemiology, systemic and ocular manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of arboviral diseases including West Nile fever, Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Zika, and Yellow fever. Results: Arboviruses refer to a group of ribonucleic acid viruses transmitted to humans by the bite of hematophagous arthropods, mainly mosquitoes. They mostly circulate in tropical and subtropical zones and pose important public health challenges worldwide because of rising incidence, expanding geographic range, and occurrence of prominent outbreaks as a result of climate change, travel, and globalization. The clinical signs associated with infection from these arboviruses are often inapparent, mild, or non-specific, but they may include serious, potentially disabling or life-threatening complications. A wide spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations has been described including conjunctival involvement, anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, various forms of posterior uveitis, maculopathy, optic neuropathy, and other neuro-ophthalmic manifestations. Diagnosis of arboviral diseases is confirmed with either real time polymerase chain reaction or serology. Management involves supportive care as there are currently no specific antiviral drug options. Corticosteroids are often used for the treatment of associated ocular inflammation. Most patients have a good visual prognosis, but there may be permanent visual impairment due to ocular structural complications in some. Community-based integrated mosquito management programs and personal protection measures against mosquito bites are the best ways to prevent human infection and disease. Conclusion: Emerging arboviral diseases should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ocular inflammatory conditions in patients living in or returning from endemic regions. Early clinical consideration followed by confirmatory testing can limit or prevent unnecessary treatments for non-arboviral causes of ocular inflammation. Prevention of these infections is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is an invaluable investigation for imaging anterior segment structures. Although it is operator‐dependent and time consuming, unlike optical‐based imaging techniques, it is able to image structures posterior to the iris, such as the zonules, ciliary body and part of the pars plana. It is especially useful in advanced cataracts, traumatic cataracts, subluxed lenses, posterior polar cataracts, and congenital and developmental anomalies affecting the anterior segment. It provides diagnostic information in eyes with complex cataracts or intraocular lens (IOL)‐related pathology, and aids in surgical planning in order to minimise complications. In this review, we describe the UBM features of various lenticular pathologies and demonstrate its application in the diagnosis and surgical management of lens and IOL‐related pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ocular toxoplasmosis is the leading cause of posterior uveitis worldwide, affecting individuals acrossdifferent age groups. The key to reducing vision loss includes prompt diagnosis and treatment. However, despite the prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis, there has been little consensus regarding its pathophysiology,clinical features, diagnosis, and especially management. Methods: The data sources were literature reviews, including Pub Med and Medline databases. Search terms included toxoplasmosis, retinitis, vasculitis, vitritis, uveitis alone or in combination with, serum, aqueous, vitreous eye, ocular and review. Results: In this review paper, we have sought to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of the disease, both based on current literature and our own clinical experience. We have also discussed the use of serology, ocular fluid, and ophthalmic investigations that could further facilitate the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.Different management strategies have been reported worldwide, including newer approaches such as local therapy. Conclusion: A better understanding of critical aspects of ocular toxoplasmosis will hopefully lead to reduced morbidity, including blindness associated with this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated ocular infections that currently require systemic therapy or prophylaxis, such as viral infections, toxoplasmosis, and certain cases of tuberculous uveitis for example, would greatly benefit from long-lasting local drug delivery systems. Local ocular therapies nevertheless can play a role in patients who are unable to tolerate systemic treatment (i.e., pancytopenia as a side effect of ganciclovir treatment). In general, if I see a role for anti-inflammatory treatment with systemic prednisolone - for example, in toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis - I like to see a response to the antimicrobial drug(s) or at least allow time for antimicrobial therapy to have had sufficient time to take effect before starting prednisolone, and I watch carefully to ensure there is no progression after starting this agent. B SPC b :Generally, I prefer to start the antimicrobial therapy 48-72 hours ahead of the corticosteroid/immunomodulatory therapy to allow time for the former to take effect. In a nutshell, sometimes stop the current treatment, re-analyse the case for potential differentials that might have been overlooked, and if none, then start appropriately and slowly increase immunosuppressive therapy (under cover of antimicrobials). B AG b :Traditionally, CMV retinitis was seen in patients with HIV infection and manifested as a perivascular chronic retinitis that progressed rather slowly and was accompanied by minimal anterior chamber or vitreous reaction. [Extracted from the article]