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Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the short-term effect of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (DS) in order to determine if exclusion of the upper gastrointestinal tract confers greater metabolic improvement, independent of weight loss., Methods: Standard meals were administered before and on day 3 and 4 after SG to assess insulin sensitivity, β-cell function and gastrointestinal hormone responses in matched normoglycemic (NG) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) participants. A third group of matched T2D participants who underwent DS with the same meal test administered prior to and 3days after surgery was also recruited., Results: Despite significant metabolic improvement, T2D participants failed to fully normalize insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction 3 and 4days after SG. Our results demonstrate the superiority of DS over SG in terms of short-term improvement in postprandial glucose excursion and β-cell function 3days after the surgery, with similar improvement in hepatic insulin sensitivity., Conclusion: Our findings support the notion that caloric restriction represents an important mechanism to explain the very early anti-diabetic effects observed after bariatric surgery. However, exclusion of the upper gastrointestinal tract also provides further metabolic improvements, possibly mediated by gastrointestinal hormonal responses and altered postprandial glucose absorption., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)