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Laccases are ligninolytic enzymes produced by different microorganisms, especially by fungi such as the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Chemical inductors have been used to promote laccase secretion due to the application of these enzymes in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Cordyceps nidus ANDES-F1080 was previously described as a source of bioactive compounds that could influence the enzymatic production system of other fungi. For that reason, this study evaluates the effect of C. nidus’ ANDES-F1080 extracts on the laccase activity of P. ostreatus ANDES-F515. To achieve this objective, C. nidus ANDES-F1080 was grown in four different substrates: two artificial-based and two natural-based culture media. Metabolites were extracted from C. nidus ANDES-F1080 using water and methanol as solvents. Biochemical characterization of these extracts was performed to complement the analysis of their effect on laccase activity. Our results revealed an enhancement on the laccase activity of P. ostreatus ANDES-F515 grown in natural-based cultures when C. nidus’ ANDES-F1080 extracts were supplemented. The best laccase activities registered values around 10,575 ± 813 U·L−1.

Abstract The NEMO-3 results for the double- $$\beta $$ β decay of $$^{150}$$ 150 Nd to the 0 $$^+_1$$ 1 + and 2 $$^+_1$$ 1 + excited states of $$^{150}$$ 150 Sm are reported. The data recorded during 5.25 year with 36.6 g of the isotope $$^{150}$$ 150 Nd are used in the analysis. The signal of the $$2\nu \beta \beta $$ 2 ν β β transition to the 0 $$^+_1$$ 1 + excited state is detected with a statistical significance exceeding 5 $$\sigma $$ σ . The half-life is measured to be $$T_{1/2}^{2\nu \beta \beta }(0^+_1) = \left[ 1.11 ^{+0.19}_{-0.14} \,\left( \hbox {stat}\right) ^{+0.17}_{-0.15}\,\left( \hbox {syst}\right) \right] \times 10^{20}$$ T 1 / 2 2 ν β β ( 0 1 + ) = 1 . 11 - 0.14 + 0.19 stat - 0.15 + 0.17 syst × 10 20 year, which is the most precise value that has been measured to date. 90% confidence-level limits are set for the other decay modes. For the $$2\nu \beta \beta $$ 2 ν β β decay to the 2 $$^+_1$$ 1 + level the limit is $$T^{2\nu \beta \beta }_{1/2}(2^+_1) > 2.42 \times 10^{20}~\hbox {year}$$ T 1 / 2 2 ν β β ( 2 1 + ) > 2.42 × 10 20 year . The limits on the $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β decay to the 0 $$^+_1$$ 1 + and 2 $$^+_1$$ 1 + levels of $$^{150}$$ 150 Sm are significantly improved to $$T_{1/2}^{0\nu \beta \beta }(0^+_1) > 1.36 \times 10^{22}~\hbox {year}$$ T 1 / 2 0 ν β β ( 0 1 + ) > 1.36 × 10 22 year and $$T_{1/2}^{0\nu \beta \beta }(2^+_1) > 1.26 \times 10^{22}~\hbox {year}$$ T 1 / 2 0 ν β β ( 2 1 + ) > 1.26 × 10 22 year .

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis with or without nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on dairy cows' clinical, physiological, and behavioral responses in the milking parlor and freestalls as well as the specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se) of behavioral responses in detecting cows with LPS-induced mastitis. Twenty-seven cows received an intramammary infusion of 25 µg of Escherichia coli LPS in 1 healthy quarter. Following LPS infusion, 14 cows received a placebo (LPS cows), and 13 cows received 3 mg/kg of body weight of ketoprofen i.m. (LPS+NSAID cows). Cow response to the challenge was monitored at regular intervals from 24 h before to 48 h postinfusion (hpi) through direct clinical observations, markers of inflammation in milk, and via point-in-time direct behavioral observations in the barn and at milking. In LPS cows, infusion induced a significant increase of plasma cortisol levels at 3 and 8 hpi, milk cortisol levels at 8 hpi, somatic cell counts from 8 to 48 hpi, IL-6 and IL-8 at 8 hpi, milk amyloid A (mAA) and haptoglobin at 8 and 24 hpi, rectal temperature at 8 hpi, and respiratory rate at 8 hpi. Their rumen motility rate decreased at 8 and 32 hpi. Compared with before the challenge, significantly more LPS cows stopped feeding/ruminating and pressed their tail between their legs at 3 and 5 hpi, increased feeding/ruminating at 24 hpi, and had the tendency to be less responsive, dropping their head, and dropping their ears at 5 hpi. At milking, compared with before challenge, significantly more LPS cows lifted their hooves at forestripping at 8 hpi. The 2 groups showed similar patterns of response for milk cortisol, somatic cell count, respiratory rate, mAA, haptoglobin, and IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8. Compared with LPS cows, LPS+NSAID cows had significantly lower plasma cortisol levels at 3 hpi, their rectal temperature decreased at 8 hpi, their rumen motility rate increased at 8 and 32 hpi, and their heart rate increased at 32 hpi. Compared with LPS cows, a significantly larger proportion of LPS+NSAID cows were feeding/ruminating, a lower proportion had ears down at 5 hpi, and a larger proportion lied down at 24 hpi. At milking, whatever the phase of milking, for “hoof to belly,” 9 out of 14 cows did not show this behavior before infusion (Sp = 64%) and 14/14 did not kick during pre-infusion milking (Sp = 100%). Regarding sensitivity, at maximum, 5 cows out of 14 (Se = 36%) displayed “hoof to belly” after infusion. For “lifting hoof,” 14/14 did not show hoof-lifting before infusion (Sp = 100%) and 6/14 displayed it after infusion (Se = 43%) at forestripping only. In the freestall barn, 9 behaviors had a Sp >75% (at minimum, 10/14 did not show the behavior) whatever the time point but Se < 60% (at maximum, 8/14 displayed the behavior). Finally, “absence of feeding and ruminating” had Sp of 86% (12/14 ate/ruminated) and Se of 71% (10/14 did not eat/ruminate) at 5 hpi. This study shows that feeding/ruminating, tail position, and reactivity at forestripping could be used as behavioral indictors for early detection of mastitis-related pain in dairy cows.

Introduction The Jackson Hospital Crisis (Psychiatric ED) Center serves the entirety of Miami-Dade County in Florida and is considered one of the top three busiest and per capita of clinical staff likely the busiest nationally across the United States. Simultaneously, the management of mental health emergencies has ascended near the top of international priorities driven by multiple trends (e.g., growing social isolation associated with the pandemic, de-stigmatization). The crisis environment presents a uniquely difficult challenge in applying high quality medical care: frequent suicidal gestures, impulsive often intoxicated or psychotic patients, unprecedented demand, diminishing staff capacity, and requirements to consistently apply specific medical and psychiatric protocols. These challenges are specifically difficult for new trainees who are not yet accustoms to the high acuity situations found in psychiatry. Moreover, academic, institutional, and governmental policies change on a monthly, or even weekly basis, often with the objective of improving care. Nevertheless, such constant shifts in workflow result in opportunities for errors that impact patient trajectories. Objectives As such we endeavored to apply an evidence-based approach to improving the likelihood of success. One such vetted approach, the use of checklists, benefits from 10+ years of peer-reviewed research in “operational” medical specialties (e.g., surgery, ED, ICU) where work is segmented around interventions or time-shifts which share commonalities with the Psychiatric ED model. Yet the difficulty in implementing such models is typically not in the “hard” aspects of defining the checklist, but in the “soft” implementation dimensions of syndication, distribution, and enablement in the context of the individual unique settings. Methods We developed a checklist that will be implemented on the Jackson Crisis emergency department, with the aim of having first year trainees complete the check list on each individual patient. Surveys were administered before implementation of checklist and will be distributed on a quarterly basis to trainees to evaluate for changes in resident confidence and clinical care. Results Over six months, we launched this initiative with drivers of adoption focused on accelerating and easing new resident training, safety incident targeting, and in the balancing of “push” top/down and “pull” bottom/up dynamics. Initial learnings include rapidly improving resident satisfaction as well as various other impacts currently being observed throughout the institution. Conclusions Overall reception to the checklist has been positive from attendings and new trainees alike, further evidence will be analyzed and presented as the checklist is utilized throughout the psychiatric ED. Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The process of oxidative stress occurs all over the production chain of animals and food products. This review summarises insights obtained in different farm species (pigs, ruminants, poultry, and fishes) to underpin the most critical periods for the venue of oxidative stress, namely birth/hatching and weaning/start-feeding phase. Common responses between species are also unravelled in periods of high physiological demands when animals are facing dietary deficiencies in specific nutrients, suggesting that nutritional recommendations must consider the modulation of responses to oxidative stress for optimising production performance and quality of food products. These conditions concern challenges such as heat stress, social stress, and inflammation. The magnitude of the responses is partly dependent on the prior experience of the animals before the challenge, reinforcing the importance of nutrition and other management practices during early periods to promote the development of antioxidant reserves in the animal. When these practices also improved the performance and health of the animal, this further confirms the central role played by oxidative stress in physiologically and environmentally induced perturbations. Difficulties in interpreting responses to oxidative stress arise from the fact that the indicators are only partly shared between studies, and their modulations may also be challenge-specific. A consensus about the best indicators to assess pro-oxidative and antioxidant pathways is of huge demand to propose a synthetic index measurable in a non-invasive way and interpretable along the productive life of the animals.

We provide a review of the environmental threats and gaps in monitoring programmes in European coastal waters based on previous studies, an online questionnaire, and an in-depth assessment of observation scales. Our findings underpin the JERICO-NEXT1 monitoring strategy for the development and integration of coastal observatories in Europe and support JERICO-RI2 in providing high-value physical, chemical, and biological datasets for addressing key challenges at a European level. This study highlights the need for improved monitoring of environmental threats in European coastal environments. Participants in the online questionnaire provided new insights into gaps between environmental threats and monitoring of impacts. In total, 36 national representatives, scientists, and monitoring authorities from 12 European countries (Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, UK) completed the questionnaire, and 38 monitoring programmes were reported. The main policy drivers of monitoring were identified as the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), Regional Seas Conventions (e.g. OSPAR), and local drivers. Although policy drivers change over time, their overall purposes remain similar. The most commonly identified threats to the marine environment were marine litter, shipping, contaminants, organic enrichment, and fishing. Regime change was identified as a pressure by 67 % of respondents. The main impacts of these pressures or threats were identified by the majority of respondents (> 70 %) to be habitat loss or destruction, underwater noise, and contamination, with 60 % identifying undesirable disturbance (e.g. oxygen depletion), changes in sediment and/or substrate composition, changes in community composition, harmful microorganisms, and invasive species as impacts. Most respondents considered current monitoring of threats to be partially adequate or not adequate. The majority of responses were related to the spatial and/or temporal scales at which monitoring takes place and inadequate monitoring of particular parameters. Suggestions for improved monitoring programmes included improved design, increased monitoring effort, and better linkages with research and new technologies. Improved monitoring programmes should be fit for purpose, underpin longer-term scientific objectives which cut across policy and other drivers, and consider cumulative effects of multiple pressures. JERICO-RI aims to fill some of the observation gaps in monitoring programmes through the development of new technologies. The science strategy for JERICO-RI will pave the way to a better integration of physical, chemical, and biological observations into an ecological process perspective.

This study assessed residual pain responses of dairy cows undergoing fistulation surgery under multimodal analgesia using a multiparametric method combining behavioural and physiological indicators. A longitudinal study was conducted on five dairy cows, each acting as her own control. The surgery consisted of implanting a ruminal and a duodenal cannula in each cow. The multimodal drug protocol consisted of a combination of N-Methyl-D aspartic Acid antagonists, α2-agonists, and local anaesthetic during surgery, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid treatment postsurgery. Cow responses to surgery were monitored by direct behavioural observation, physiological assay indicators, and milk production from day (D) −6 days before surgery (D-6) to D13 postsurgery. From the data recorded, the variables that contributed most to the discrimination of days pre- and postsurgery were identified using factorial discriminant analysis. Components 1 and 2 of the factorial discriminant analysis explained 68.2% and 17.9%, respectively, of the total variance. Component 1 was mainly explained by haptoglobin (contribution to axis: 0.885), oxidative stress (ratio of oxidized gluthatione to reduced glutathione (GSH/GSSG), −0.746; vitamin E, −0.683; vitamin A, −0.597; malondialdehyde (MDA), 0.416), and behavioural indicators (general attitude, 0.594). On this axis, the higher the score, the higher were the apathy and haptoglobin and MDA concentrations, and the lower were the GSH/GSSG ratio and concentrations of vitamins A and E. This axis opposed cows on D-6 to cows on D3 and D5; cows on D1 and D13 were intermediate. Component 2 was mainly explained by the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), 0.686; cortisol, 0.669), milk yield (−0.725), oxidative stress (MDA, −0.584; nitric oxide (NO), 0.454), and behavioural indicators of pain (ear position, 0.467; leg postures, 0.431). On this axis, the higher the score, the higher the NEFA, cortisol, and nitric oxide concentrations; the more the ear and leg pain postures; and the lower the milk production and MDA concentrations. This axis opposed cows on D13 to cows on D1. These results suggest that cows may experience some pain only on D1, whereas on subsequent days, the inflammatory response and oxidative stress did not seem to be associated with pain. Our results should be considered for different surgeries to improve analgesia immediately after surgery, and to provide antioxidants along with NSAIDs to promote recovery.

Currently, consumers are increasingly interested in obtaining high-quality and healthy lamb meat. Compared to grain-based diets, dietary forage legumes such as alfalfa and condensed tannin (CT)-rich sainfoin increase the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are beneficial for health in lamb meat thanks to their high content in PUFA and/or their impact on ruminal biohydrogenation. However, they can therefore adversely affect its oxidative stability. Thus, the impact of dietary forage legumes on lamb longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle FA composition and their stability to peroxidation was studied in 36 Romane lambs grazing alfalfa (AF; n = 12) or alfalfa plus daily supplementation with CT-rich sainfoin pellets (AS; n = 12; 15 g DM/kg BW, 42 g CT/kg DM) or stall-fed concentrate and grass hay indoors (SI; n = 12). Lambs were slaughtered at a mean age of 162 ± 8.0 days after an average experimental period of 101 ± 8.1 days. Forage legumes-grazing lambs outperformed SI lambs in LT nutritional quality, with more conjugated linoleic acids and n-3 PUFAs, especially 18:3n-3, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (P < 0.001), and thus lower n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA and 18:2 n-6/18:3 n-3 ratios (P < 0.001). Peroxidizability index was higher (P < 0.001) in LT muscle of forage legumes-grazing lambs. Concurrently, two endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, were, respectively, similar and lower (P < 0.001) for forage legumes-grazing compared with SI lambs. A lower vitamin E level in SI lambs compared with forage legumes-grazing lambs (1.0 v. 3.8 mg/g, P < 0.001) could explain that malondialdehyde content, a marker of lipid oxidation intensity, was 0.63 µg/g in SI after 8 days in aerobic packaging conditions, whereas it remaining steady at 0.16 µg/g in forage legumes-grazing lambs. Dietary forage alfalfa thus improved FA composition of lamb LT muscle and their stability to oxidation when compared to SI lambs. However, supplementation of alfalfa-grazing lambs with CT-rich sainfoin pellets did not affect the nutritional quality of LT muscle FAs.

High-starch diets (HSDs) fed to high-producing ruminants are often responsible for rumen dysfunction and could impair animal health and production. Feeding HSDs are often characterized by transient rumen pH depression, accurate monitoring of which requires costly or invasive methods. Numerous clinical signs can be followed to monitor such diet changes but no specific indicator is able to make a statement at animal level on-farm. The aim of this pilot study was to assess a combination of non-invasive indicators in dairy cows able to monitor a HSD in experimental conditions. A longitudinal study was conducted in 11 primiparous dairy cows fed with two different diets during three successive periods: a 4-week control period (P1) with a low-starch diet (LSD; 13% starch), a 4-week period with an HSD (P2, 35% starch) and a 3-week recovery period (P3) again with the LSD. Animal behaviour was monitored throughout the experiment, and faeces, urine, saliva, milk and blood were sampled simultaneously in each animal at least once a week for analysis. A total of 136 variables were screened by successive statistical approaches including: partial least squares-discriminant analysis, multivariate analysis and mixed-effect models. Finally, 16 indicators were selected as the most representative of a HSD challenge. A generalized linear mixed model analysis was applied to highlight parsimonious combinations of indicators able to identify animals under our experimental conditions. Eighteen models were established and the combination of milk urea nitrogen, blood bicarbonate and feed intake was the best to detect the different periods of the challenge with both 100% of specificity and sensitivity. Other indicators such as the number of drinking acts, fat:protein ratio in milk, urine, and faecal pH, were the most frequently used in the proposed models. Finally, the established models highlight the necessity for animals to have more than 1 week of recovery diet to return to their initial control state after a HSD challenge. This pilot study demonstrates the interest of using combinations of non-invasive indicators to monitor feed changes from a LSD to a HSD to dairy cows in order to improve prevention of rumen dysfunction on-farm. However, the adjustment and robustness of the proposed combinations of indicators need to be challenged using a greater number of animals as well as different acidogenic conditions before being applied on-farm.

Abstract The full data set of the NEMO-3 experiment has been used to measure the half-life of the two-neutrino double beta decay of $$^{100}$$ 100 Mo to the ground state of $$^{100}$$ 100 Ru, $$T_{1/2} = \left[ 6.81 \pm 0.01\,\left( \text{ stat }\right) ^{+0.38}_{-0.40}\,\left( \text{ syst }\right) \right] \times 10^{18}$$ T1/2=6.81±0.01stat-0.40+0.38syst×1018 year. The two-electron energy sum, single electron energy spectra and distribution of the angle between the electrons are presented with an unprecedented statistics of $$5\times 10^5$$ 5×105 events and a signal-to-background ratio of $$\sim $$ ∼ 80. Clear evidence for the Single State Dominance model is found for this nuclear transition. Limits on Majoron emitting neutrinoless double beta decay modes with spectral indices of $$\mathrm{n}=2,3,7$$ n=2,3,7 , as well as constraints on Lorentz invariance violation and on the bosonic neutrino contribution to the two-neutrino double beta decay mode are obtained.

The common practice of artificially rearing lambs from prolific meat breeds of sheep constitutes a welfare issue due to increased mortality rates and negative health issues. In this multidisciplinary study, we investigated the possible short- and mid-term advantages of artificially feeding fresh ewe's milk instead of commercial milk replacer on lambs' growth, health and welfare. Romane lambs were either separated from their mothers on D3 and fed with Lacaune ewes' milk (LAC, n = 13) or milk replacer (REP, n = 15), or they were reared by their mothers (MOT, n = 15). On D45, they were weaned, gathered in single-sex groups until the end of the study on D150. Lamb performance and biomarkers of overall health were assessed by measuring: growth, dirtiness of the perianal area, enteric pathogens in the faeces, total antioxidant status and redox status assessed by plasma reduced glutathione/oxidised glutathione ratio, and immune response after vaccination against chlamydiosis. As an exploratory approach, blood cell transcriptomic profiles were also investigated. Last, qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA) was performed as an integrated welfare criterion. Lacaune ewes' milk and REP never differed in their average daily gain but grew less than MOT lambs in the early suckling period and just after weaning. No effect was detected afterwards. On D30, LAC and REP lambs had lower total antioxidant and higher redox status than MOT lambs but did not differ among themselves. Lacaune ewes' milk and MOT had a cleaner perianal area than REP lambs on D21, while faecal pathogen infection did not vary between the treatment groups. After vaccination, LAC also had a stronger immune response on D90 compared to REP lambs. Transcriptome analysis performed on D150 showed differential gene expression, mainly in relation to inflammatory, immune and cell cycle response, between male lambs of the LAC group and those of the MOT and REP groups. Based on QBA, LAC lambs never differed from MOT lambs in their general activity and varied from REP only on D21; REP lambs were always more agitated than MOT lambs. In conclusion, artificial milk feeding impaired early growth rate, health and emotional state mainly during the milk feeding period and at weaning. Feeding artificially reared lambs with fresh ewe's milk partly mitigated some of the negative effects induced by milk replacer but without achieving the full benefit of being reared by the mother.

Castration of male ruminants is a common livestock management practice, but induces pain. However, little is known about the effectiveness of multimodal analgesia compared to local anesthesia (LA) alone in reducing pain associated with burdizzo castration in sheep. This study aimed to monitor the pain response induced by castration in sheep and to assess the efficacy of analgesia strategies. Twenty-four 12-month-old male Texel sheep were burdizzo-castrated after administration of physiological serum (Burd), local anesthetic (Burd+LA) or LA plus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Burd+LA+NSAID). Sheep responses were monitored using behavioral and physiological indices of pain. Sampling occurred from 24 h pre-castration to 78 h post-castration, split into four periods based on the duration of analgesia: P0 (T-24 to T-1 h), P1 (T0 to T+2 h), P2 (T+3 to T+32 h) and P3 (T+36 to T+78 h). Behavioral indices were attention and head position, ear position, position of the eyelid, other facial expression, standing/lying postures, postures of the legs, clinical signs and abnormal activities. Physiological indices consisted in indicators of inflammation (haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA), body temperature), hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis (cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose), autonomous nervous system (heart rate variability (HRV)) and oxidative stress. The variables contributing most to discrimination of the period×treatment groups were analyzed by factorial discrimination analysis. Pre-castration (P0), there was no significant difference between treatments for all indicators (P > 0.05). Post-castration, eight indicators varied significantly according to period and treatment: cortisol, clinical signs, ratio of low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) bands of the HRV, attention and head position, SAA, haptoglobin, body temperature and glucose. The treatment×periods groups were well discriminated by the 23 indicators. Burd in P0, Burd+LA in P0 and Burd+LA+NSAID in P0, P1 and P2 had low values for all indicators, likely reflecting absence of pain and discomfort. Burd in P1 and P2 and Burd+LA in P2 showed clinical signs and reduced attention, high LF/HF and high cortisol levels, reflecting acute pain. Burd and Burd+LA in P3 had high temperature, high haptoglobin, high glucose and high SAA, but no response from other pathways. These results suggest that (i) behavioral signs of pain were apparent up to 32 h post-castration, (ii) LA was partially effective, but only during its time of action (2 h) and (iii). multimodal analgesia (LA and NSAID) was effective for up to 3 days post-castration. These findings, and especially those related to sheep behavior, can help veterinarians and farmers better detect pain and refine their pain alleviation methods.

Abstract The Juno spacecraft reached the mid‐point of its nominal mission in December 2018, after completing 17 perijove passes. Ten of these were dedicated to the determination of the gravity field of the planet, with the aim of constraining its interior structure. We provide an update on Jupiter's gravity field, its tidal response and spin axis motion over time. The analysis of the Doppler data collected during the perijove passes hints to a non‐static and/or non‐axially symmetric field, possibly related to several different physical mechanisms, such as normal modes or localized atmospheric or deeply‐rooted dynamics.

Abstract Using data from the NEMO-3 experiment, we have measured the two-neutrino double beta decay ($$2\nu \beta \beta $$ 2νββ ) half-life of $$^{82}$$ 82 Se as $$T_{\smash {1/2}}^{2\nu } \!=\! \left[ 9.39 \pm 0.17\left( \text{ stat }\right) \pm 0.58\left( \text{ syst }\right) \right] \times 10^{19}$$ T1/22ν=9.39±0.17stat±0.58syst×1019 y under the single-state dominance hypothesis for this nuclear transition. The corresponding nuclear matrix element is $$\left| M^{2\nu }\right| = 0.0498 \pm 0.0016$$ M2ν=0.0498±0.0016 . In addition, a search for neutrinoless double beta decay ($$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0νββ ) using 0.93 kg of $$^{82}$$ 82 Se observed for a total of 5.25 y has been conducted and no evidence for a signal has been found. The resulting half-life limit of $$T_{1/2}^{0\nu } > 2.5 \times 10^{23} \,\text{ y } \,(90\%\,\text{ C.L. })$$ T1/20ν>2.5×1023y(90%C.L.) for the light neutrino exchange mechanism leads to a constraint on the effective Majorana neutrino mass of $$\langle m_{\nu } \rangle < \left( 1.2{-}3.0\right) \,\text{ eV }$$ ⟨mν⟩

Traumatic situations in animals induce responses including pain, expressed through behavioural and physiological pathways such as inflammation, oxidative stress, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system. As some of these systems can also be activated during excitement and situations with a positive valence, their use as a means to assess pain response is difficult. We explored (i) how these five aforementioned pathways change in sheep exposed to various degrees of invasiveness of surgical procedures despite a therapeutic regimen and (ii) whether a multiparametric analysis that combines information from these five pathways enhances the discrimination between these situations, and estimates the relative importance of these pathways in the response. We used 24 adult sheep split into four treatments: Control (C; no fasting, no anaesthesia, no surgery), Sham (S; fasting, anaesthesia, no surgery), Rumen Canulation (R; fasting, anaesthesia, rumen cannulation) and Rumen–Duodenal–Ileum cannulation (RDI; fasting, anaesthesia, cannulation of the rumen, duodenum and ileum). Sheep’ responses were measured for 5 days after surgery. When considering each behavioural or physiological pathway independently, discrimination between treatments was acceptable, its sensitivity (Se) ranging from 0% to 100%, and its specificity (Sp) ranging from 62% to 100%. The multiparametric analysis gathering information from the five pathways enhanced the effectiveness of discrimination between treatments (Se, 50% to 100%; Sp, 82% to 100%), and gave additional information on the relative contribution of each pathway to the global sheep response. Sheep global response was higher when exposed to a surgery, and increased with the surgery invasiveness. This response relied mostly on inflammation (absolute correlation for haptoglobin, 0.89), HPA (cortisol, 0.85) and behaviour (antalgic postures, 0.85). The multiparametric approach seems to be a promising tool to discriminate between different degrees of invasiveness of surgical procedures.

Les ruminants sont des animaux sensibles, doués de capacités émotionnelles et cognitives, pouvant être soumis à différents types de douleur (excès de nociception ou neuropathique) et ceci dans différents contextes (élevage ou expérimentation). L’évaluation de ces douleurs est souvent délicate car, dans la plupart des cas, il n’existe pas d'outil unique et spécifique mais plutôt un ensemble d'indicateurs dont les valeurs informatives sont complémentaires. Une évaluation adéquate de la douleur est essentielle afin d'optimiser sa prise en charge en utilisant au mieux l'arsenal thérapeutique actuellement à la disposition des prescripteurs. A travers cette synthèse, nous montrerons en quoi i) l’évaluation du type et du niveau de douleur est indispensable à une prise en charge optimale de la douleur, ii) une évaluation reposant sur une approche multiparamétrique est l'approche la plus adaptée à cet objectif.

Qu’ils soient élevés à des fins commerciales ou expérimentales, les animaux de rente sont confrontés tout au long de leur vie à des pratiques potentiellement sources de douleurs : interventions de convenance et d’élevage (castration, écornage…) ; interventions chirurgicales (césariennes, implantation en chronique de cathéters…). L’élaboration d’outils d’évaluation des douleurs ressenties par les animaux et de traitements pharmacologiques nécessite une bonne connaissance des mécanismes impliqués dans l’apparition et la modulation de ces douleurs. L’objectif de cette revue est de rapporter les connaissances acquises au cours des dernières années qui ont de l’intérêt pour la gestion de la douleur des animaux d’élevage. Les connaissances présentées sont en grande partie issues d’études conduites chez les rongeurs dont les conclusions sont applicables aux animaux de rente. La revue est constituée de trois parties complémentaires. La première décrit les différentes étapes d’élaboration, de transmission et d’intégration sensorielle et émotionnelle des messages nociceptifs impliqués dans l’apparition de la douleur. La deuxième partie décrit les différents types de modulation qui peuvent activer ou inhiber la transmission des messages nociceptifs. La troisième partie décrit les différents processus neurophysiologiques qui accompagnent la douleur et peuvent la moduler (inflammation, activation du système nerveux autonome et du système neuroendocrinien).

Due to its technological applications, such as CO2 capture, CaO carbonation kinetics has been extensively studied using a wide array of methods and experimental conditions. A complete understanding of carbonation kinetics is key to optimizing the operating conditions as well as to correctly design the carbonation reactor. However, there is yet no consensus on the reaction model and kinetic parameters that can best describe the CaO carbonation reaction. For instance, the value of the activation energy proposed in different works can vary up to 300%. In this work, we demonstrate that the strong influence of the thermodynamic equilibrium on CaO carbonation kinetics demands careful control of the experimental conditions to obtain meaningful kinetic parameters. Specifically, we explore the influence of three experimental parameters on carbonation kinetics: the gas flow rate, the CO2 partial pressure and the time required to fill the reactor after a gas change. We demonstrate that disregarding these aspects may lead to bogus conclusions on reaction kinetics, which could partly explain the considerable discrepancies found in the literature. The conclusions of this work are not only applicable to the process and experimental setup studied here but also to any study that involves the use of gas flow to drive a reaction.

The calcium looping process, based on the reversible reaction between CaCO3 and CaO, is recently attracting a great deal of interest as a promising thermochemical energy storage system to be integrated in Concentrated Solar Power plants (CaL-CSP). The main drawbacks of the system are the incomplete conversion of CaO and its sintering-induced deactivation. In this work, the influence of particle size in these deactivation mechanisms has been assessed by performing experimental multicycle tests using standard limestone particles of well-defined and narrow particle size distributions. The results indicate that CaO multicycle conversion benefits from the use of small particles mainly when the calcination is carried out in helium at low temperature. Yet, the enhancement is only significant for particles below 15 μm. On the other hand, the strong sintering induced by calcining in CO2 at high temperatures makes particle size much less relevant for the multicycle performance. Finally, SEM imaging reveals that the mechanism responsible for the loss of activity is mainly pore-plugging when calcination is performed in helium, whereas extensive loss of surface area due to sintering is responsible for the deactivation when calcination is carried out in CO2 at high temperature. Keywords: Concentrated solar power, Calcium looping, Energy storage, Calcium oxide, Calcium carbonate

As coffee consumption is on the rise, and the global coffee production creates an excess of 23 million tons of waste per year, a revolutionary transition towards a circular economy via the transformation and valorization of the main by-products from its cultivation and preparation (Coffee Husk (CH), Coffee Pulp (CP), Coffee Silverskin (CS), and Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG)) is inspiring researchers around the world. The recent growth of scholarly publications in the field and the emerging applications of coffee by-products published in these scientific papers encourages a systematic review to identify the knowledge structure, research hotspots, and to discuss the challenges and future directions. This paper displays a comprehensive scientometric analysis based on 108 articles with a high level of influence in the field of coffee by-products and their applications. According to our analysis, the research in this field shows an explosive growth since 2017, clustered in five core applications: bioactive compounds, microbial transformation, environmental applications, biofuels from thermochemical processes, and construction materials.