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Triazole and propargyl group functionalities are frequently utilized in the construction of efficient blue-emitting materials, serving as acceptors and donors, respectively. Leveraging the synergistic effect of donor-acceptor coupling between these moieties, three new compounds, namely CB-But-I2, Ph-But-I2, and DP-But-I2, were synthesized. Given the advantageous strategy of combining electron donors and acceptors to optimize carrier injection and transport, CB-But-I2, Ph-But-I2, and DP-But-I2 demonstrate remarkable capabilities in both hole and electron transportation. A metal-free synthesis approach was employed to produce highly functionalized 1,2,3-triazole cores incorporating electronic donor and acceptor functionalities. This synthesis method involved the “Click reaction” ring formation between acetylene and azide compounds of 2-(4-bromobutyl) isoindoline-1,3-dione, catalyzed by copper sulfate pentahydrate and assisted by ascorbic acid as a base. The process boasts several advantages, including mild reaction conditions, accessibility of precursors, metal-free synthesis, straightforward setup, and the generation of various substituted regioselective triazole compounds in satisfactory yields. All synthesized compounds were found to possess thermal stability and exhibited fluorescence within the 292–355 nm range. Moreover, a significant positive solvato-chromic behavior was noted across different solvents with varying polarities, and the theoretical values were compared against experimental data for validation.

Silicon based inorganic semiconductors were preferred to make solar cells for a long time until scalability and actual commercialization of inorganic photovoltaics at reasonable costs became a problem. The coming of organic semiconductor based technologies proved beneficial as the fabrication of unique optoelectronic devices were achieved at relatively lower costs and new device functionalities like improved optical transparency, enhanced mechanical flexibilities became a possibility. The usage of organic polymers as electron donors and acceptors multiplied the benefits of synthesizing organic photovoltaics by several folds, although only a power conversion efficiency of over 18% has been achieved so far. Putting together various inferences made through the years, this review aims at establishing a comprehensive understanding of organic photovoltaics and the science of bulk heterojunction solar cells. The need for low-bandgap photoactive materials and the different ways to synthesize them has been elaborated and a detailed review of the various donor and acceptor semiconducting polymers has been done. Towards the end, this paper provides a comprehension of the specific strategies that might improve the industrial scalability of organic photovoltaics, following which the challenges and the future of organic photovoltaics-based research have also been highlighted.