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This article analyzes the relationship between the life of Li Ning and his journey from the world of athletics to the world of business. The article explores how historical and social context is indispensable to understanding how everyone writes their history. The premise is that we cannot ignore the context of the athletes when assessing their social contributions. Li, who initially gained success as an Olympic gymnast, became a heavyweight entrepreneur, playing a significant role in the collective imagination of Chinese people. The Chinese huge economic transformations generated the opportunities for Li’s journey from athlete to businessman. As a result, the Chinese Communist Party heavily promoted the triumph of Li Ning in both stadiums and markets. The conclusions revisit the debate between determinism and free will and show how the life of Li can offer some insights into this discussion in the context of contemporary China.

Este artículo analiza la relación entre el contexto geográfico como un espacio físico y la narrativa histórica como un espacio imaginado en la conformación de la identidad nacional taiwanesa. Basado en la propuesta teórica del constructivismo, que enfatiza la importancia de la identidad en la conformación de los intereses de los Estados, se propone que las condiciones geográficas e históricas de Taiwán han desarrollado una identidad nacional distinta y diferenciada de la identidad china. Para ello, se asume una visión que sugiere que el contexto geográfico no solo genera condiciones materiales, sino también posibilita una serie de interacciones sociales que convierten al territorio también en un espacio “imaginado”, el cual es el resultado de narrativas históricas. Así, los elementos que conforman la identidad taiwanesa inciden en la política exterior de este Estado, particularmente en el caso de la búsqueda el reconocimiento internacional. Como conclusión, se destaca la manera en que el caso de Taiwán evidencia la forma como la identidad influye en la política exterior.

During the Cold War, the influence of Maoism as a third way of establishing a new international order inspired several Latin American guerrilla groups, including some in Mexico. This article analyzes the influence of Maoism in Mexico in particular, and pays specific attention to how Florencio Medrano, a peasant leader, was motivated by Maoist thought to establish the Rubén Jaramillo Proletarian Neighborhood, a self-governing neighborhood, and how this site was considered a critical factor for his development as a guerrilla. In the continuing debate over the relationship between agency and structure, the life and work of Florencio Medrano evidences how both social context and personal history influenced his aspirations and demands. By conducting an analysis of primary and secondary sources, this article analyzes some elements of Maoist thought and its diffusion in Latin America in the context of the Cold War. In addition, the article explains the political formation of Florencio Medrano in the Mexican post-revolutionary period, examines Maoist influences on his political formation and participation in pro-communist organizations, and reviews Maoist influence on the organization of the Rubén Jaramillo Neighborhood. Finally, the conclusions emphasize how the peasant origins of Medrano gave rise to his particular understanding of Maoism.

Este artículo analiza la narrativa que conecta tres movilizaciones prodemocráticas contemporáneas en Hong Kong a propósito del intervencionismo del Gobierno central chino sobre la Isla. Proponemos que, a pesar de surgir de circunstancias distintas, las tres siguen una misma narrativa de defensa de libertades y derecho a la autodeterminación. Aunque Hong Kong no tiene una experiencia democrática previa, se ha construido un imaginario que hibrida el pasado colonial con la identidad china, y que ha servido de plataforma de resistencia social en contra de intromisiones gubernamentales externas. Así pues, concluimos que las posibilidades democráticas en Hong Kong deben entenderse como un fenómeno rizomático de democracia inconclusa, más que un proceso teleológico con avances y retrocesos, del que seguirán surgiendo nuevas y distintas formas de resistencia de frente a la hegemonía del Gobierno central chino.

This article analyzes the dilemma facing Salvadorean President Nayib Bukele of whether or not his administration should recognize China or Taiwan. Based on the theoretical approaches of Asymmetric International Relationships and Peripheral Realism, we discuss the principle of nation-state sovereignty and how such notions of sovereignty come into play when small states wish to take autonomous decisions, as well as suggesting that the margin of action is limited by asymmetric relationships. It is in this way that we analyze how El Salvador maintained its autonomy by holding fast to its decision to recognize China in the face of pressure from the United States. It was only possible for El Salvador to maintain this posture however by making significant concessions on immigration to the US. The objective of this article therefore is to contribute to explaining the concept of sovereignty from the perspective of small states, a currently under-researched topic.

A subida da China e a reconfiguracao da ordem mundial tem gerado um profundo debate sobre o papel que a China deveria ter no mundo. Ao mesmo tempo, esse aumento reflete um relacionamento crescente entre a China e a America Latina. Nesse sentido, a fase mais recente desse processo crescente foi a proposta de que a regiao da America Latina pudesse ser incorporada a iniciativa da Rota Maritima da Seda do seculo XXI. Este artigo analisa a relacao da China com a America Latina a partir da proposta teorica do sistema Tianxia. Deste modo, assumo a necessidade de pensar teoricamente sobre o sistema internacional alem das margens estreitas da narrativa ocidental. Depois, argumento os principais aspectos do sistema Tianxia. Posteriormente, analiso as contribuicoes e limitacoes do conceito de Tianxia, considerando as relacoes entre a China e America Latina sob os horizontes da Iniciativa do Cinturao e Rota. Finalmente, concluo que, apesar das limitacoes implicitas da abordagem teorica de Tianxia, sua contribuicao mais importante e que ela nos permite explorar outras perspectivas teoricas para expandir as possibilidades de entender cenarios internacionais alem dos paradigmas dominantes das Relacoes Internacionais.

The rise of China and the reconfiguration of the world order has generated a profound debate on the role that China should have in the world. At the same time, this rise reflects a growing relationship between China and Latin America. In this regard, the most recent phase in this increasing process has been the proposal that the Latin American region could be incorporated into the initiative of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. This article analyzes the relationship of China with Latin America from the theoretical proposal of the Tianxia system. So, in the first section, I assume the need to think theoretically about the international system beyond the narrow margins of the Western narrative. Later, I discuss the main aspects of the Tianxia system. Subsequently, I analyze the contributions and limitations of the Tianxia concept, considering the relations between China and Latin America under the horizons of the Belt and Road Initiative. Finally, I conclude that despite the implicit limitations of the Tianxia theoretical approach, its most important contribution is that it allows us to explore other theoretical perspectives to expand our possibilities of understanding international scenarios beyond the dominant paradigms of the International Relations.

This article analyzes Vietnam’s science, technology and innovation policies. The introduction focuses on the country’s economic transformation since the Dổi mới reforms and I discuss how these developments have introduced a structural change. The argument is that Vietnam’s economic transformation has framed scientific and technological activities. In addition, I examine the scientific and technological sector’s evolution and its connection to the creation of a National Innovation System. I also evaluate the performance of the scientific and technological sector within the international context. Finally, I introduce some reflections about the importance of strengthening science, technology and innovation as a key for the development of Vietnamese society.

RESUMEN. Objetivo/Contexto: La ciencia de datos es considerada un enfoque novedoso y promisorio empleado en la obtención y análisis de información en múltiples disciplinas científicas. A pesar de su amplia difusión y aceptación, el uso de técnicas basadas en la ciencia de datos en el campo de los estudios globales está en ciernes. En este contexto, este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las contribuciones y desafíos metodológicos que la ciencia de datos puede aportar a la disciplina de los estudios globales. Metodología: Este artículo parte del análisis crítico de información sobre los fundamentos conceptuales de la ciencia de datos y lo contrasta con sus posibles aplicaciones en la disciplina de los estudios globales. De esta manera, se examinan los elementos conceptuales que definen la ciencia de datos, se establecen las concepciones paradigmáticas de los estudios globales, se analizan los vínculos posibles entre la ciencia de datos y los estudios globales y se discuten los límites y alcances que la ciencia de datos puede aportar como enfoque metodológico. Conclusiones: Este artículo concluye que las herramientas tecnológicas basadas en big data pueden enriquecer nuestra comprensión sobre los fenómenos globales, siempre y cuando se asuma una actitud crítica que reconozca que tanto la elección de los datos como su análisis están embebidos en contextos históricos y sociales. Por lo tanto, como cualquier otro enfoque, la ciencia de datos representa una manera parcial de capturar y analizar información. Originalidad: La originalidad de este artículo recae en asumir una reflexión crítica sobre los alcances y límites de la ciencia de datos, más allá de una visión positivista del conocimiento científico, reconociendo los sesgos que existen detrás de las explicaciones supuestamente neutrales que encierra el empleo de técnicas de investigación basadas en la ciencia de datos. ABSTRACT. Objective/Context: Big Data is a novel and promising methodological approach to acquire and analyze information from an extensive range of scientific disciplines. Despite the fact that Big Data has wide dissemination and acceptance in different scientific disciplines, its use in the field of Global Studies is still incipient. Taking this into account, this paper discusses the methodological challenges and presumable contributions that Big Data offers to Global Studies. Methodology: The starting point for this paper is the critical analysis of the conceptual bases of Big Data and its relationships with Global Studies. So, this paper proposes the possible applications of Big Data in the Global Studies contrasting some key concept. In this way, the conceptual elements that define Data Science are examined and compared with the paradigmatic conceptions of Global Studies. On these conceptual fundaments, the article discusses links, limits and, scopes of Big Data and how it can contribute to Global Studies. Conclusions: This paper concludes that technological tools based on Big Data can enrich our understanding of global phenomena only if we position ourselves in a critical attitude that recognizes that the choice of data and its analysis are decisions embedded in historical and social contexts. In this way, as with any other methodological approach, Big Data is only a partial way to obtain and analyze information. Originality: The originality of this paper is to shed critical light on the scope and limits of Big Data, beyond a positivist vision of scientific knowledge. In other words, this article recognizes the biases behind the supposed neutral explanations regarding the use of techniques based on Big Data. RESUMO. Objetivo/Contexto: A ciência de dados é considerada uma abordagem nova e promissora, utilizada por várias disciplinas científicas para a obtenção e análise de informações. Apesar de sua ampla disseminação e aceitação, o uso de técnicas baseadas na ciência de dados no campo de estudos globais está em estágio inicial. Nesse contexto, este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as contribuições e desafios metodológicos que a ciência de dados pode trazer para a disciplina de estudos globais. Metodologia: Este artigo analisa críticamente os fundamentos conceituais da ciência de dados e os compara com as possíveis aplicações na área de estudos globais. Desse modo, este artigo examina os elementos conceituais que definem a ciência de dados, estabelece os paradigmas conceituais dos estudos globais, analisa as possíveis ligações entre ciência de dados e estudos globais, e discute como os limites e alcance da ciência de dados pode contribuir como abordagem metodológica. Conclusões: este artigo conclui que as ferramentas tecnológicas baseadas em big data podem enriquecer nossa compreensão sobre os fenômenos globais, desde que seja assumida uma atitude crítica que reconheça que a seleção dos dados e sua análise estão incorporadas em contextos históricos e sociais. Deste modo, como em qualquer outra abordagem, a ciência de dados representa um modo tendencioso de capturar e analisar informações. Originalidade: A originalidade deste artigo consiste em assumir uma reflexão crítica sobre o alcance e os limites da ciência de dados, além de fornecer uma visão positivista do conhecimento científico, reconhecendo a parcialidade que existe por trás das explicações supostamente neutras sobre o emprego de técnicas de pesquisa baseadas em ciência de dados.

This article analyses the relationship between Taiwanese national identity and the opening ceremony of the 29th Summer Universiade in Taipei City under the shadow of China. This event was an opport...

This article aims to analyze the Foreign Policy of China in the Korean War based on a constructivist theoretical approach. So, I analyze the relationship between China’s identities and interests and its impact on the Chinese political elite to decide their participation in the Korean War. I employ documentary research to examine the relationship between China’s identities and interests and its impact on the Chinese political elite. As a result of the research, I conclude how the reformulation of identities reflects the mutually constitutive relationship between material and non-material structures. In this way, this article provides some elements to understand how in the decision-making of Foreign Policy the identity also influences the decisions and actions of the leaders.

espanolResumen Tomando como punto de partida las condiciones del contexto socio politico donde se origino el brote epidemico del virus SARS-CoV-2, los autores analizan la influencia que tuvo el principio de beneficencia como una de las razones eticas que condujeron al oftalmologo Li Wenliang a alertar a traves de la red social Weibo, sobre el surgimiento de un brote epidemico distinto, por su agresividad, al del SARS. Se asume que dicho principio puede comprenderse a partir de un enfoque donde se conjugan referentes occidentales -la primera formulacion del imperativo categorico kantiano y el legado hipocratico- y orientales -el principio del Ren o humanidad, derivado del pensamiento confuciano-. El articulo concluye senalando que en un mundo interrelacionado donde las practicas medicas tienen fundamentos cientificos universales, es posible tomar decisiones eticas medicas validas para diferentes contextos culturales, siempre y cuando se continue avanzando en el terreno de un dialogo inter-civilizatorio con perspectiva horizontal. EnglishAbstract This article analyzes the influence of the principle of beneficence as one of the ethical reasons that led ophthalmologist Li Wenliang to alert, using the Weibo plaform, about the emergence of an epidemic outbreak different from SARS. Accordingly, we discuss the socio-political context of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in China. We assume that the principle of beneficence might be understood from an approach combining Western references - the first formulation of the Kantian categorical imperative and the Hippocratic legacy - with Oriental ones - the Ren or humanity, derived from Confucian thought. We conclude that in an interrelated world, with medical practices having universal scientific foundations, it is possible to validate medical ethical decisions from different cultural contexts, as long as progress continues in the field of an inter-civilizational dialogue with a horizontal perspective.

Recent signings of well-recognized soccer players and the acquisition of clubs in Europe from Chinese business tycoons have captured the attention of soccer fans, worldwide. This paper looks beyond...

Este artículo analiza el desarrollo de innovaciones para la Base de la Pirámide (BP) en el sector salud en México. A partir de un estudio de caso en la industria de la salud en México, se analiza la manera en que las innovaciones para los pobres se originan y evolucionan con el tiempo tanto en su contenido como su mercado objetivo. A partir del caso del modelo farmacia-doctor identificamos la manera en que, en el mismo país, la innovación frugal puede evolucionar hacia una innovación inversa. Asimismo, este artículo también discute las condiciones necesarias para que surja la innovación frugal. Además, este artículo demuestra que una innovación frugal diseñada inicialmente para satisfacer las necesidades de las personas bajos recursos puede permear a los mercados compuestos por personas con niveles de ingresos más altos en el mismo país. La aportación de este artículo es que contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de la literatura emergente sobre la innovación frugal e inversa.From frugal to inverse innovation: the case of the ‘medical-pharmacy’ model in Mexico’s health sector This article analyzes the innovations at the base of the pyramid (Bop) in Mexico’s health sector. From the perspective of this sector, it analyzes how innovations for poor people are created and transformed over time in terms of both their content and their commercial objectives. For the case of the medical-pharmacy model, we describe its evolution in terms of transit from a frugal innovation to an inverse innovation. The essay discusses the conditions required for the emergence of a frugal innovation, and describes how an innovation of this nature, designed initially to meet the needs of low-income people can enjoy success, as well, in higher income markets. The contribution of this article is to help understand the growing literature on frugal and inverse innovation.Keywords: frugal innovation, reverse innovation, base of the pyramid, health sector, Mexico

This paper analyzes the possibilities of improving Sino-Mexican energy cooperation in the context of Mexican energy reform. To do this, we divided the article into two sections. The first section concerns opportunities for Sino-Mexican energy cooperation considering the economic and energy status of Mexico and its relationship with energy reform. The second section analyzes the challenges of Sino-Mexico energy cooperation in three areas: competition between international energy enterprises, domestic factors in Mexico and the uncertainty of the international energy market. This paper concludes with several suggestions for promoting Sino-Mexico energy cooperation.

This article analyzes Chinese diplomacy during the Covid-19 crisis and the struggle for control of narratives aimed at constructing an image of a responsible nation. In this paper I assume that the emergence of COVID-19 represented a critical problem for the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party, forcing the authorities to fight not only to contain the spread of the virus but also to create and maintain a favorable public opinion regarding management of the crisis both nationally and internationally. It is in this context that the Chinese government launched an active diplomacy offensive, presenting itself as a responsible state through both “Wolf Warrior Diplomacy” and “Mask Diplomacy”. Based on Foucault´s approach to the Regime of Truth, I analyze the narratives and activities of the Chinese government and how diplomacy was employed in order to create a truth about the coronavirus outbreak. In addition, I review how social mechanisms and conventions were utilized to emphasize and validate knowledge linked to power systems. I conclude that if the Chinese government has the “truth” as a part of a regime, it both enhances the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party and increases its power. At the same time a strong Chinese government is able to devote significant resources to spreading a discourse both nationally and internationally which is purportedly true. The point of the discourse however is to further strengthen the power of the CCP, rather than to achieve global hegemony.

Este artículo analiza la relación entre los procesos de renovación de las elites y los partidos de masas a partir de la transformación histórica del PRI y PCCH. Estos casos son explorados desde la teoría de las elites políticas propuesta por Michels, la cual sostiene que existe una elite que controla, dirige y organiza al partido y con ello a la vida política del país con la intención de mantener sus intereses de grupo. Así, se concluye enfatizando la manera en que los partidos de masas son un mecanismo de renovación de las elites.

This paper analyzes the relationship between the opening ceremonies of international sports events and the building of a positive image of China. To do so, we draw on the concept of soft power, which establishes that one way in which states seek to achieve their goals in the international arena is through attraction rather than coercion. From this perspective, the construction of promedia images is one of the privileged means to deploy soft power. Thus, this paper examines the favourable projection of China’s image at inaugural ceremonies of international sports events. These images show China as a country heir to a millenary past and brilliant civilization, which aims to assist in the construction of a better future. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of these events in the construction of a collective imaginary about what government elites establish regarding what China is and should be on the international stage.

The emergence of COVID-19 represented a critical problem for the legitimacy and prestige of the Chinese Communist Party. The Chinese authorities had to fight not only to contain the spread of the virus but also to create a favorable public opinion about how they managed the crisis. Based on Foucault's approach to the “Regime of Truth”, this article analyzes the narrative surrounding the origin of the virus and how science was employed to lend it legitimacy. The article concludes by reviewing how the idea of science as a truth knowledge is used to construct a particular viewpoint, one focused on legitimizing the outbreak containment measures taken by the Chinese government.

This article analyzes the relationship between national identity and the consolidation of Democracy, applied to the case of Taiwan. To this end, this article is based on a constructivist theoretical approach in order to argue that identity has not only played a key role in the transformation of an authoritarian regime to a democratic system but also has encouraged democratic consolidation. It is also argued that the Taiwanese identity was shaped into a historical experience, but open to new developments and interpretations, in an intersubjective phenomenon. This article analyzes the position of the two main political parties: the Kuomintang and the Progressive Democratic Party, in the context of the international scene. This article concludes that despite the multiple contradictions, identity has been a fundamental factor in consolidating the democratic experience in the Taiwanese case. Resumen Este articulo analyza la relacion entre identidad nacional e a consolidacion de la Democracia no caso de Taiwan. Para ello, este articulo se basa en un enfoque teorico constructivista con el fin de argumentar que la identidad no solo desempeno un rol clave en la transformacion de un regimen autoritario a un sistema democratico sino tamboen ha favorecido la consolidacion democratica. Asimismo, se argumenta que la identidad taiwanesa fue moldeada en una experiencia historica, pero abierta a nuevos desarollos e interpretaciones, en un fenomeno intersubjetivo. Este articulo analiza la postura de los dos principales partidos politicos: el Kuomintang y el Partido Democratico Progressista, en el contexto del escenario internacional. Este articulo concluye que a pesar de las multiples contradicciones, la identidad ha sido un factor fundamental para consolidar la experiencia democratica en el caso taiwanes. Resumo Este artigo analisa a relacao entre a identidade nacional e a consolidacao da democracia, aplicado ao caso de Taiwan. Para este fim, este artigo baseia-se em uma abordagem teorica construtivista para argumentar que a identidade nao desempenhou apenas um papel fundamental na transformacao de um regime autoritario num sistema democratico, mas tambem encorajou a consolidacao democratica. Argumenta-se tambem que a identidade de Taiwan foi moldada numa experiencia historica, mas aberta a novos desenvolvimentos e interpretacoes, em um fenomeno intersubjetivo. Este artigo analisa a posicao dos dois principais partidos politicos: o Kuomintang e o Partido Democratico Progressista, no contexto do cenario internacional. Este artigo conclui que, apesar das multiplas contradicoes, a identidade tem sido um fator fundamental na consolidacao da experiencia democratica no caso taiwanes.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el rol que Países Latinoamericanos de Renta Media Alta (PLRMA) asumen en la reconfiguración del régimen de la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (CID). Para ello, se parte de un enfoque teórico constructivista que sugiere que la identidad de los Estados desempeña un papel fundamental en las relaciones internacionales. Así, se contrastan los supuestos teóricos constructivista con el discurso asumido por estos países en la Primera Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Alianza Global para la Cooperación Eficaz al Desarrollo. Los resultados muestran que la postura de dichos países es resultado de un proceso intersubjetivo de identidades que incide en la transformación del régimen de la CID. El artículo concluye destacando la importancia de las identidades para determinar dos visiones de la CID en Latinoamérica, entre la conciliación y la alternancia del régimen actual.