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OBJECTIVE Despite the controversy surrounding brain invasion (BI) as the sole indicator used to diagnose atypical meningioma, this criterion was still incorporated in the 2021 WHO classification scheme. In this study, the authors investigated the reproducibility of this prognostic effect and the impact of BI on the prognosis in otherwise benign meningioma (benign meningioma with BI). METHODS Patients (n = 1006) with a pathological diagnosis of benign or atypical meningioma according to the latest WHO classification criteria were enrolled in this study. In patients with atypical meningioma, the cases were further categorized as benign meningioma with BI and classical atypical meningioma. Clinical, pathological, and follow-up data were collected. Kaplan-Meier curves were compared with a log-rank test, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS The study patient cohort included 282 (28.0%) individuals who were pathologically confirmed as having BI among all 1006 patients with benign or atypical meningioma. A significant difference in recurrence-free survival was observed between patients who had benign meningioma with BI and those who had classical atypical meningioma (p < 0.001), as well as between patients with benign meningiomas and those without BI (p = 0.003). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that BI was independently associated with increased risk of relapse in the entire population (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.01–2.12, p = 0.049) and in the atypical meningioma subcohort (HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.32–3.71, p = 0.003), as well as the benign meningioma with and without BI subcohorts (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.01–3.56, p = 0.049). Moreover, patients with classical atypical meningiomas had a risk of relapse four times higher than those who had benign meningioma with BI (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that benign meningioma with BI typically has an intermediate prognosis and can be differentiated from benign meningioma and classical atypical meningioma, which suggests that the importance of the diagnostic effect of BI is insufficiently accounted for in grading of atypical meningioma. Increased emphasis on the presence of BI in patients with atypical meningioma may be helpful in postsurgical decision-making and facilitating improvements in individual therapy.

Ivmaka longicaudatus Xu & Dietrich, sp. nov. (Figs. 1–14) Type species: Holotype. J (UCD), Papua New Guinea Gulf: Ivimka Res. Station Lakekamu Basin, 120m 7’44’S 146’30’E, 7–8, March, 2000, T. Sears, MT. Paratypes. 2J (INHS), same data as holotype. Description. Body length: male 3.1–3.3 mm. General color of body orange brown (Figs. 1–3). Vertex orange yellow; coronal suture brown, with pair of irregular dark brown spots on each side (Figs. 1–3). Eyes silvery gray to black (Figs. 1–3). Ocelli surrounded by yellowish creamy patches (Fig. 3). Face orange to pale yellow from vertex to anteclypeus; lateral frontal suture brown (Fig. 3). Pronotum with median yellow transverse band bordered by thin dark brown lines, anterior margin white, posterior part tan (Fig. 1). Mesonotum with basolateral triangles black, otherwise dark brown (Fig. 1). Forewing dark brown, subhyaline distally with veins brown and contrasting with pale membrane; hind wing transparent, veins brown (Figs. 1, 2). Legs orange except the pretarsus dark brown (Figs. 1–3). Male 2S abdominal apodemes parallel, moderately broad, reaching middle of segment V (Fig. 4). Male pygofer bearing 2–3 long and 10–11 small rigid setae on dorsal margin, group of 17–20 feeble microsetae near middle of lobe; distal process of pygofer lobe nearly straight and evenly tapered; dorsal bridge extended almost four-fifths length of lobe (Figs. 7, 8). Anal tube process slender, sinuate, apex sharply narrowed to point hooked anterad (Fig. 9). Style sinuate, dentifer bearing about 13 tiny teeth preceded by 2 fine setae and few sensory pits (Fig. 10). Connective 1amellate, with medial sclerotization; anterior margin straight or weakly concave; lateral margin distinctly constricted (Fig. 11). Subgenital plate in lateral view with apex round and bent dorsad along ventral margin of pygofer lobe; basal setae (7–8) uniseriate, distinctly longer than marginal setae, marginal setae (29–30) arranged in 1–2 rows occupying nearly half length of dorsal margin, macrosetae (21–22) arising near based of plate, terminated at marginal setae, feeble microsetae (54–60) irregularly arranged in 3–6 irregular rows (Figs. 7, 12). Aedeagus slender, V-shaped in lateral view, shaft with few tiny teeth dorsally, wide basally, then abruptly narrowed, apex bifid in posterior view giving rise to pair of short distally directed processes (Figs. 13, 14). Etymology. The specific epithet is a compound Latin adjective “ longicaudatus ”, which refers to the elongate male pygofer of the new species. Distribution. Papua New Guinea., Published as part of Xu, Ye, Zhang, Peng-Wen, Dietrich, Christopher H. & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2023, A new genus of Empoascini (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae) from Papua New Guinea, pp. 175-179 in Zootaxa 5271 (1) on pages 176-177, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7864498

Ivmaka longicaudatus gen. et sp. nov. is described based on specimens from Papua New Guinea. Habitus photos and illustrations of the male genitalia of this new species are given and differences between the new genus with closely related genera are discussed.

Ivmaka Xu & Dietrich, gen. nov. Type species: Ivmaka longicaudatus Xu & Dietrich sp. n., here designated. Description. Body robust. Head including eyes broader than pronotum in dorsal aspect, crown short and broad, round anteriorly, length less than half width between eyes, coronal suture long, restricted by vertex and postfrons, dorsal part of the frontoclypeus (above antennal pits) with median longitudinal suture continuous with coronal suture (Figs. 1, 3). Ocelli distinct, located on anterior margin of crown midway between eyes and coronal suture (Fig. 3). Face moderately broad; lateral frontal suture well delimited, curved mesad above antennal pit and meeting epistomal suture at midline ventromesad of ocelli; anteclypeus slightly convex, not expanded; rostrum distinctly overlapping base of hind coxae (Fig. 3). Pronotum large, almost twice as long as crown, with sinuate transverse depression (Fig. 1). Forewing narrow, round apically, apical cells occupying nearly one-third of total length, c and r cells nearly equal in width, both narrower than m and cua cells; vein R2 and RM arising from r cell, connected by cross-vein, vein MCu arising from m cell, veins RM and MCu evenly curved and almost parallel throughout their length (Fig. 5). Hind wing with CuA unbranched (Fig. 6). Front femur seta AM1 stout, situated near ventral margin; intercalary row with one large basal seta and five smaller setae more distad. Hind femur with macrosetal formula 2+1+1. Hind-tibia row AV with six preapical macrosetae (Figs. 1–3). Male 2S abdominal apodemes well developed (Fig. 4). Male pygofer elongate, posterior margin extended into sharp point, with conspicuous basolateral setal group and macrosetae, distal setal group scattered on each side of lobe, dorsal bridge well delimited, ventral appendage absent (Figs. 7, 8). Anal tube process well developed, extended to ventral margin of pygofer lobe (Fig. 9). Style broadened at base, sinuate in ventral and lateral views, apex tapered, dentifer adorned with tiny teeth and preapical setae (Fig. 10). Connective much longer than broad, caudal margin notched medially (Fig. 11). Subgenital plate extended beyond main part of pygofer lobe but not surpassing distal process, broadest near base and slightly trapered and upturned apically, basolateral lobe rounded; four categories of setae present: basal setae slim, arranged in row along basolateral lobe; marginal setae well defined but somewhat irregularly arranged, limited to distal part of plate margin; macrosetae uniseriate, reaching apex of plate; feeble microsetae numerous, scattered, longer than macrosetae (Figs. 7, 12). Aedeagus shaft tubular, preatrium short, dorsoatrium well developed, gonopore apical on ventral surface (Figs. 13, 14). Notes. This new genus will run to Mindanaoa Mahmood, 1967 and Smyga Dworakowska, 1995 in the generic key of Xu et al. (2021) but differs from Mindanaoa Mahmood and Smyga Dworakowska in presence of a well-developed dorsoatrium on the aedeagus (Fig. 13) (dorsoatrium absent in Mindanaoa Mahmood and Smyga Dworakowska). Among other previously described genera in Empoasca -group, this new genus is superficially similar to Dapitana Mahmood, 1967 and Serratulus Mahmood, 1967 in having the coronal suture well developed (Fig. 3), and vein R2 and RM connected by a cross-vein in the forewing (Fig. 5). However, this new genus differs from Dapitana Mahmood in having the pygofer with a conspicuous basolateral setal group (Fig. 7) and vein ScP+RA present on the forewing (Fig. 5) (absent in Dapitana Mahmood). It differs from Serratulus Mahmood, 1967 in having the subgenital plate with macrosetae uniseriate (Fig. 12) (vs. arranged in two rows). Furthermore, this new genus is unique in having the pygofer lobe extended into a distal spine-like process surpassing the subgenital plate (Figs. 7, 8). Distribution. Papua New Guinea. Etymology. The generic name alludes to the locality of the type material (Ivimka Res. Station). Gender: masculine., Published as part of Xu, Ye, Zhang, Peng-Wen, Dietrich, Christopher H. & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2023, A new genus of Empoascini (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae) from Papua New Guinea, pp. 175-179 in Zootaxa 5271 (1) on page 176, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7864498, {"references":["Mahmood, S. H. (1967) A study of the typhlocybine genera of the Oriental region (Thailand, the Philippines and adjoining areas). Pacific Insects Monographs, 12, 1 - 52.","Dworakowska, I. (1995) Szara gen. nov. and some other Oriental Empoascini (Insecta: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae). Entomologische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums fur Tierkunde Dresden, 56, 129 - 160.","Xu, Y., Dietrich, C. H., Zhang, Y. L. Dmitriev, D. A., Zhang, L., Wang, Y. M., Lu, S. H. & Qin, D. Z. (2021) Phylogeny of the tribe Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) based on morphological characteristics, with reclassification of the Empoasca generic group. Systematic Entomology, 46, 266 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12461"]}

The leafhopper genus Homa Distant is revised. Four new species, H. osificata Xu, Dietrich & Qin sp. nov., H. oretinia Xu, Dietrich & Qin sp. nov., H. asilata Xu, Dietrich & Qin sp. nov., and H. algulata Xu, Dietrich & Qin sp. nov., are described from Thailand. H. haematoptilus (Kirkaldy) is redescribed based on specimens from the Oriental Region. All included species are illustrated and a key is provided to separate species for which males are known.

Tea is one of the most widely consumed aromatic beverages in the world because of its taste and flavor, as well as due to many potential health beneficial properties. Metabolomics focuses on an in-depth analysis of all metabolites in living organisms. In this study, 29 primary metabolites and 25 secondary metabolites were identified using GC/MS and UPLC-QTOF/MS, respectively. Further, PCA analysis showed conspicuous discrimination for the ten varieties of green tea with metabolite profiling. Among them, organic acids, amino acids, flavan-3-ols, and flavonol glycosides varied greatly through checking the VIP values of the PLS-DA model. Moreover, the intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors characterizing each type of green tea were also discussed. The chemical component marker derived here should be used as an important detection index, while evaluating the tea quality, as well as while establishing the tea quality standard.

Two genera, Dayus Mahmood, 1967 and Znana Dworakowska, 1994 of the leafhopper tribe Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) are reviewed. One new species of each genus, Dayus furcatus sp. nov. and Znana furca sp. nov., are described from Thailand. A checklist and distribution summary of Dayus Mahmood species is given. Male habitus photos and illustrations of male genitalia of the two new species and notes on allied species are also provided.

A morphology‐based phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) is presented for 58 of 83 formerly recognized genera based on 99 morphological characters of adults. The results support excluding the New World Beamerana generic group from Empoascini. The remaining genera of Empoascini were recovered as a monophyletic sister group of Dikraneurini. Previously recognized tribes Jorumini and Helionini are derived from within Empoascini and are considered synonyms of the latter tribe. Three previously recognized informal generic groups, the Empoasca group, Alebroides group and Usharia group were paraphyletic but the Ficiana group was recovered as monophyletic based on five synapomorphies. Genera previously placed in the Alebroides group represent at least six independent lineages, indicating that the hind wing character separating this group from the Empoasca group (CuA and MP veins free) is highly homoplasious. Empoasca (sensu lato) is also paraphyletic. Thus, twelve previously recognized subgenera of Empoasca are elevated to genus status and five species groups of Empoasca from the New World are recognized as separate new genera. Sikkimasca Dworakowska, 1993 is treated as synonym of Marolda Dworakowska, 1977 based on the phylogeny. Biogeographic analysis suggests that Empoascini most likely first evolved in the Oriental region and spread to other biogeographic realms more recently by multiple independent invasions.

Unkanodes (Kwonianella) malamjabbensissp. nov. (Hemiptera, Delphacidae) is described and illustrated and U. latespinosa (Dlabola, 1957) is newly recorded from Malamjabbah, Swat, Pakistan. These two species represent the first records of the genus Unkanodes Fennah, 1956 from Pakistan. A key to the world’s species of the genus Unkanodes is provided.

Nikomiklukha Gnezdilov, 2010 Type species: Issus praecedens Walker, 1857; by original designation by Gnezdilov 2010: 48. Sarimissus Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2019: Gnezdilov, 2019: 1302 [sic!; error]2010 Gnezdilov, p. 48 [new genus] 2019 Gnezdilov, p. 1302 Composition: Nikomiklukha praecedens (Walker, 1857), Nikomiklukha sumatrana Gnezdilov, 2010, Nikomiklukha maclayi Gnezdilov, 2010., Published as part of Qin, Dao-Zheng & Stroi��ski, Adam, 2022, Sarillanus nom. nov., to replace Sarimissus Meng, Qin et Wang, 2020 nec Sarimissus Wang, Zhang et Bourgoin, 2019 (Hemiptera: Issidae), pp. 247-250 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on page 248, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5905274, {"references":["Gnezdilov, V. M. (2010) Three new genera and three new species of the family Issidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from Borneo and Sumatra. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 41 - 52.","Walker, F. (1857) Catalogue of the Homopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society. London, 1 (4), 141 - 175.","Wang, M. L., Zhang, Y. L. & Bourgoin, T. (2019) On the tribe Sarimini with two new genera from south of China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Issidae). Zootaxa, 4706 (2), 375 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4706.2.10","Gnezdilov, V. M. (2019) On the synonymy and distribution of the planthopper genera Euroxenus Gnezdilov, 2009 and Nikomiklukha Gnezdilov, 2010 (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea: Issidae). Entomological Review, 99 (9), 1299 - 1303. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873819090070"]}

Qin, Dao-Zheng, Stroiński, Adam (2022): Sarillanus nom. nov., to replace Sarimissus Meng, Qin et Wang, 2020 nec Sarimissus Wang, Zhang et Bourgoin, 2019 (Hemiptera: Issidae). Zootaxa 5093 (2): 247-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.8

Sarimissus Wang, Zhang et Bourgoin, 2019 Type species. Sarimissus maculifrons Wang, Zhang et Bourgoin, 2019: 377; by original designation and monotypy. 2019 Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, p. 376 [new genus, description] 2019 Gnezdilov, p. 1302 [synonymy under Nikomiklukha Gnezdilov, 2010] 2020 Nikomiklukha: Chang et al. 2020, p. 33 Composition. Monotypic genus��� Sarimissus maculifrons Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2019., Published as part of Qin, Dao-Zheng & Stroi��ski, Adam, 2022, Sarillanus nom. nov., to replace Sarimissus Meng, Qin et Wang, 2020 nec Sarimissus Wang, Zhang et Bourgoin, 2019 (Hemiptera: Issidae), pp. 247-250 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on page 248, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5905274, {"references":["Wang, M. L., Zhang, Y. L. & Bourgoin, T. (2019) On the tribe Sarimini with two new genera from south of China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Issidae). Zootaxa, 4706 (2), 375 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4706.2.10","Gnezdilov, V. M. (2010) Three new genera and three new species of the family Issidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from Borneo and Sumatra. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 41 - 52.","Chang, Z. - M., Yang, L. & Chen X. - S. (2020) Two new genera with species of the tribe Sarimini (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Issidae) from China. ZooKeys, 956, 31 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 956.47784"]}

Homa sinensis Qin & Zhang, 2011 (Figs 81���85) Homa sinensis Qin & Zhang, 2011 in Qin et al., 2011: 32. Materials examined: 1&male; (holotype), China Yunnan Province, Bubeng, Mengla, December 15, 1999, I. Dworakowska (NWAFU); 3&male;&male;, Thailand Khonkaen Nam Pong NP office, 16��37.201'N, 102��34.481'E, 218 m, Malaise trap, July 26-August 2, 2006, Khamphol Jaidee (NWAFU); 2&male;&male;, Thailand, Phetchabun Nam Nao NP Heliport, 16��43.156'N, 101��35.118'E, 890 m, Pan trap, December 21���22, 2006, Noopean Hongyothi & Leng Janteab (INHS); 2&male;&male;, Thailand Phetchabun Nam Nao NP Heliport, 16��43.156'N, 101��35.118'E, 890 m, Pan trap, December 21���22, 2006, Noopean Hongyothi & Leng Janteab (QSBG)., Published as part of Xu, Ye, Wang, Yi-Mei, Dmitriev, Dmitry A., Dietrich, Christopher H. & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2022, Revision of the genus Homa Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 5087 (1) on page 189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5819981, {"references":["Qin, D. - Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y. - L. (2011) A taxonomic study of Chinese Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) (III). Zootaxa, 3094 (1), 30 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3094.1.2"]}

Homa osificata Xu, Dietrich & Qin sp. nov. (Figs 5���8, 26���28, 46���53) Holotype. &male;, Thailand Phetchabun Nam Nao NP Heliport, 16��43.156'N, 101��35.118'E, 890 m, Pan trap, December 21���22, 2006, Noopean Hongyothi & Leng Janteab (QSBG). Paratypes. 2&male;&male;, same data as holotype (NWAFU); 13&male;&male;, same data as holotype (INHS); 12&male;&male;, Nakhon Nayok Khao Yai NP Behind Football field, 14��24.619'N, 101��22.778'E, 770 m, Malaise trap, July 5���12, 2006, Pong Sandao (QSBG). Description. Measurements. Body length: male: 3.8���4.1 mm. Ground color red. Anteclypeus slightly broader in male than in female (Fig. 8). 1T apodemes forming arc bending apicad, not extended to segment II (Fig. 26). Male pygofer in profile with apex rounded, bearing 6���7 rigid microsetae along posterior margin, dorsal bridge well developed (Figs 27, 28, 46���48). Subgenital plate far exceeding pygofer lobe, gradually curved toward pygofer ventral margin; basal setae (7���8) situated on broadest section of plate, two or three setae separated from bristle clusters; marginal setae (6���8) sparse, arranged in single row; macrosetae (5) discrete, not extended to tip of plate; feeble microsetae (10���12) inconspicuous (Figs 27, 46, 49). Aedeagus shaft tubular, with attenuate distal extension and pair of shorter asymmetrical processes subapically, one rounded and longer, other shorter and pointed; gonopore subapical on ventral side (Figs 50, 51). Style bearing 6���7 tiny teeth apically and 5���6 fine setae subapically (Fig. 52). Anal tube process smooth (Fig. 53). Etymology. The name is an arbitrary combination of letters. Remarks. This new species is similar to H. haematoptilus in having the 1T apodemes not extended to segment II and triangular in shape (Fig. 26). However, H. osificata differs from H. haematoptilus in having the aedeagus with three distal projections, all extended distad (Fig. 50). The aedeagus H. haematoptilus has only two distal projections, one extended ventrad (Fig. 42). Distribution. Thailand., Published as part of Xu, Ye, Wang, Yi-Mei, Dmitriev, Dmitry A., Dietrich, Christopher H. & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2022, Revision of the genus Homa Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 5087 (1) on pages 183-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5819981

Homa algulata Xu, Dietrich & Qin sp. nov. (Figs 17���22, 35���37, 69���77) Holotype. &male;, Thailand Khonkaen Nam Pong NP office, 16 o 37.201'N, 102 o 34.481'E, 218 m, Malaise trap, July 26- August 2 2006, Khamphol Jaidee (QSBG). Paratypes. 5&male;&male;, same data as holotype (NWAFU); 20&male;&male;, Thailand Nakhon Nayok Khao Yai NP Behind Football field, 14 o 24.619'N, 101 o 22.778'E, 770 m, Malaise trap, July 5-12 2006, Pong Sandao (INHS); 30&male;&male;, Thailand Nakhon Nayok Khao Yai NP Behind Football field, 14 o 24.619'N, 101 o 22.778'E, 770 m, Malaise trap, July 5-12 2006, Pong Sandao (QSBG); 1 &male;, Vietnam Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong NP center 20.3522��N 105.5983��E, 370 m, July 5-8 2019, C.H.Dietrich, Malaise trap in 2�� forest, VN19-2-2 (VNMN); 1 &male;, Vietnam Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong NP, ca. entrance 20.2501��N 105.7145��E 156m, July 7 2019, C.H.Dietrich, Hg. vapor light, VN19-1-6 (INHS). Description. Measurements. Body length: male 3.8���4.1 mm. Ground color reddish brown. Face crimson, ocelli surrounded by dark patches (Fig. 20). Anteclypeus strongly swollen and broader in male than in female (Fig. 20). 1T apodemes not extending to end of segment III, divergent posteriorly (Fig. 35). Male pygofer in lateral view with rounded apex, bearing 5���6 rigid microsetae along posterior margin (Figs 36, 37, 69���71). Subgenital plate widest at base and terminated in rectangle; basal setae (7���8) slightly shorter than macrosetae; marginal setae (8���10) arranged in irregular 1���2 rows, discrete; macrosetae (6���7) somewhat pointed, not reaching tip of plate; feeble microsetae (6���8) weakly developed (Figs 69, 72). Aedeagus shaft tubular, with long unpaired basal process surpassing shaft apex, both shaft and process with single tiny preapical spine, gonopore apical in dorsal view (Figs 73���75). Style strongly curved medially, dentifer bearing 5-6 tiny teeth and about 4���5 setae (Fig. 76). Anal tube lamellate, tapered to acute apex (Fig. 77). Etymology. The name is an arbitrary combination of letters. Remarks. This species is similar to H. osificata in having the male anteclypeus strongly swollen and broadened (Figs 8, 20), but differs from the latter in having the subgenital plate macrosetae concentrated near the plate apex (Fig. 72) (concentrated near base in H. osificata (Fig. 49)). H. algulata is also similar to H. asilata in having the 1T apodemes divergent posteriorly (Figs 32, 35). However, it differs from H. asilata in having the anal tube process broad basally (Fig. 77) (anal tube process narrowed basally in H. asilata (Fig. 68)). H. algulata differs from all other known species of Homa in having a single well-developed basal aedeagal process surpassing the shaft apex (Figs 73, 74). Distribution. Thailand and Vietnam., Published as part of Xu, Ye, Wang, Yi-Mei, Dmitriev, Dmitry A., Dietrich, Christopher H. & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2022, Revision of the genus Homa Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 5087 (1) on pages 187-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5819981

Homa rubrodorsata Kato, 1933 (Figs 78���80) Homa rubrodorsata Kato, 1933: 452. Materials examined: 1&female; (Holotype), China (Taiwan), NO. 233. Remarks. H. rubrodorsata was described based on the female holotype from Taiwan. The male remains unknown and, therefore, the status of this species remains uncertain although it clearly belongs in this genus. Here we provide photos of the holotype., Published as part of Xu, Ye, Wang, Yi-Mei, Dmitriev, Dmitry A., Dietrich, Christopher H. & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2022, Revision of the genus Homa Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 5087 (1) on pages 188-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5819981, {"references":["Kato, M. (1933) Notes on Japanese Homoptera, with descriptions of one new genus and some new species. Entomological World, 1933, 452 - 471."]}

Homa Distant, 1908 Homa Distant, 1908: 400. Type species: Homa insignis Distant, 1908 = Homa haematoptilus (Kirkaldy, 1906) Diagnosis. Body white or stramineous, usually with bold symmetrical red markings dorsally. Head including eyes distinctly broader than pronotum in dorsal view (Figs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 78, 81). Crown slightly longer medially than next to eye, coronal suture short, not extended beyond mid-length of crown (Figs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 78, 81). Eyes large, as wide as distance between basomedial angles (Figs 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 78, 81). Ocelli distinct, separated from eyes by less than half of ocellar diameter (Figs 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 82). Face broad and convex in profile, lateral frontal suture not extended ventromesad of ocelli, anteclypeus strongly swollen and broadened in some species (Figs 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 82). Forewing narrow, rounded apically, veins R2, RM and MCu dissociated at their base, all arising from m cell. Hind wing with CuA and MP fused for entire length (Figs 21, 22). Front femur row AV with 1 basal seta distinctly enlarged or setae subequal or gradually decreasing in size distally; AM1 distinctly enlarged. Middle femur with 1 dorsoapical macroseta. Hind tibia row AV with 4 preapical macrosetae. Male basal abdominal sternal apodemes (1T apodemes) developed, 2S and 3T apodemes absent (Figs 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 83). Male pygofer elongate, with few rigid microsetae along posterior margin, ventral appendage absent, dorsal bridge well developed (Figs 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 84, 85). Subgenital plate broadest at base and narrowing apically toward sclerotized and pigmented apex; basal setae densely grouped and stout, blunt-tipped; marginal microsetae rare, along dorsal margin of plate; macrosetae uniseriate, not reaching tip of plate; feeble microsetae present (Figs 24, 27, 30, 33, 36). Style base broad and distinctly bent mesad at point of articulation to plate, terminating in a strong arcuate and abruptly narrowed apical dentifer, dentifer with a few, small teeth, subapically with several setae and few sensory pits (Figs 44, 52, 60, 67, 76). Aedeagal shaft tubular, with or without process(es), dorsoatrium absent. Connective fused with the base of aedeagus (Figs 42, 43, 50, 51, 58, 59, 65, 66, 73���75). Anal tube with basal anterior appendage well developed (Figs 45, 53, 61, 68, 77). Remarks. Homa is unique among known genera of the Usharia group (Xu et al., 2021) in having 1T apodemes (Figs 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 83). This feature is rare in Empoascini, most genera of which have a well-developed 2S apodemes or 3T apodemes. It is similar to Baguoidea Mahmood, 1967 in body shape and color, but differs in having forewing veins R2 and RM dissociated at their base (Fig. 21) (confluent for a short distance in Baguoidea Mahmood, 1967); and in lacking a pygofer appendage (ventral appendage present in Baguoidea Mahmood, 1967). Distribution. China (Yunnan and Taiwan Provinces), Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Malaysia, Australia., Published as part of Xu, Ye, Wang, Yi-Mei, Dmitriev, Dmitry A., Dietrich, Christopher H. & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2022, Revision of the genus Homa Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 5087 (1) on page 180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5819981, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1908) Rhynchota. IV. Homoptera and appendix (Pt.). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor & Francis, London, XV + 501 pp.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1906) Leafhoppers and their natural enemies. Part IX, Leafhoppers, Hemiptera. Bulletin of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association Division of Entomology, 1, 271 - 479.","Xu, Y., Dietrich, C. H., Zhang, Y. - L., Dmitriev, D. A., Zhang, L., Wang, Y. - M., Lu, S. - H. & Qin, D. - Z. (2021) Phylogeny of the tribe Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) based on morphological characteristics, with reclassification of the Empoasca generic group. Systematic Entomology, 46, 266 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12461","Mahmood, S. H. (1967) A study of the typhlocybine genera of the Oriental Region (Thailand, the Philippines and adjoining areas). Pacific Insect Monograph, 12, 1 - 52."]}

Long-term exposure of the skin to solar radiation causes chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which accelerates collagen degradation. This contributes to the formation of wrinkles and dark spots, skin fragility, and even skin cancer. In this study, Anemopsis californica (AC), a herb from North America that is well known for treating microorganism infection and promoting wound healing, was investigated for its photoprotective effects. The biological effects of AC were studied on two in vitro models, namely, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages and ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated dermal fibroblasts, to characterize its underlying molecular mechanisms. The results showed that AC decreased the mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators in sensitized macrophages, including cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Moreover, AC alleviated UVB-induced photoaging in dermal fibroblasts by restoring procollagen synthesis. This resulted from the regulation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) by AC, which was mediated by the activation of the antioxidative system nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). AC also alleviated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and interfering with the nuclear translocation of the immune regulator nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFATc1). In conclusion, the protective effects of AC on skin cellular components suggested that it has the potential for use in the development of drugs and cosmetics that protect the skin from UVB-induced chronic inflammation and aging.

Ricanula pulverosa (Stål, 1865) (Figs 10–11) Ricania pulverosa Stål, 1865: 162; Stål, 1870: 767; Atkinson, 1886: 61; Noualhier, 1896: 256; Schmidt, 1905: 176; Distant, 1906: 380; Schumacher, 1915: 130; Melichar, 1898: 240; Esaki, 1932: 1805; Kato, 1933: 7; Zia, 1935: 537; Lallemand, 1942: 70; Jacobi, 1944: 22; Chou et al., 1985: 81. Ricanula pulverosa, Melichar, 1923: 130; Metcalf, 1955: 97; Yang, 1989: 193. Specimens examined. 1 male: 1 Jun. 1974, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengla, coll. Yao Chou et Feng Yuan; 1 male: 18 Apr. 1982, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengla, coll. Sumei Wang et Jingruo Zhou. Measurements. Length (inc. tegmen): male 7.8 mm. Remarks. First time after original description, Yang (1989) described and illustrated the male and female genitalia of the species based on Taiwan specimens. The morphological characters examined here are consistent with Yang’s (1989) description, but the male genitalia in this study show somewhat intraspecific variations as follows: 1) anal tube nearly rectangular in dorsal view (Fig. 10G) (irregularly hexagonal in Yang, 1989, Fig. 12G); 2) lateral processes of aedeagus reaching only 1/4 of the dorsal processes (Fig. 10I) (lateral processes reaching 1/2 of the dorsal processes in Yang, 1989, Figs 12H, I). Distribution. China (Provinces Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan), Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, India, Indonesia., Published as part of Zhang, Huan, Wang, Wen-Qian, Stroiński, Adam & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2021, Two new species and a new combination in the genus Ricanula Melichar, 1898 for Ricaniidae from China (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), pp. 353-369 in Zootaxa 5047 (3) on page 366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5540953, {"references":["Stal, C. (1865) Homoptera nova vel minus congita. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akadamiens Forhandlingar, 22, 145 - 165.","Stal, C. (1870) Hemiptera insularum Philippinarum. Bidrag till Philippinska oarnes Hemipter-fauna. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 27, 607 - 776. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61898","Atkinson, E. T. (1886) Notes on Indian Rhynchota, No. 6. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 55, 143 - 223.","Noualhier, J. M. (1896) Note sur les Hemipteres recoltes en Indo-Chine et offerts au Museum par M. Pavie. Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, 10, 251 - 259.","Schmidt, E. (1905) Die Ricaniiden des Stettiner Museums. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin, 66, 168 - 198.","Distant, W. L. (1906) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota. Vol. III (Heteroptera-Homoptera). Taylor and Francis, London, 503 pp.","Schumacher, F. (1915) Homoptera in H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Supplementa Entomologica, 4, 108 - 142.","Melichar, L. (1898) Monographie der Ricaniiden (Homoptera). Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 8 (2 - 3), 197 - 359.","Kato, M. (1933) Three colour illustrated insects of Japan. Fascicle 4. Homoptera: Fulgoridae and Others. Koseikaku, Tokyo, 127 pp.","Zia, Y. (1935) Note sur les Flatinae et les Ricaniinae de la chine du sud et du Tonkin (Homoptera Fulgoridae). Sinensia, 6 (5), 525 - 540.","Lallemand, V. (1942) Notes sur quelques especes recueillies par le R. Piel (Musee Heude, Shanghai) et le R. P. de Cooman (Hoa Binh, Tonkin). Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise. Musee Heude, 9 (4), 69 - 77.","Jacobi, A. (1944) Die Zikadenfauna der Provinz Fukien in Sudchina und ihre tiergeographischen Beziehungen. Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 34, 5 - 66.","Chou, I., Lu, J. S., Huang, J. & Wang, S. Z. (1985) Homoptera, Fulgoroidea. Economic Insect Fauna of China. Fasc. 36. Science Press, Beijing, 152 pp.","Melichar, L. (1923) Homoptera, fam. Acanaloniidae, Flatidae et Ricaniidae. Genera Insectorum. Part 182. L. Desmet-Verteneuil, Bruxelles, 185 pp.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1955) General catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fascicle IV. Fulgoroidea. Part 16. Ricaniidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 199 pp.","Yang, C. T. (1989) Ricaniidae of Taiwan (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). In: Collected Papers on Fulgoroidea of Taiwan. Taiwan Museum Special Publication Series, 8, pp. 171 - 204."]}

Ricanula Melichar, 1898 Ricania (Ricanula) Melichar, 1898: 218. Ricanula Schmidt, 1912: 75. Type species. Ricania noualhieri Melichar, 1898, designated by Schmidt (1912). Remarks. Ricanula can be distinguished from other genera in Ricaniidae by the combination of following characters: costal area of tegmen with sparse and curved transverse veinlets; postero-apical part of tegmen with eyes-spot black cells; tegmen with one line of transverse veinlets; median and posterior parts of tegmen with numerous irregular transverse veinlets. Diagnostic characters. Head. Head including eyes narrower than mesonotum/thorax. Vertex transverse, distinctly wider than long at midline, with all margins well carinate; disc of vertex with or without median carina. Frons with all margins well carinated, at upper margin longer than high at midline, widest at the level of lower margin of compound eyes; lateral margins covering base of pedicel, not incised near the level of ocelli. Frontal disc tricarinate, carinae distinctly separated basally, median carina straight; lateral carinae arcuate, almost parallel to lateral margins. Fronto-clypeal suture arched/arcuate. Clypeus distinctly narrower than frons, without median carina. Compound eyes, with small callus in lower part of posterior margin. Ocelli present. Rostrum-apical segment shorter than subapical one. Antenna pedicel elongate, cylindrical, with functional area at the top. Thorax. Pronotum distinctly longer than vertex at midline; disc of pronotum with median carina and two lateral impressions. Mesonotum elongate, diamond shape, longer in midlength than wide at lateral angles and longer in midlength longer than combined length of vertex and pronotum at midlength; lateral angles placed before midlength; median carina, lateral and antero-lateral carinae present; median carina and lateral carinae connected basally; median carina reaching scutellum, lateral carinae reaching posterior margin, anterolateral carinae not connected with lateral and not surpassing level of lateral angles of mesonotum. Tegmina membranous, elongately-triangular, flattened, with distinct venation and transverse veinlets. Costal margin weakly arcuate, apical angle broadly rounded, placed distad to claval angle, posterior margin weakly sinuate, postclaval margin (tornus) absent. Costal area with transverse veinlets and oblique shallowly incisions; postero-apical part with eyes-spot black cells. Longitudinal veins ScP+RA, MP and CuA leaving basal cell separated. CuA vein first fork placed before the connection of claval veins Pcu+A 1. Tegmen with single apical line of transverse veinlets, median and posterior part of tegmen with numerous irregular transverse veinlets. Hind wing with precostal cell present; ScRA and MP forking distinctly after midlength of wing, CuA forking distinctly before half of wing. Hing legs. Metatibia with 2 lateral spines; apically with 6 well developed spines, external lateral spines bigger than internal lateral spines; basitarsomere of metatarsus a little longer than cumulative length of second and apical tarsomeres. Male terminalia. Anal tube with ventral margin strongly concaved in lateral view. Pygofer higher than wide; dorsal part narrower than ventral one. Genital styles broadly triangular (dorsal and ventral margins nearly parallel in R. fujianensis and R. cacaonis), with sharp spine-like process at the end of dorsal margin. Periandrium with or without processes, with long lateral split surpassing the half of its length; dorsal periandrium a bit shorter than ventral one. Aedeagus long and narrow, apically with 1–2 pairs of symmetrical, well sclerotized, spinose processes. Female terminalia. Pregenital sternite with well-developed lateral lobes, median portion of the posterior margin with or without processes. Anal tube not surpassing half of upper margin of the gonoplac. Gonoplac well developed, laterally flattened; posterior margin of the gonoplac with 2–3 rows of small teeth; membranous parts of gonoplac well developed, placed medially on ventral margin. Gonapophysis VIII sabre-like, v-shape in cross section, with teeth at dorsal margin; endogonocoxal process with spiniferous microsculptures, well sclerotized medially; lateral parts membranous, reaching apex of gonapophysis VIII. Gonaphophyses IX and gonospiculum bridge well developed. Bursa copulatrix with two isometric pouches: first pouch with well visible cell and sclerotized ornamentation; second pouch with numerous pores., Published as part of Zhang, Huan, Wang, Wen-Qian, Stroiński, Adam & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2021, Two new species and a new combination in the genus Ricanula Melichar, 1898 for Ricaniidae from China (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), pp. 353-369 in Zootaxa 5047 (3) on pages 354-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5540953, {"references":["Melichar, L. (1898) Monographie der Ricaniiden (Homoptera). Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 8 (2 - 3), 197 - 359.","Schmidt, E. (1912) Diagnosen neuer Fulgoriden-Gattungen und Arten nebst einigen Bemerkungen. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 73, 67 - 102."]}

Ricanula peronata sp. nov. (Figs 7–9, 11) Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin word ‘ peronatus ’, referring to the periandrium with boot-shaped ventral processes in ventral view. Diagnosis. The species is similar to Ricanula curva sp. nov., but differs from the latter by having periandrium with boot-shaped ventral processes in ventral view (Fig. 9F); ventral processes of aedeagus oriented ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 9G) (apical part of ventral processes of periandrium strongly curved laterally in dorsal and ventral view; ventral processes of aedeagus S-curved in lateral view in Ricanula curva sp. nov.). Description. Measurements. Length (inc. tegmen): male 6.5–7.4 mm, female 7.3–8.8 mm. Head. Vertex (Figs 7A, C) without median carina. Frons: median and lateral carinae of frontal disc surpassing half of disc, ending about the level of antennae; apical parts of median carina weakly visible. Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 7A, C) with small round depressions submedially on each lateral side. Mesonotum: lateral carinae (Figs 7A, C) not reaching posterior margin; antero-lateral carinae not connected with anterior margin. Tegmen: postero-apical part of tegmen with two eye-spot black cells, posterior margin arcuate. Longitudinal veins ScP+RA and RP, MP arising as short common stem from basal cell. Claval veins Pcu and A 1 fused on midlength of CuP vein. Hind wing (Fig. 7F) without transverse veinlets. Hing legs: Basitarsomere of metatarsus with 8 apical teeth. Metatibiotarsal formula 2/6/8. Male terminalia. Anal tube (in dorsal view, Fig. 8B) nearly square, posterior margin strongly concave, basal margin slightly convex, lateral margins straight; anus placed before midlength, paraproct surpassing the posterior margin. Pygofer (in lateral view, Fig. 8A) with dorsal posterior angle without process. Genital styles (in lateral view, Fig. 8A) broadly triangular; ventral margin weakly sinuate; dorsal margin weakly convex, with small concavity before spine-like process. Phallic complex (Figs 9A–C): Periandrium (Figs 9D–F) with boot-shaped ventral processes in ventral view, apical part of ventral processes straight; dorsal periandrium with U-shaped structure with membranous apical part sclerotized base in dorsal view; lateral margin of periandrium with small rod-shaped processes in lateral view, rodshaped processes hidden in the periandrium (in ventral view); ventral periandrium distinctly convex. Aedeagus (Figs 9G–I) apically with two pairs of processes. Median split asymmetrical: ventral split present only in 1/5; dorsal split very deep, reaching almost basal part. All processes single armed: lateral processes longer than ventral processes, about two thirds of aedeagus; ventral processes oriented ventrally in lateral view. Female terminalia (Figs 8C–I). Pregenital sternite (Fig. 8I): posterior margin medially with two prominent processes, margin between processes with wide and shallow incision. Anal tube (in dorsal view, Fig. 8C) ovoid, with widest part medially, basal margin weakly convex, posterior margin widely concave, lateral margins arcuate; anus placed after midlength, paraproct surpassing the posterior margin. Gonoplac (Fig. 8H): posterior margin with two rows of small teeth. Coloration. General color brown (Figs 7A–B). Median part of frons (Fig. 7D) black brown. Eyes brown (Figs 7B–C), ornamented with irregular brown patches. Gena (Fig. 7B) black brown with two yellowish spots. Tegmen (Figs 7B, E) brown, costal margin with about 14 transverse black brown stripes from base to a little beyond middle, between the transverse brown stripes filled with light yellow stripes, sub-medially of tegmen with a large flavescent spot marked by 2 central transverse back lines. Wings brown, each side of A 2 with a longitudinal grayish narrowed band (Fig. 7F). Abdomen and terminalia brown. Type material. Holotype, male, China: 20 Apr. 1964, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menglun, 650 m, coll. Baolin Zhang. Paratypes (8 males, 17 females, China): 1 male: 13 Jul. 1958, 650– 700 m, coll. Chunpei Hong; 2 males, 4 females: 21/ 30 Apr. 1974, coll. Yao Chou, Feng Yuan et Yinyue Hu; 1 female: 22 May 1982, 1 female: 24 May 1982, coll. Qinmei Wang et Jingruo Zhou; 1 male, 1 female: 18 May 1991, 1 female: 20 May 1991, 1 male, 1 female: 22 May 1991, 2 females: 26 May 1991, 3 males, 6 females: 31 May 1991, coll. Yinglun Wang et Wanzhi Cai; Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menglun. Distribution. China (Province Yunnan).

Ricanula curva sp. nov. (Figs 4–6, 11) Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin word ‘ curvus ’, referring to ventral processes of aedeagus being Scurved in lateral view; apical part of ventral processes of periandrium strongly curved laterally in dorsal and ventral view. Diagnosis. The species is similar to R. peronata sp. nov., but differs from the latter by having apical part of ventral processes of periandrium strongly curved laterally in dorsal and ventral view (R. peronata —ventral processes boot-shaped in ventral view); ventral processes of aedeagus S-curved in lateral view (R. peronata —ventral processes of aedeagus oriented ventrally in lateral view). Description. Measurements. Length (inclu. teg.): male 6.7–8.4 mm, female 7.2–9.6 mm. Head. Vertex (Figs 4A, C) with or without median carina. Frons: lateral carinae of frontal disc finishing basally at the same level as median carina, ending about the level of antennae. Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 4A, C) with small round depressions submedially on each lateral side (in some specimens weakly visible). Mesonotum: lateral carinae of mesonotum (Figs 4A, C) reaching posterior margin; anterolateral carinae connected with anterior margin. Tegmen: postero-apical part of tegmen with two eye-spot black cells, posterior margin almost straight. Longitudinal veins ScRA and RP arising as short common stem from basal cell, MP veins forked on basal cell. Claval veins Pcu and A 1 fused before midlength of CuP vein. Hind wing with r-m transverse veinlets present in distal part of wing (Fig. 4F). Hing legs: Basitarsomere of metatarsus with 8 apical teeth. Metatibiotarsal formula 2/6/8. Male terminalia (Figs 5A–B, 6A–I). Anal tube (in dorsal view, Fig. 5B) nearly as rectangle; posterior margin strongly concave, basal margin slightly convex, lateral margins straight; anus placed before midlength, paraproct slightly surpassing the posterior margin. Pygofer (in lateral view, Fig. 5A): dorso-posterior angle with process. Genital styles (Fig. 5A) broadly triangular in lateral view; ventral margin convex; dorsal margin weakly convex, with small concavity before spine-like process. Phallic complex (Figs 6A–C): Periandrium (Figs 6D–F) with ventral processes, apical part of ventral processes of periandrium curved laterally (in dorsal and ventral view), ventral periandrium distinctly convex in middle; dorsal periandrium with U-shaped structure with membranous apical part sclerotized base in dorsal view; lateral margin of periandrium with rod-shaped processes in lateral view. Aedeagus (Figs 6G–I) with two pairs of processes. Median split asymmetrical: ventral split present only in 1/5; dorsal split very deep, reaching almost basal part. All processes single armed: lateral processes longer than ventral processes, about 2/3 of aedeagus, curved dorsally at 2/3 of its length; ventral processes S-curved ventrally in lateral view. Female terminalia (Figs 5C–I). Pregenital sternite: posterior margin medially with two processes, margin between processes with strong and deep incision (Fig. 5I). Anal tube (in dorsal view, Fig. 5C) elongate, with posterior part wider than basal one; basal margin almost straight, posterior margin widely concave medially, lateral margins arcuate; anus placed a bit before midlength, paraproct surpassing the posterior margin. Gonoplac posterior margin with two rows of teeth. Coloration. General color brown to dark brown (Figs 4A–B). Lateral margins of frons yellow, area alongside frontoclypeal suture yellow, clypeus brown with yellow patch medially under frontoclypeal suture, rostrum yellowish with brown apex (Fig. 4D). Eyes (Fig. 4B) sordid brown, ornamented with irregular black brown patches. Gena (Fig. 4B) brown with two yellow spots. Tegmen (Figs 4A–B, E) brown to dark brown; costal margin with about 13–16 transverse brown stripes from base to a little beyond middle, between the transverse brown stripes filled with light yellow stripes, tegmen sub-medially with a large flavescent spot marked by 2 central transverse brown lines. Wings (Fig. 4F) brown, each side of A 2 with a grayish narrowed band longitudinally. Abdomen and terminalia brown. Type material. Holotype, male, China: 28 May 1982, Guangxi, Tianlin, Langping, coll. Jikun Yang. Paratypes (13 males, 21 females, China): 4 males, 2 females: 11 Apr. 1978, Guangxi, Baise, Yangwei, coll. Xianyu Qian; 1 male: 12 May 1980, Guangxi, Longzhou, Longhu, coll. Zhuyin Wang; 1 male: 17 May 1982, Guangxi, Longzhou, Nonggang, 240m, coll. Fasheng Li; 2 males: 29 May 1982, 1 female: 30 May 1982, Guangxi, Tianlin, Langping, coll. Jikun Yang; 1 female: 25 Jun. 1982, Guangxi, Longsheng, coll. Jikun Yang; 3 males, 14 females: 3 Jun. 1984, 1 female: 9 Jun. 1984, Guangxi, Lingtian commune, coll. Zhengliang Wu et Xiaolin Lu; 1 male, 1 female: 6 May 1993, 1 male, 1 female: 8 May 1993, Guangxi, Longzhou, Daqing Mountain, coll. Sikong Liu. Distribution. China (Province Guangxi)., Published as part of Zhang, Huan, Wang, Wen-Qian, Stroiński, Adam & Qin, Dao-Zheng, 2021, Two new species and a new combination in the genus Ricanula Melichar, 1898 for Ricaniidae from China (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), pp. 353-369 in Zootaxa 5047 (3) on pages 359-363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5540953

Two new species of the genus Ricanula Melichar, 1898 within the family Ricaniidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from China are described and illustrated: R. curva sp. nov. and R. peronata sp. nov. Ricania cacaonis Chou et Lu, 1977 is redescribed and transferred to genus Ricanula. Ricanula pulverosa (Stål, 1865) is re-illustrated.

The complete mitogenomes of nine fulgorid species were sequenced and annotated to explore their mitogenome diversity and the phylogenetics of Fulgoridae. All species are from China and belong to five genera: Dichoptera Spinola, 1839 (Dichoptera sp.), Neoalcathous Wang and Huang, 1989 (Neoalcathous huangshanana Wang and Huang, 1989), Limois Stål, 1863 (Limois sp.), Penthicodes Blanchard, 1840 (Penthicodes atomaria (Weber, 1801), Penthicodes caja (Walker, 1851), Penthicodes variegata (Guérin-Méneville, 1829)), Pyrops Spinola, 1839 (Pyrops clavatus (Westwood, 1839), Pyrops lathburii (Kirby, 1818), Pyrops spinolae (Westwood, 1842)). The nine mitogenomes were 15,803 to 16,510 bp in length with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and a control region (A + T-rich region). Combined with previously reported fulgorid mitogenomes, all PCGs initiate with either the standard start codon of ATN or the nonstandard GTG. The TAA codon was used for termination more often than the TAG codon and the incomplete T codon. The nad1 and nad4 genes varied in length within the same genus. A high percentage of F residues were found in the nad4 and nad5 genes of all fulgorid mitogenomes. The DHU stem of trnV was absent in the mitogenomes of all fulgorids sequenced except Dichoptera sp. Moreover, in most fulgorid mitogenomes, the trnL2, trnR, and trnT genes had an unpaired base in the aminoacyl stem and trnS1 had an unpaired base in the anticodon stem. The similar tandem repeat regions of the control region were found in the same genus. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes from 53 species of Fulgoroidea and seven outgroups. The Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood trees had a similar topological structure. The major results show that Fulgoroidea was divided into two groups: Delphacidae and ((Achilidae + (Lophopidae + (Issidae + (Flatidae + Ricaniidae)))) + Fulgoridae). Furthermore, the monophyly of Fulgoridae was robustly supported, and Aphaeninae was divided into Aphaenini and Pyropsini, which includes Neoalcathous, Pyrops, Datua Schmidt, 1911, and Saiva Distant, 1906. The genus Limois is recovered in the Aphaeninae, and the Limoisini needs further confirmation, Dichoptera sp. was the earliest branch in the Fulgoridae.

There are two weaknesses in current researches into human casualty of ship collision. One is that the range of injuries or fatalities is restricted to the maximum number of casualties in a particular sample, which may not cover all the possible numbers of casualties in the future. International Maritime Organization (IMO) employed the injured or dead percentage of all the persons on board to represent casualties, but it only provided several discrete values to quantify human losses in different scenarios. The other is that the assumption that the distributions of the injuries or fatalities follow certain distribution, such as negative binomial and Poisson distributions is left to be statistically tested. Firstly, this study considers casualty rate, including injury and fatality rates, as random variables; the interval of the variables are from 0 to 1. Then, the distributions of the variables are investigated using historical data. From historical data, we can find that there are many zeros. Zero-inflated models are proved to be effective in processing data with inflated zeros. Furthermore, the probability density of the variables decreases rapidly as the casualty rate becomes larger. Thus, zero-inflated exponential distribution is assumed to fit the data. The parameters of zero-inflated exponential distribution are calibrated by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. Finally, the assumption is tested by chi-square test. The zero-inflated exponential distribution can be used to generate human losses as a part of consequences in the simulation of ship collision risk.

The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda, is one of the dominant pests in major tea production regions of East Asia. Recent morphological studies have revealed variation in the male genitalic structures within and among populations. However, the genetic structure of this pest remains poorly understood. This study explores the genetic diversity and population structure of this pest in nineteen populations from the four main Chinese tea production areas using microsatellite markers, with one Japanese population also examined. The results show low to moderate levels of genetic differentiation with populations grouped into four clusters, i.e. the Jiangbei group, the Southwest group 1, the Southwest group 2 and the South China group. Populations from China have a close phylogenetic relationship but show significant isolation by distance. Lower genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of E. (M.) onukii were found in the Kagoshima population of Japan. Evidence for genetic bottlenecks was detected in the South China and Jiangnan populations. Population expansion was found in the Southwest, Jiangbei and Kagoshima populations. This is the most extensive study of the population genetics of this species and contributes to our understanding of its origin and evolutionary history.