Search

Age determination of bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) is a critical tool in understanding both individual and population health. There are many methods of aging bottlenose dolphins including analysis of teeth, pectoral flipper radiographs, and epigenetics. The most common and oldest method for aging toothed cetaceans is the counting of growth layer groups (GLGs) in the teeth. Current techniques have technical and repeatability challenges. Therefore, a processing technique that results in better resolution of GLGs is needed. This study compares different decalcifications and different histochemical staining techniques. Decalcification was done using 10% EDTA, Kristensen's decalcification, and Rapid Decalcification Solution (RDO). Following decalcification and routine processing, GLGs were assessed using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), hematoxylin, Giemsa, Wright-Giemsa, Toluidine Blue (T-Blue), Masson's Trichrome, and Congo Red staining techniques. Decalcification with Kristensen's and staining with Masson's Trichrome and Congo Red were determined to best highlight GLGs. This processing and staining was then applied to a sample population of 102 bottlenose dolphins that were evaluated independently and blindly by two observers. Of the 102 dolphin samples, 13 (12.7%) were unable to age due to no clear distinction or distortion between GLGs.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a classically used chelating agent of decalcification, maintains good morphological details, but its slow decalcification limits its wider applications. Many procedures have been reported to accelerate EDTA-based decalcification, involving temperature, concentration, sonication, agitation, vacuum, microwave, or combination. However, these procedures, concentrating on purely tissue-outside physical factors to increase the chemical diffusion, do not enable EDTA to exert its full capacity due to tissue intrinsic chemical resistances around the diffusion passage. The resistances, such as tissue inner lipids and electric charges, impede the penetration of EDTA. We hypothesized that delipidation and shielding electric charges would accelerate EDTA-based penetration and the subsequent decalcification. The hypothesis was verified by the observation of speedy penetration of EDTA with additives of detergents and hypertonic saline, testing on tissue-mimicking gels of collagen and adult mouse bones. Using a 26% EDTA mixture with the additives at 45°C, a conventional 7-day decalcification of adult mouse ankle joints could be completed within 24 h while the tissue morphological structure, antigenicity, enzymes, and DNA were well preserved, and mRNA better retained compared to using 15% EDTA at room temperature. The addition of hypertonic saline and detergents to EDTA decalcification is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method that doesn't disrupt the current histological workflow. This method is equally or even more effective than the currently most used decalcification methods in preserving the morphological details of tissues. It can be highly beneficial for the related community., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Bone marrow biopsy is one of the important means of hematopathological diagnosis, which has decisive diagnostic significance for various benign and malignant lymphohematopoietic system diseases. Its diagnostic value includes morphological observation, immunohistochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology testing. Owing to the unique nature of bone marrow biopsy, decalcification is an essential step in the pre-treatment process. Its purpose is to remove calcium from bone tissue, preserve intact collagen fiber components, facilitate tissue sectioning, and prevent tissue detachment during staining. If bone marrow biopsy lacks sufficient decalcification, preparing a section is difficult. Conversely, if decalcification is excessive, it can seriously disrupt tissue antigen activity. Therefore, a decalcification method with high decalcification efficiency and mild antigen damage is essential for bone marrow biopsy. This article introduces a bone marrow biopsy tissue decalcification method with high efficiency and less antigen loss: decalcification is performed at room temperature with 12% formic acid and 8% hydrochloric acid decalcification solution on a shaker.

The extraction of mineral calcium from bone by decalcification is a critical step in the preparation of histological samples for light microscopy. This study assessed the time required for complete decalcification and the resultant histomorphological preservation of bone histomorphology by three decalcification agents: 7% hydrochloric acid (HCl), 5% nitric acid, and 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The goal of this study was to identify which decalcification agent provides the optimal combination of expedient processing and quality histological outcomes of cranial fracture samples. HCl provided the most rapid decalcification ( X ¯  = 3.57 days), nitric acid followed closely ( X ¯  = 10.35 days), while EDTA took significantly longer on average ( X ¯  = 78.97 days) but encompassed a broader range of times. Decalcification agent, sample thickness, sample width, and decedent age are significant predictors of decalcification time. Sample visualization quality, measured for tissues, cells, and nuclei on a five-point Likert scale, was highest for samples decalcified in 10% EDTA, second highest using 5% nitric acid, and lowest for 7% HCl. The quality difference between EDTA and nitric acid was not highly significant for any of the three features. For basic assessments of bone histomorphology, the study results indicate 5% nitric acid is suitable for the decalcification of adult specimens and samples thicker than 3 mm. EDTA is a suitable agent for thin samples of the cranial vault (<3 mm) from infants and young children less than three years old, decalcifying samples in a timeframe comparable to nitric acid while providing the best quality and clarity of samples., (© 2022 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.)

Bone tissue can be involved by primitive or metastatic tumors and requires a specific processing both at the department of pathology and during multidisciplinary meetings. The development of fine-needle percutaneous biopsies and of molecular techniques in bone tumor pathology requires a specific management. Moreover, decalcification of samples is crucial but can be deleterious if not controlled or not appropriate. The aim of this review is to provide recommendations for management and decalcification of bone tumor samples., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

There are many published methods of decalcifying bone for paraffin histology; however, the current literature lacks details regarding the processing of ovine tissue. Ovine bone tissue presents challenges, as samples are often denser and larger than other comparative animal models, thus increasing decalcification times. Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFAA) has previously been used to decalcify ovine bone samples for histological analysis. Unfortunately, TFAA is a strong acid and often results in loss of cellular detail, especially in the connected soft tissue. This is generally manifested as over staining with eosin, and a decrease in cellular features which impacts overall histological interpretation. It is well known that leaving tissue in acid for long periods degrades cellular detail; therefore, minimizing decalcification time is critical to accurately determine cellular morphology. Six decalcification solutions (8% TFAA, 20% TFAA, 8% formic acid, 20% formic acid, Formical-4, and XLCal, and three temperatures (room temperature, 30°C, 37°C), were examined to determine their effects on cellular detail in ovine vertebrae and humeral heads. These data clearly indicate that 20% formic acid at 30°C yielded better decalcification rates (2.6 d ± 0.9 d) and cellular detail (none to mild changes) for the vertebrae samples, and 20% formic acid at RT yielded the best cellular detail (none to minimal loss) for humerus samples with a moderate amount of time (6.5 d ± 1.7). These results should establish the optimal demineralization procedures for ovine bone used in scientific studies resulting in improved cellular detail while minimizing decalcification times.

Bone is the most common site of metastasis in breast carcinoma (BC). Treatments for metastatic BC depend on various factors, including the tumor's estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status. Bone biopsies require decalcification which may affect the accuracy of ER and PR immunohistochemistry (IHC) and HER2 situ hybridization (FISH) studies. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) decalcifying solutions have been theorized to have no significant impact on ER and PR IHC or HER2 FISH analyses. We completed a prospective study of the effect of EDTA decalcification on ER and PR IHC and HER2 FISH in 29 cases of BC. Samples from 29 BC resections were collected and formalin fixed between 12 and 24 h. Control samples were routinely processed, whereas test samples were placed in EDTA for 48 h. ER and PR slides were blinded, randomized, and evaluated. Blinded samples underwent HER2 FISH assays where an average HER2 copy number and HER2/CEP17 ratio were calculated. Paired differences between EDTA and control samples were compared for ER and PR positivity, average HER2 copy number, and HER2/CEP17 ratios using paired-samples t-tests (PST) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (WSR). PST and WSR tests yielded no significant difference between EDTA and control tissue for ER% (PST: P = 1; WSR: P = 0.916), PR% (PST: P = 0.973; WSR: P = 0.984), HER2 copy number (PST: P = 0.124; WSR: P = 0.103), and HER2/CEP17 ratio (PST: P = 0.25; WSR: P = 0.105). The use of EDTA in bony tissue is therefore a valid decalcification method to ensure accurate assessment of ER and PR IHC and HER2 FISH in metastatic BC., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Immunohistochemistry, or immunolabeling, is a key method for the identification of protein expression and localization. Successful detection relies on a low signal-to-noise ratio, which is affected greatly by antibody specificity as well as the staining protocol. Immunohistochemistry in the mouse is challenging, particularly in adult skeletal tissue, due to the need for long decalcification, high autofluorescence and high levels of endogenous peroxidase. Here, we describe a highly sensitive protocol for protein detection in decalcified paraffin-embedded sections from adult mouse skeletal tissue. By using four levels of amplification, this method allows for the identification of even low-abundance proteins.

Cartilage and bone are specialized skeletal tissues composed of unique extracellular matrices. Bone, in particular, has a highly calcified or mineralized matrix that makes microtomy and standard histological studies very challenging. Therefore, methods to appropriately fix and decalcify mineralized skeletal tissues have been developed to allow for paraffin processing and standard microtomy. In this chapter, we will illustrate methods for tissue grossing, fixation, decalcification, paraffin processing, embedding, sectioning, and routine histological staining of demineralized murine skeletal tissues. We will also discuss methods for decalcified frozen sectioning of skeletal tissues with and without the use of a tape-transfer system.

Calcination and decalcification are basic procedures useful to a morphological approach of a biological, composite material like cortical bone. The study was carried out on a whole human femur conserved in liquid (from an educational collection). Cortical fracturing and SEM observation of vascular canals surface collagen texture was used to study bone deproteination at scalar temperatures (400-1,200°C) and acid bone decalcification at crescent time intervals. Heating burned and vaporized the organic matrix with shrinkage of the bone specimens as documented by the weight loss and transverse surface morphometry. SEM showed a pattern of aligned spherulites at 400°C which maintained the collagen fibrils layout (like a mineral cast), followed by a spherulites fusion progression with the temperature increments. At 1200°C a crystalline-like structure of tightly-packed trapezohendron units. XRD analysis supported the SEM morphology displaying the complete Debey rings of hydroxyapatite and spotted Debey rings of withlockite. Surface Ca and P elution was documented after 12 hr of exposition to the acid solution by dissolution of spherulites and the whole canal surface decalcified in depth after 15 days by SEM-EDAX analysis. The periodic pattern of collagen fibrils was still evident up to 15 days of decalcification together with fine granular deposits of a not-collagenic proteic material, while after 30 days no period was observed in the decalcified fibrils. Collagen mineral cast at 400°C calcination. Complete crystalline transformation at 1200°C. Up to 15 days of decalcification fibrils period maintained., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Diagnosis of osteocartilaginous pathologies depends on morphological examination and immunohistochemical and molecular biology analyses. Decalcification is required before tissue processing, but available protocols often lead to altered proteins and nucleic acids, and thus compromise the diagnosis. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different methods of decalcification on histomolecular analyses required for diagnosis and to recommend an optimal protocol for processing these samples in routine practice. We prospectively submitted 35 tissue samples to different decalcification procedures with hydrochloric acid, formic acid, and EDTA, in short, overnight and long cycles for 1 to >10 cycles. Preservation of protein integrity was examined by immunohistochemistry, and quality of nucleic acids was estimated after extraction (DNA and RNA concentrations, 260/280 ratios, PCR cycle thresholds), analysis of DNA mutations (high-resolution melting) or amplifications (PCR, in situ hybridization), and detection of fusion transcripts (RT-PCR, in situ hybridization). Hydrochloric acid- and long-term formic acid-based decalcification induced false-negative results on immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis. EDTA and short-term formic acid-based decalcification (<5 cycles of 6 h each) did not alter antigenicity and allowed for detection of gene mutations, amplifications or even fusion transcripts. EDTA showed superiority for in situ hybridization techniques. According to these results and our institutional experience, we propose recommendations for decalcification of bone samples, from biopsies to surgical specimens.

Bone containing tissues such as osteochondral joint are resistant to routine tissue processing, therefore require decalcification. This technique causes removal of mineral salts, but in the process may macerate the organic tissue, hence the need for tissue fixation. Such severe processing demands careful antigen retrieval to necessitate optimal staining. The aim of our study was to compare five different antigen retrieval protocols (heat retrieval and protein digestion) following decalcification of rabbit knee joints using two different techniques (20% formic acid and 10% ethylenediamine-tetra acetic acid: EDTA). Osteochondral sections were compared based on time required for decalcification, ease of sectioning, morphological integrity using HE staining and antigen preservation (Collagen type II) using immunohistochemistry. The two decalcification solutions did not impair the tissue morphology and ease of sectioning. Joints processed with formic acid decalcified four times faster than EDTA. Among the five antigen retrieval approaches, maximal collagen II uptake with minimal nonspecific staining was found with protein digestion (pronase and hyaluronidase) in both formic acid and EDTA sections. For osteo-chondral sections, we recommend using 10% EDTA for decalcification and pronase plus hyaluronidase for antigen retrieval if maintaining tissue morphology is crucial, whereas if time is of the essence, 20% FA with pronase plus hyaluronidase is the faster option while still preserving structural integrity. Clin. Anat. 33:343-349, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Axon degeneration destructs functional connectivity of neural circuits and is one of the common, key pathological features of different neurodegenerative diseases. However, conventional histochemistry methods, which largely rely on tissue sections, have intrinsic limitations in examining the 3D distribution of axonal structures on the whole-tissue level. This technical shortcoming has continuously impeded our in-depth understanding of pathological axon degeneration in many scenarios. To overcome such drawback encountered in the research field, we describe here a general protocol of whole-tissue immunolabeling and 3D fluorescence imaging technique to visualize axon degeneration in the intact, unsectioned mouse tissues. In particular, experimental steps of tissue harvesting, whole-tissue immunolabeling, tissue optical clearing, and 3D fluorescence imaging have been systematically optimized, which makes the protocol effective for assessing integrity of the axonal structures in a variety of tissues. Notably, it has enabled the 3D fluorescence imaging of chemotherapy- or traumatic injury-induced axon degeneration within the bones (e.g., femurs) or bone-containing tissues (e.g., hindpaws), which had previously been inaccessible to conventional histochemistry methods. This protocol is therefore readily compatible with many areas of the research on axon degeneration and is poised to serve the field in future investigations.

The histological processing of musculoskeletal tissue might be challenging. The alteration of tissue composition e.g. by calcification of soft tissue in the elderly, after trauma or surgical interventions makes the histological processing of fixed tissue difficult. Additional steps of decalcification are then needed that probably affect the staining quality. In the present work, the effects of different decalcification agents and the intermedium methyl benzoate on histological staining methods and immunohistochemistry have been compared. Acetabular labra were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, left untreated or decalcified using 30% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; Chelaplex®) or 6% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for 1-4 days to investigate the effects of decalcification duration. Moreover, samples were pretreated with methyl benzoate or conventionally paraffin embedded independent of decalcification procedure and duration. The specimens were evaluated using hemalaun-eosin, Azur II- methylene blue staining or immunohistochemistry against ankyrin B to visualize nerve fibers. Decalcification with Chelaplex® or TCA reduced cutting artifacts without affecting the tissue morphology and proteoglycan staining but decreased antigenicity in immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, methyl benzoate further reduced cutting artifacts without altering tissue morphology and elevated antigenicity for Chelaplex® decalcified tissue samples in immunohistochemistry. The decalcification with Chelaplex® or 6% TCA preserves tissue morphology and proteoglycan staining similar to non- decalcified tissue but facilitates section processing. In immunohistochemistry both decalcification agents decreased antigenicity. Chelaplex® decalcified, methyl benzoate treated samples yielded an improved antigenicity.

Conventional bone decalcification is a time-consuming process and is therefore unsuitable for clinical applications and time-limited research projects. Consequently, we compared the effect of four different decalcification solutions applied at three different temperatures, and assessed the rate of decalcification and the implications on tissue morphology and antigenicity of mouse and rat tibiae. Bones were decalcified with 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% formic acid, 5% hydrochloric acid, and 5% nitric acid at 4C, 25C, and 37C. Decalcification in both species was fastest in nitric acid at 37C and slowest in EDTA at 4C. Histological and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that the conventional protocols of EDTA at 4C and 25C remain the best option regarding the quality of tissue preservation. Whereas formic acid at 4C is a good alternative saving about 90% of the decalcification time, hydrochloric and nitric acids should be avoided particularly in case of rat tibia. By contrast, due to their smaller size, mouse tibiae had shorter decalcification times and tolerated higher temperatures and exposure to acids much better. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that depending on the specific research question and sample size, alternative decalcification methods could be used to decrease the time of decalcification while maintaining histological accuracy.

Fixation and decalcification can alter protein structure in tissues, influencing the efficacy of primary antibodies routinely used in immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Histologic examination of zebrafish requires both processes, making staining and analysis potentially challenging. Here, we investigated the effects of common fixation and decalcification protocols on IHC staining in zebrafish. We also identified zebrafish-reactive and -specific antibodies for use in research and diagnostics. For several of the antibodies, time spent in Dietrich's fixative containing 2% glacial acetic acid or 3.4% formaldehyde followed by decalcification with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) significantly impacted IHC staining quality, particularly regarding staining intensity. Protocols utilizing shorter fixation times produced higher-quality stains. In addition, individual markers were variably affected by the type of fixative. Dietrich's fixative significantly reduced staining quality for the "neural" markers: glial fibrillar acidic protein, chromogranin A, S100. A negative time-dependent effect of fixation on staining quality was found for several antibodies: muscle actin (Dietrich's only), cytokeratin AE1/AE3, chromogranin, and S100. Neither decalcification protocol had a statistically significant negative time-dependent effect on staining quality. Based on our results, we suggest shorter fixation and decalcification protocols to best preserve IHC staining quality as well as recommend deliberate selection of the fixative used depending on the protein of interest.

Selection of decalcification agents is an essential consideration when processing mineralized tissues because the integrity and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tissues may be affected. Here, we report results obtained from the decalcification of rat mandibles using 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at room temperature (RT), 10% EDTA at 37C, 5% nitric acid, and 10% formic acid at RT. Decalcification endpoints were determined by microcomputed tomography. Morphological preservation and antigenicity were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Decalcification of the anterior and posterior portions of the mandible took 220 and 191 hr in 10% EDTA RT, 102 and 73 hr in 10% EDTA 37C, 13.5 and 4.3 hr in 5% nitric acid, and 140 and 36 hr in 10% formic acid, respectively. Decalcification in 10% EDTA at 37C was accelerated, but 10% EDTA at RT provided optimal results for immunohistochemistry and cellular and structural details. Decalcification using 5% nitric acid was accomplished in the shortest time and exhibited good cellular and architectural morphology, whereas 10% formic acid was suboptimal with respect to tissue and cellular morphology. Despite being the slowest method, EDTA at RT is still the recommended method for decalcifying mineralized tissues; however, if rapid decalcification is needed, 5% nitric acid is the best option, yielding acceptable tissue integrity and speed.

The selection of an appropriate demineralizing solution in pathology laboratories depends on several factors such as the preservation of cellularity, urgency of diagnostic and financial costs. The aim of this study was to test different decalcification bone procedures in order to establish the best value of these in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples. Femurs were removed from 13 adult male Wistar rats to obtain 130 bone disks randomly divided into five groups that were demineralized in different concentrations of nitric acid (Group I); formic acid (Group II); acetic acid (Group III); EDTA, pH7.4 (Group IV) and Morsés solution (Group V). Serial, 3-μm-thick sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin to calculate the percentage of osteocyte-occupied lacunae. The sections were also stained with Masson's trichrome in conjunction with picrosirius red under polarized light followed by a semi-quantitative analysis to verify the adjacent muscle-to-bone integrity and preservation of collagen fibres. The highest percentage of osteocyte-occupied lacunae was found with 10% acetic acid solution (95.64 ± 0.95%) and Group I (nitric acid) demanded the shorter time (0.8-5.7days). Of all solutions, 5% nitric acid incurred the lowest cost to achieve complete demineralization compared with other solutions (p < .001). Group IV (EDTA) had the highest integrity of muscle and collagen type I and III (P < 0.01). Demineralization with 10% acetic acid was the most effective at preserving bone tissue, while 5% EDTA was the best at maintaining collagen and adjacent muscle to bone. In conclusion, nitric acid at 5% showed the most efficient result as it balanced both time and cost as a demineralizing solution., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Bone metastasis from primary cancer sites creates diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Calcified bone is difficult to biopsy due to tissue hardness and patient discomfort, thus limiting the frequency and availability of bone/bone marrow biopsy material for molecular profiling. In addition, bony tissue must be demineralized (decalcified) prior to histomorphologic analysis. Decalcification processes rely on three main principles: (a) solubility of calcium salts in an acid, such as formic or nitric acid; (b) calcium chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); or (c) ion-exchange resins in a weak acid. A major roadblock in molecular profiling of bony tissue has been the lack of a suitable demineralization process that preserves histomorphology of calcified and soft tissue elements while also preserving phosphoproteins and nucleic acids. In this chapter, we describe general issues relevant to specimen collection and preservation of osseous tissue for molecular profiling. We provide two protocols: (a) one-step preservation of tissue histomorphology and proteins and posttranslational modifications, with simultaneous decalcification of bony tissue, and (b) ethanol-based tissue processing for TheraLin-fixed bony tissue.

Aim . In routine histopathology, decalcification is an essential step for mineralized tissues. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of different decalcification solutions on the morphological and antigenicity preservation in Sprague Dawley (SD) rat femurs. Materials and Methods . Four different decalcification solutions were employed to remove the mineral substances from rat femurs, including 10% neutral buffered EDTA, 3% nitric acid, 5% nitric acid, and 8% hydrochloric acid/formic acid. Shaking and low temperature were used to process the samples. The stainings of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical (IHC) were employed to evaluate the bone morphology and antigenicity. Key Findings . Different decalcification solutions may affect the quality of morphology and the staining of paraffin-embedded sections in pathological examinations. Among four decalcifying solutions, 3% nitric acid is the best decalcifying agent for HE staining. 10% neutral buffered EDTA and 5% nitric acid are the preferred decalcifying agents for IHC staining. Significance . The current study investigated the effects of different decalcifying agents on the preservation of the bone structure and antigenicity, which will help to develop suitable protocols for the analyses of the bony tissue., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Objectives: To determine the feasibility of a rapid method of processing mandible bone margins for intraoperative histopathologic examination and to assess the relative value of fine, coarse, and core specimens in assessing bone margins., Study Design: Prospective histologic controlled study., Setting: A tertiary level academic medical center histopathology laboratory., Subjects and Methods: Multiple bone samples were collected from fresh (<12 hours post-mortem) human cadaveric mandible using a 1) standard 4mm otolaryngologic cutting drill bit 2) diamond drill bit and 3) cutting core biopsy trocar. The specimens were placed in one of three decalcifying solutions (Decal A, Calex, EDTA Decal) from 15 to 75 minutes or control (fixation in 10% formalin). After each designated decalcification time period, specimens were cryosectioned or paraffin embedded and subsequently reviewed by a head and neck surgical pathologist. The specimens were assessed for overall quality, adequacy of decalcification, soft tissue quality, marrow quality, and presence of artifact., Results: Bone margin specimens collected with a 4mm burr and processed with EDTA Decal for 30 minutes yielded the highest quality histopathologic slides compared to the other methods in a similar time frame. The adequacy of decalcification directly impacted the quality of histopathologic assessment., Conclusions: Mandible bone margins can be rapidly and safely prepared and adequately evaluated with only 30 minutes of decalcification. This method may provide acceptable intraoperative assessment of bone margins in patients with tumors which involve or approximate bone. We plan to examine this model in a prospective clinical study of patients with cancer invading mandibular bone., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: There are various techniques to study root canal morphology and diaphonization is one of them. There are various methods of decalcification and diaphonization, cited in literature and the main aim of this paper was to give a brief account of the various techniques and share our experience of the technique at a teaching institution in Karachi, Pakistan., Materials and Methods: Diaphonization is one of the oldest methods and is based on decalcification of teeth followed by clearing and dye penetration. The specimen is later studied under microscope without sectioning., Results: After the process of clearing a three-dimensional (3D) structure of the internal canal anatomy was visible with naked eye., Conclusion: This paper entails a detailed historical background as well as the author's technique including percentages of various chemicals used and the timing of immersion of teeth into these agents., Clinical Significance: The read out is simple and can be subjected to interpretation by direct observation under microscope and can be helpful for students undertaking research in not only the discipline of dentistry but also in other fields such as botany and zoology.

In anatomic pathology, the current state encompassing the pre-analytic processes of tissue collection, handling, examination, preparation, processing, and storage are largely uncontrolled, inconsistently performed, and/or not standardized according to the sound scientific data. Pre-analytic defects result in nearly three-quarters of the problems in laboratory diagnostics. This is evident in quality surveys from well-respected institutions that document high miss rates in the required basics of information related to patient and tissue identity, let alone parameters documenting quality aspects related to the surgical specimen and its preservation. This talk will describe the historical approach to tissue processing and identify gaps from worldwide observations in current laboratory practices. It will also offer potential methodological and technological solutions and process improvements that laboratories may consider in serving the ultimate users of pathology information: the clinician and the patient. It illustrates the need for scientifically validated specimen guidelines and a performance based, standardized and documented "chain of custody" of the pre-analytical steps from the patient's body through fixation. For thought leaders and professional standard setters, opportunities for optimizing molecular studies exist in specimen collection, transfer, grossing, fixation, and decalcification protocols. In this evolving era of molecular profiling and personalized therapeutic decision-making, a well-reasoned and coordinated focus on pre-analytic processes that optimizes specimens for subsequent testing will result in: Improved specimen quality for molecular testing Improved accuracy of diagnostic and molecular test results Reduced Turnaroundtimes for same-day diagnosis Enhanced satisfaction of clinicians and patients.