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Efficient separation of insects from plant material for quantification and collection is an important component of entomological research. This paper reports on a novel, easily replicable container designed to efficiently collect two different biological control agents dispersing from hemlock (Tsuga spp.) foliage infested with the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). The container utilizes a simplified Berlese-style funnel design to collect Laricobius spp. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) larvae dropping from the foliage into a removable bottom jar, a central jar to house the foliage sample, and a removable top jar to collect adult silver flies (Leucopis spp., Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) emerging from puparia on the twigs. The efficacy of two designs (with and without a funnel leading to the top collection jar) was evaluated using western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.] foliage naturally colonized with HWA and the two predator genera. All Laricobius larvae were effectively collected in the bottom jar, and the addition of an inverted funnel leading to the top collection jar increased the proportion of Leucopis flies reaching the target jar from 60% to 94%. This ‘Lari-Leuco’ container is presented as a research and motoring tool to benefit the integrated pest management program for HWA in eastern North America and for potential use in simultaneously separating ascending and descending life stages in other insect-plant or predator-prey systems.

Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) Fender and Laricobius osakensis (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) Montgomery and Shiyake have been mass produced by Virginia Tech as biological control agents for the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Annand, for the past 15 and 9 yr, respectively. Herein, we describe modifications of our rearing procedures, trends and analyses in the overall production of these agents, and the redistribution of these agents for release to local and federal land managers. Based on these data, we have highlighted three major challenges to the rearing program: 1) high mortality during the subterranean portion of its life cycle (averaging 63% annually) reducing beetle production, 2) asynchrony in estivation emergence relative to the availability of their host HWA minimizing food availability, and 3) unintended field collections of Laricobius spp. larvae on HWA provided to lab-reared larvae complicating rearing procedures. We further highlight corresponding avenues of research aimed at addressing each of these challenges to further improve Laricobius spp. production. USDA-Forest ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA)United States Forest Service [16-CA-1142004-086]; USDA APHIS PPQ grant [AP19PPQFO000C566] We would like to thank Ryan Mays for his dedication in supplying Laricobius spp. colonies with fresh host material and all the technicians, laboratory assistants, and graduate students who have played a major role in the production of Laricobius spp. agents for field release and experimentation. We would also like to thank Shiyake Shigehiko with the Natural History Museum in Osaka, Japan as our overseas collaborator and all the State and Federal collaborators who have received and released Laricobius agents of the over the past decade and half. We would also like to thank Dr. Albert Mayfield for his review and suggestions prior to submission. This research was supported by the USDA-Forest Service Cooperative agreement 16-CA-1142004-086 and USDA APHIS PPQ grant AP19PPQFO000C566.

The hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae Adelges tsugae Annand) poses a serious threat to hemlocks in eastern North America, and ongoing research is focused on the identification and development of biological controls to protect and manage hemlock resources. Three predators native to the Pacific Northwest of North America that have been the focus of much research are Leucopis argenticollis (Zetterstedt), Leucopis piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and Laricobius nigrinus (Fender) (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). This study addresses the knowledge gap of adult Leucopis spp. emergence patterns, with comparisons to the timing of larval La. nigrinus drop for pupation. Adult Leucopis spp. emergence was observed in the lab from field-collected, adelgid-infested foliage from Washington state in 2019 and 2020. Adult Leucopis spp. were collected daily as they emerged from foliage collections and identified to species using morphological features; a subset was validated using DNA barcoding. Accumulated heating degree days were calculated to compare a standardized emergence timing across collections made at different locations and temperature regimes. The abundance of the two Leucopis spp. and of the combined Leucopis spp. and La. nigrinus varied among sites and years, and no species was consistently more abundant than the other. Evaluations of seasonal emergence trends of the three species determine the predator complex behaves in a temporally stratified and predictable way. Emergence of adult Le. argenticollis was observed first, followed by La. nigrinus larval drop, with Le. piniperda emerging at the end of larval drop, and finally a second emergence of Le. argenticollis.

Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), has devastated eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carriere) in a major portion of its native range in eastern North America. Population dynamics of HWA in the absence of predators have been studied for decades. After many years and much effort directed towards rearing and releasing biological control agents to manage HWA, one of these agents, Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), is now successfully established at significant densities at sites from the southern to the mid-Atlantic states of the eastern U.S. However, high densities of HWA still persist at many locations throughout the region and spread of HWA and associated damage to hemlock continues. Population models for HWA have suggested that even upwards of 90% predation on eggs laid by the overwintering sistens generation will have minimal effect in reducing the population densities of HWA, if HWA are at high density. In this study, we tested the ability of L. nigrinus to reduce HWA densities, and experimentally tested these model predictions to better understand what impact, if any, L. nigrinus has on HWA densities. By using predator exclusion cages at field sites with well-established populations of L. nigrinus, we were able to record HWA densities, fecundity, overwintering mortality, and predation by L. nigrinus, as well as the proportion of branch tips producing new growth on study trees. Using our field-collected data, we refitted the model in ways that allowed us to predict what population densities we could expect for the following summertime progrediens generation given previous HWA density and levels of L. nigrinus. In both years, we found that despite high rates (greater than 80% ovisac predation) of predation by L. nigrinus on uncaged branches compared to caged branches, there were no significant differences in subsequent densities of the HWA spring generation between caged and uncaged treatments, as predicted by our model. In 2018, our field-collected densities of the summer progrediens generation were lower than what was predicted by the model in both predator exclusion treatments, possibly due to the model not incorporating tree health and climatic factors. Simulation models of pest insect populations based on field-collected data such as fecundity, density, overwintering mortality, and predation, could prove to be important in informing researchers and managers about the role of the biological control agent in the population dynamics of the target host. USDA Forest Service, USA [14-CA-11420004-181] This work was funded by a cooperative agreement with the USDA Forest Service, USA (No. 14-CA-11420004-181). We thank R., Reardon, N. Schneeburger, R. Rhea of the Forest Service for arranging and administrating our funding, M. Meyer for helping us find field sites in NJ and R. Mays, A. Dechaine (Virginia Tech) and B. Mudder (USDA Forest Service) for helping collect samples from the field. We thank A. Roehrig, A. Langevin for processing samples. We thank H. Broadley, J. Anderson, and B. Padilla for help with statistical analysis and graphics. We thank J. Chandler, R. Van Driesche, and D. Orwig for reviewing earlier drafts of this MS. Public domain – authored by a U.S. government employee

The pine bark adelgid, Pineus strobi (Hartig) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an herbivore native to eastern North America that specialises on eastern white pine, Pinus strobus Linnaeus (Pinaceae). Little is known about P. strobi, especially in its southern range in the Appalachian Mountains, United States of America, and the composition of its predator complex has not yet been documented in this region. The current study identifies arthropod predators associated with P. strobi in Appalachian forests of Virginia based on a two-year survey. Predators were identified using morphology and DNA barcoding. Predator species include: Laricobius rubidus LeConte (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), Leucopis piniperda Malloch (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and Leucopis argenticollis Zetterstedt (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), that are known adelgid specialists. Also found were predators from the families Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera), and Syrphidae (Diptera). The Cecidomyiidae were especially diverse, with 14 different species inferred from their DNA barcodes. Knowledge of this predator complex is particularly valuable for anticipation and detection of potential interactions between native predator species and those that are being considered for the introduction for biological control of invasive adelgid pests within the southern Appalachian ecosystem.

To determine if key attributes for a successful biological control agent are possessed by the predator, Laricobius nigrinus Fender, field studies were conducted in its native range of Seattle, WA. The relationship between adult and immature L. nigrinus abundance to different densities of its prey, Adelges tsugae Annand, were determined. In a second study, predator and prey densities, and survivorship of each sistens A. tsugae stage were determined to gauge the impact of predation. The predator strongly aggregated and increased its reproduction when prey density increased, the two mechanisms of a numerical response. Immature predator-prey ratios were high and average prey density was low in comparison with invaded areas of the eastern United States. Survivorship of aestivating first-instar sistens A. tsugae was low and survivorship of each instar (second, third, and fourth) and adults was high and increased with each stage. When pooled, however, the survivorship of sistens second instar-ovisac stages was low primarily owing to L. nigrinus larval consumption of ovisacs. In its native range, L. nigrinus has key attributes of a successful biological control agent, such as a strong numerical response, high predator-prey ratios, and an important larval impact on A. tsugae populations. Demographic data could serve as important benchmarks for future studies to determine if L. nigrinus and other predators can regulate densities of A. tsugae below eastern hemlock's physiological damage threshold in the eastern United States.

Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand, is a highly destructive non-native pest lethal to eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, and Carolina hemlock, T. caroliniana Engelmann. Fifty years following the first observation of HWA in eastern North America, a predatory beetle, Laricobius nigrinus Fender, was evaluated, approved, and released as a biological control agent. Efforts were made to mass rear L. nigrinus with the goal of redistributing the beetles on public lands, typically in forest ecosystems, as a secondary option to silvicultural and chemical controls. The majority of L. nigrinus releases has occurred on public lands. Herein, we report the observation of L. nigrinus within the urban environment outside of known release locations. Two towns, Blacksburg and Radford, were divided into 0.40 km2 grids. A total of 27 and 19 grids were randomly selected from each town, respectively. Hemlocks were present in 44 and 42% of the grids surveyed in Blacksburg and Radford, respectively. In Blacksburg and Radford, 86 and 100% of the grids with hemlocks were infested with HWA, and of those infested hemlocks, Laricobius spp. was present in 100 and 75% of grids, respectively. A total of 154 Laricobius spp. (98% L. nigrinus and 2% Laricobius rubidus) adults were collected between each town. While it is unclear the level of control L. nigrinus has on reducing HWA's impact, the establishment of this biological control agent in the urban environment is an additional level of predation, that would otherwise not be present, for homeowners with HWA-infested trees.

The hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae: Adelges tsugae Annand) is an invasive insect, introduced from Japan to eastern North America, where it causes decline and death of hemlock trees. There is a closely related lineage of A. tsugae native to western North America. To inform classical biological control of A. tsugae in the eastern USA, the density and phenology of three native western adelgid specialist predators, Leucopis argenticollis (Zetterstedt), Le. piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), were quantified in the Pacific Northwest. Infested branches were collected from western hemlock (Pinaceae: Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) at four sites around the Puget Sound, Washington and three sites in Oregon. Immature Leucopis were identified to species using DNA barcodes. Leucopis argenticollis was roughly twice as abundant as Le. piniperda. Laricobius nigrinus larvae were more abundant than the two species of Leucopis during the egg stage of the first adelgid generation, but Leucopis were present as feeding larvae during the second adelgid generation when La. nigrinus was aestivating in the soil, resulting in Leucopis being more abundant than La. nigrinus across the entire sampling period. Adelges tsugae and La. nigrinus densities were not correlated, while A. tsugae and Leucopis spp. densities were positively correlated. Leucopis spp. and La. nigrinus densities were negatively correlated. These results support the complementary use of La. nigrinus and the two Leucopis species for biological control of A. tsugae in the eastern USA, and point to the need for further investigation of spatial and temporal niche partitioning among the three predator species.

Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an invasive pest causing significant mortality to eastern and Carolina hemlock in eastern North America. Since 2003, management of HWA has included targeted release of the HWA predator Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), native to western North America. Establishment of L. nigrinus at release sites is well documented, but investigations of its impact on HWA populations have been limited. A four-year (2014-2018), two-phase study using predator exclusion cages to assess the impact of L. nigrinus on HWA was conducted at nine previous release sites in the eastern United States. Significantly more HWA sistens ovisacs were disturbed on no-cage and open-cage branches than on caged branches where predators were excluded. Mean disturbance levels on cage, no-cage and open-cage branches was 8, 38, and 27 percent, respectively. Seven of nine sites had a mean HWA ovisac disturbance greater than 50% for at least one year. Winter temperatures were also a significant factor in overall mortality of the sistens generation with a mean of 46% on study branches. Six of nine sites had a mean overall mortality (winter mortality and predation) greater than 80% for at least one year. Larvae of Laricobius spp. were recovered at all sites during this study. Sequencing of the COI gene from recoveries in Phase One (2015 and 2016) indicated that 88% were L. nigrinus and 12% were L. rubidus LeConte. Microsatellite analysis performed during Phase Two (2017 and 2018) indicated that approximately 97% of larval recoveries were L. nigrinus, 2% were hybrids of L. nigrinus and L. rubidus, and 1% were L. rubidus. Results of this study suggest that L. nigrinus can significantly impact the HWA sistens generation ovisacs and continued investment in the use of this species as a biological control is recommended. USDA Forest Service cooperative agreementUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA)United States Forest Service [14-CA-11420004-028] We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Thomas Kuhar and Dr. Douglas Pfieffer (Virginia Tech) for review of this project, as well as Dr. Carlyle Brewster (Virginia Tech) for assistance with data analysis. We thank Dr. Nathan Havill (USDA Forest Service), Kari Stanley (Virginia Tech), and Melissa Fischer (Washington State Department of Natural Resources) for assistance with molecular protocols, as well as Mark Mayer (New Jersey Department of Agriculture), Scott Passwaters (James River State Park), Biff Thompson (Maryland Department of Agriculture), Jesse Webster (Great Smoky Mountains National Park), and the staff at Blackberry Farm (Tennessee) for site assistance. Thank you to Arthur Morgan School, Celo Community, and the Chattahoochee National Forest for permission to use sites in NC and GA. We are grateful to Natalie Morris, Kara Jeffries, Andy Dechaine, Ryan Mays, Ashley Toland, and James Wahls (Virginia Tech), Bryan Mudder and Andrew Tait (USDA Forest Service), David Bechtel, Philip Hensley, Elizabeth McCarty, Forest Palmer, Pat Parkman, and David Paulsen (University of Tennessee), and Peter Menzies, Marika Lapham, and Ivy Haas (University of North Carolina Asheville), for laboratory and field assistance. This work was funded under USDA Forest Service cooperative agreement 14-CA-11420004-028. Public domain – authored by a U.S. government employee

The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an invasive insect species native to Japan causing significant hemlock mortality in the eastern United States. Laricobius spp. have been targeted as biological control agents because they are adelgid specialists. Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake is native to the same region of Japan from which the strain of HWA found in the eastern United States originated. Studies in Japan found that it is phenologically synchronous with HWA. Following approval to release L. osakensis from quarantine in 2010, approximately 32,000 were released at a total of 61 sites starting in 2012. In winter of 2014 and 2015, periods of extreme cold temperatures throughout the eastern USA, as well as the polar vortex, resulted in extensive mortality to HWA, which likely delayed the establishment of L. osakensis. The ability of the beetle to survive and establish in the eastern United States is reported here. In the first year of this study (2015&ndash, 2016), limited numbers of L. osakensis were recovered, as HWA populations were still rebounding. In the second year (2016&ndash, 2017), 147 L. osakensis were collected at 5 of 9 sites sampled, coinciding with rebounding HWA populations. Larval recovery was much greater than adult recovery throughout the study. HWA density was directly correlated with warmer plant hardiness zones and recovery of Laricobius beetles was significantly correlated with HWA density. Our results suggest that L. osakensis is successfully establishing at several of the sampled release sites and that the best predictor of its presence at a site is the HWA density.

Biological control of Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae; Hemlock Woolly Adelgid [HWA]) is an essential component of a management plan for this non-native pest of Tsuga spp. native to eastern N. America. The predatory beetle Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) shows potential as a biological control agent because of its coevolved life-cycle with HWA in its native habitat and its voracious appetite for HWA. In the first releases ever made for this species, adult beetles were introduced at 4 sites in the eastern United States with 2 long-term objectives: (1) suppressing HWA populations, and (2) developing field insectaries for re-distribution of predators in the future. Our immediate objectives were to determine the predator's survival and colonization in eastern Tsuga forests following their introduction. In addition, L. osakensis eggs were set out at the 4 release sites. Results from the first year post-release of adult beetles indicated that reproduction occu...

Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) is a specialist predator of the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), native to the Pacific Northwest. It has been introduced into the eastern United States for biological control of exotic hemlock woolly adelgid populations that threaten native hemlock. The possible role of olfactory cues in host finding by this predator has received little study. We used gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) to test adult L. nigrinus olfactory sensitivity to volatiles from foliage of both adelgid-infested and uninfested eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere] and western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.], and two hemlock woolly adelgid nonhost species (eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L., and western white pine, Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don). Adelgid infestation did not alter L. nigrinus EAD response profiles to volatiles from either hemlock species. In total, antennal preparations...

In 2003, Laricobius nigrinus Fender was introduced into the eastern United States as a biological control agent of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand). Following its release, it was discovered that L. nigrinus was hybridising and producing viable progeny with Laricobius rubidus LeConte, a species native to eastern North America. Recently, Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake was imported from Japan into the USA as a potential biological control agent of hemlock woolly adelgid. Hybridisation between L. nigrinus and L. rubidus led to interest in the outcome of interactions between L. osakensis and the other two Laricobius spp. The purpose of this study was to determine if L. osakensis could mate with L. nigrinus, if they could produce hybrid progeny, and whether mating interferes with reproductive output. Laricobius spp. were observed mating directly following emergence and found to be capable of producing sterile eggs in the absence of a mating event. Laboratory and confined field stu...

Summary This study investigated the use of emergence traps to assess densities of Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a predator of hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in an area of release and establishment. Results indicate that traps effectively collect emerging adults and allow systematic population estimates of L. nigrinus. The incorporation of this method in future monitoring efforts could enable population estimates across the release range of L. nigrinus, thereby enhancing the evaluation of establishment and long-term persistence of this predator.

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Derodontus macularis (FUSS, 1850) M a t e r i a l: Nationalpark Kalkalpen, Wald oberhalb Zaglbauer-Alm, 1150m, 11.11.2015, 4 Ex. leg. E. Weigand. An Baumschwämmen (Ungulina fuliginosa) auf alten Buchen, an den Wurzeln von Tannenstöcken und an verpilztem Holz in Gebirgswäldern, von Oktober bis Dezember und im zeitigen Frühjahr. In Südosteuropa und im südlichen Mitteleuropa verstreut und sehr selten; Allgäu, Tirol, Steiermark, Böhmerwald, Beskiden. E r s t n a c h w e i s f ü r O b e r ö s t e r r e i c h!, Published as part of Mitter, Heinz, 2017, Bemerkenswerte Käferfunde aus Oberösterreich XIV und Anhang weiterer bemerkenswerter Funde aus Österreich (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 1489-1504 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 49 (2) on page 1492, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5412239

The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is an invasive insect that threatens hemlock species in eastern North America. Several species from the genus Laricobius are predators of A. tsugae in its native areas of Asia and the western United States. Two Laricobius species have been released as biological control agents: Laricobius nigrinus Fender, and Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake. Laricobius rubidus LeConte is an adelgid predator native to the Eastern United States, where it can feed and complete development on A. tsugae opportunistically. Laboratory assays were conducted to assess the cold hardiness of these three Laricobius species, including two distinct populations of L. osakensis, by measuring the supercooling points of each species from November 2016 through March 2017. This information may be useful for choosing the best-suited biological control agent for a particular region to control A. tsugae. There was a significant difference between the overall mean supercooling point of L. rubidus compared to the other Laricobius spp. There were also significant differences of supercooling points between L. rubidus and both strains of L. osakensis in January, and significant differences between L. rubidus and all other strains in February. L. rubidus appear better adapted to cold extremes in the eastern U.S. than imported Laricobius spp. Published version

From 2010 through 2013, adult emergence and seasonality of Laricobius nigrinus Fender, an introduced predatory species native to western North America, as well as hybridization with the native species Laricobius rubidus (LeConte), were evaluated using emergence traps and beat-sheet sampling in areas of previous release against hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand. The shortest emergence period of adult L. nigrinus was 7 wk beginning 22 October 2010, and the longest emergence was 15 wk beginning 17 October 2012. Native L. rubidus also were collected from emergence traps placed on the ground surface and beat-sheet samples all 3 yr, with emergence of L. rubidus initiating later than L. nigrinus each season. Seasonality of both Laricobius species was similar across a 44-mo study period. Adult L. nigrinus were present from October through April, and larvae of Laricobius spp. were collected from February to May. The average number of L. nigrinus from emergence traps was significantly greater than the average number of beetles collected from beat-sheet samples in 2010, while the converse was observed during 2012. Hybridization between L. nigrinus and L. rubidus was documented from 10.75% of specimens collected during 2010 and 2011, indicating periodic interbreeding between the introduced and native species. These findings suggest emergence trapping may be a useful method to assess establishment, population densities, and seasonality of Laricobius species in areas of release to enhance their use in management of A. tsuage.

The predatory species Laricobius nigrinus (Fender) and Laricobius osakensis (Shiyake and Montgomery) (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) have been released for biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae; Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in eastern North America. L. osakensis is native to Japan, whereas L. nigrinus is endemic to the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada. After release, L. nigrinus was found to hybridize with the native eastern species, Laricobius rubidus (LeConte). The purpose of this study is to observe prey location behaviors of these three Laricobius species and L. nigrinus × L. rubidus (Ln × Lr) hybrids. Olfactometer bioassays were used to test response to host odors of adelgid-infested eastern hemlock, uninfested eastern hemlock, and uninfested eastern white pine. Predators reacted in the olfactometer more quickly when adelgid-infested foliage was included as a choice. L. nigrinus preferred infested eastern hemlock over uninfested eastern white pine, and L. rubidus preferred uninfested eastern white pine over uninfested eastern hemlock. Laricobius hybrids did not show a preference for foliage types known to be primary adelgid hosts (eastern hemlock and eastern white pine). Unequal preference by species of Laricobius for host trees of different adelgid prey could therefore be maintaining Laricobius species barriers despite hybridization. L. osakensis for this study were reared in the laboratory, whereas other species in this study were collected from the field, yet still were attracted to infested and uninfested eastern hemlock. This species also responded most quickly in the olfactometer, which is encouraging for successful biological control with this species.