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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to create havoc and may present with myriad complications involving many organ systems. However, the respiratory system bears the maximum brunt of the disease and continues to be most commonly affected. There is a high incidence of air leaks in patients with COVID-19, leading to acute worsening of clinical condition. The air leaks may develop independently of the severity of disease or positive pressure ventilation and even in the absence of any traditional risk factors like smoking and un-derlying lung disease. The exact pathophysiology of air leaks with COVID-19 remains unclear, but multiple factors may play a role in their development. A significant proportion of air leaks may be asymptomatic; hence, a high index of suspicion should be exercised for enabling early diagnosis to prevent further deterioration as it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. These air leaks may even develop weeks to months after the disease onset, leading to acute deterioration in the post-COVID period. Conservative management with close monitoring may suffice for many patients but most of the patients with pneumothorax may require intercostal drainage with only a few requiring surgical interventions for persistent air leaks.

Introduction: Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has impacted nursing field profoundly in terms of direct care capabilities, practice issues, emotional and financial challenges. Aims & Objectives: We conducted this survey to understand challenges faced by nurses while working in COVID-ICU during COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This was a survey about the challenges faced by the nurses while working in COVID-ICU consequent to the second wave of COVID-19 in Delhi-national capital region (NCR), India. A Google forms-based questionnaire was prepared on the pertinent issues, having 3 demographic and 25 core survey questions. Results: 168 responses were gathered. Most of our participants (63.7%) were from private hospital, and 56% had worked in ICU previously. 88.1% of all the respondents had received brief orientation about the anticipated challenges in COVID-19-ICU. Personal protective equipment (PPEs) was easily available to the majority (88.7%), but only 45.8%, reported it to be good-quality. 85.7% of the respondents regularly interacted with the patients admitted to COVID-19-ICU. Carrying infection home (45.2%) was reported to be the greatest fear while working at such areas. Stress & anxiety are the major behaviour change noted. 97.6% have reported to have received vaccine against COVID-19. Conclusion: Poor quality of PPEs, lack of workplace, emotional and financial security continues to be the major challenges faced even after 2years & 2 waves of this pandemic. However, despite all the challenges faced, the zeal to work and fight with this dreaded infection was strong amongst all the participants. Most of them have expressed their readiness to work again in COVID-19 ICUs, if required.Nursing education, constructing,and implementing robust care policies, is need of the hour

Clinical scoring systems are required to predict complications, severity, need for intensive care unit admission, and mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. Over the years, many scores have been developed, tested, and compared for their efficacy and accuracy. An ideal score should be rapid, reliable, and validated in different patient populations and geographical areas and should not lose relevance over time. A combination of scores or serial monitoring of a single score may increase their efficacy.

Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is a rare clinical syndrome associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Intensive care and supportive therapy constitute the mainstay of the treatment, along with judicious use of crystalloids and colloids such as dextran and starch during the leak phase. The advantages of proning, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobins are worth contemplating in patients with such a presentation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation appears to be an excellent strategy to surmount the impediments of the leak and post leak phase of CLS, especially in patients with severe or refractory hypoxemia.

The Delphi technique is a systematic process of forecasting using the collective opinion of panel members. The structured method of developing consensus among panel members using Delphi methodology has gained acceptance in diverse fields of medicine. The Delphi methods assumed a pivotal role in the last few decades to develop best practice guidance using collective intelligence where research is limited, ethically/logistically difficult or evidence is conflicting. However, the attempts to assess the quality standard of Delphi studies have reported significant variance, and details of the process followed are usually unclear. We recommend systematic quality tools for evaluation of Delphi methodology; identification of problem area of research, selection of panel, anonymity of panelists, controlled feedback, iterative Delphi rounds, consensus criteria, analysis of consensus, closing criteria, and stability of the results. Based on these nine qualitative evaluation points, we assessed the quality of Delphi studies in the medical field related to coronavirus disease 2019. There was inconsistency in reporting vital elements of Delphi methods such as identification of panel members, defining consensus, closing criteria for rounds, and presenting the results. We propose our evaluation points for researchers, medical journal editorial boards, and reviewers to evaluate the quality of the Delphi methods in healthcare research.

Introduction There are various reports of air leaks with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We undertook a systematic review of all published case reports and series to analyse the types of air leaks in COVID-19 and their outcomes. Methods The literature search from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases was performed from the start of the pandemic till 31 March 2021. The inclusion criteria were case reports or series on (1) laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, (2) with the individual patient details, and (3) reported diagnosis of one or more air leak syndrome (pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, pneumopericardium). Results A total of 105 studies with 188 patients were included in the final analysis. The median age was 56.02 (SD 15.53) years, 80% males, 11% had previous respiratory disease, and 8% were smokers. Severe or critical COVID-19 was present in 50.6% of the patients. Pneumothorax (68%) was the most common type of air leak. Most patients (56.7%) required intervention with lower mortality (29.1% vs. 44.1%, p = 0.07) and intercostal drain (95.9%) was the preferred interventional management. More than half of the patients developed air leak on spontaneous breathing. The mortality was significantly higher in patients who developed air leak with positive pressure ventilation (49%, p Conclusion Air leak in COVID-19 can occur spontaneously without positive pressure ventilation, higher transpulmonary pressures, and other risk factors like previous respiratory disease or smoking. The mortality is significantly higher if associated with positive pressure ventilation and escalation of respiratory support.

Pregnant women are among the high-risk population for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with unfavorable peripartum outcomes and increased incidence of preterm births. Hemolysis, the elevation of liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome and severe preeclampsia are among the leading causes of maternal mortality. Evidence supports a higher odd of pre-eclampsia in women with COVID-19, given overlapping pathophysiology. Involvement of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for the entry to the host cells and its downregulation cause dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The overexpression of Angiotensin II mediated

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as one of the most dreadful viruses the mankind has witnessed. It has caused world-wide havoc and wrecked human life. In our quest to find therapeutic options to counter this threat, several drugs have been tried, with varying success. Certain agents like corticosteroids, some anti-virals and immunosuppressive drugs have been found useful in improving clinical outcomes. Vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin with good safety profile, has been tried to reduce progression and im-prove outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Because of its anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties, the role of vitamin C has expanded well beyond the management of scurvy and it is increasingly been employed in the treatment of critically ill patients with sepsis, septic shock, acute pancreatitis and even cancer. However, in spite of many case series, observational studies and even randomised control trials, the role of vitamin C remains ambiguous. In this review, we will be discussing the scientific rationale and the current clinical evidence for using high dose vitamin C in the management of COVID-19 patients.

Vitamin C is increasingly being used, and even high doses are considered safe. However, complications including hemolysis have been reported. We performed a systematic search from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases from January 1975 till July 31, 2021. Search terms used were "Vitamin C" OR "ascorbic acid" AND "haemolysis" OR "haemolytic anaemia." Data regarding patient's demographics, outcomes and dose, duration, and form of vitamin C were extracted. Fourteen case reports matched the selected criteria, with age ranging from 3 weeks to 75 years with 78.6% being males. About 71.4% were diagnosed to have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency but previous hemolysis was reported in only two patients, and 57.1% were prescribed vitamin C for nutritional supplementation. The dose ranged from 1 to 200 g/day with 57.1% receiving intravenous formulations. Half of these patients developed other complications including acute kidney injury (AKI), disseminated intravascular coagulation, oxalosis, and methemoglobinemia. About 78.6% developed complications within 3 days of starting vitamin C and only one death was reported. Vitamin C is generally a safe drug but it should be prescribed with caution and only when benefits outweigh the risks. Physicians should be aware of potential complications like severe hemolysis and AKI, especially when using high doses and in G6PD deficiency.Juneja D, Jain R, Nasa P. Vitamin C-induced Hemolysis: Meta-summary and Review of Literature. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(2):224-227.

Introduction There is strong evidence for the use of corticosteroid in the management of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, there is still uncertainty about the timing of corticosteroids. We undertook a modified Delphi study to develop expert consensus statements on the early identification of a subset of patients from non-severe COVID-19 who may benefit from using corticosteroids. Methods A modified Delphi was conducted with two anonymous surveys between April 30, 2021, and May 3, 2021. An expert panel of 35 experts was selected and invited to participate through e-mail. The consensus was defined as >70% votes in multiple-choice questions (MCQ) on Likert-scale type statements, while strong consensus as >90% votes in MCQ or >50% votes for “very important” on Likert-scale questions in the final round. Results Twenty experts completed two rounds of the survey. There was strong consensus for the increased work of breathing (95%), a positive six-minute walk test (90%), thorax computed tomography severity score of >14/25 (85%), new-onset organ dysfunction (using clinical or biochemical criteria) (80%), and C-reactive protein >5 times the upper limit of normal (70%) as the criteria for patients’ selection. The experts recommended using oral or intravenous (IV) low-dose corticosteroids (the equivalent of 6 mg/day dexamethasone) for 5–10 days and monitoring of oxygen saturation, body temperature, clinical scoring system, blood sugar, and inflammatory markers for any “red-flag” signs. Conclusion The experts recommended against indiscriminate use of corticosteroids in mild to moderate COVID-19 without the signs of clinical worsening. Oral or IV low-dose corticosteroids (the equivalent of 6 mg/day dexamethasone) for 5–10 days are recommended for patients with features of disease progression based on clinical, biochemical, or radiological criteria after 5 days from symptom onset under close monitoring. How to cite this article How to cite this article: Nasa P, Chaudhry D, Govil D, Daga MK, Jain R, Chhallani AA, et al. Expert Consensus Statements on the Use of Corticosteroids in Non-severe COVID-19. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(11):1280–1285.

With more than 23 million infections and more than 814,000 deaths worldwide, the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still far from over. Several classes of drugs including antivirals, antiretrovirals, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antibiotics have been tried with varying levels of success. Still, there is lack of any specific therapy to deal with this infection. Although less than 30% of these patients require intensive care unit admission, morbidity and mortality in this subgroup of patients remain high. Hence, it becomes imperative to have general principles to guide intensivists managing these patients. However, as the literature emerges, these recommendations may change and hence, frequent updates may be required. How to cite this article: Juneja D, Savio RD, Srinivasan S, Pandit RA, Ramasubban S, Reddy PK, et al. Basic Critical Care for Management of COVID-19 Patients: Position Paper of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, Part-I. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(Suppl 5):S244-S253.

Scoring systems have not been evaluated in oncology patients. We aimed to assess the performance of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, APACHE III, APACHE IV, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II, SAPS III, Mortality Probability Model (MPM) IITo compare the efficacy of seven commonly employed scoring systems to predict outcomes of critically ill cancer patients.We conducted a retrospective analysis of 400 consecutive cancer patients admitted in the medical intensive care unit over a two-year period. Primary outcome was hospital mortality and the secondary outcome measure was comparison of various scoring systems in predicting hospital mortality.In our study, the overall intensive care unit and hospital mortality was 43.5% and 57.8%, respectively. All of the seven tested scores underestimated mortality. The mortality as predicted by MPM IIAll the severity scores were tested under-predicted mortality in the present study. As the difference in efficacy and performance was not statistically significant, the choice of scoring system used may depend on the ease of use and local preferences.

Candida score has been developed and used for identifying patients at risk for developing Candida infections. However, its usefulness in predicting outcome of patients with candidemia has not been evaluated. We aimed to determine the risk factors for mortality in patients with candidemia admitted to an Indian medical intensive care unit (ICU).We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 56 patients with candidemia presented in 18 months duration. Baseline patient characteristics, ICU course and outcome were noted and Candida score was calculated. We conducted analysis based on the primary outcome measure of ICU mortality.Out of 3,142 ICU admissions, the incidence of candidemia was 17.8/1,000 admissions. The mean interval between ICU admission and candidemia was 12.9 ± 14.4 days. C. tropicalis was the commonest species isolated from 28.6% isolates, followed by Candida albicans (21.4%) and C. glabrata (12.5%). The mean length of ICU stay was 22.9 ± 28 days and hospital stay was 30.1 ± 30.2 days. Crude ICU mortality was 33.93%. There was no statistically significant difference between mortality of patients with albicans and non-albicans candidemia (p=0.732). On multivariate analysis, only two factors, previous antifungal therapy (p=0.004, OR=101.4, 95% CI=4.52-227.7) and Candida scoregt;3 (p=0.028, OR=13.2, 95% CI=1.3-125) were found to be independently predicting mortality.Candida infection is generally late-onset and is associated with a prolonged ICU and hospital stay, and a high mortality. Candida non-albicans infection was more common but there was no difference in mortality among patients with C. albicans and non-albicans infection. Previous antifungal therapy and Candida score were found to be independently predicting mortality.

Chylothorax is a rare complication after total thyroidectomy with radical neck dissection, and isolated right side chylothorax is even rarer. Treatment may be conservative or surgical. Besides being helpful in making a diagnosis, thoracic duct lymphangiography (TDL) may be therapeutic in some cases. However, its application in high output chylous leak is not fully explored. Here, we present a rare case of right-sided high output chylothorax, secondary to total thyroidectomy, successfully treated with TDL.

Background and aims: Sepsis is not only a leading cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admission but also one of the variables which affect outcomes of cancer patients. We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics, clinical course, mortality and risk factors associated with 30-day mortality in medical oncology patients admitted in a multi-disciplinary medical ICU. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 435 consecutive cancer patients admitted in medical ICU over a 28 months period. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of sepsis at the time of ICU admission. Data regarding baseline patient characteristics, clinical and laboratory data, need for organ support and 30-day mortality were collected. Sepsis patients were further classified as 30-day survivors and non-survivors and risk factors for mortality in these patients were determined. Results: Overall 30-day mortality was 57.8%. It was significantly higher in sepsis group patients (73.9%) as compared to non-sepsis patients (46.6%) ( p < 0.001). Most common reason for ICU admission in non-sepsis group was respiratory distress (51.4%) followed by altered sensorium (28.4%). Presence of metastasis [odds ratio, OR: 3.89 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.536–9.901)], high lactate [OR: 1.374 (95% CI: 1.024–1.843)] and need of invasive mechanical ventilator (IMV) support [OR: 7.634 (95% CI: 2.519–23.256)] or vasopressor support [OR: 3.268 (95% CI: 1.179–9.090)] were directly associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusion: Critically ill cancer patients admitted with sepsis had high mortality. Presence of metastasis, high lactate and need of IMV or vasopressor support was associated with worse prognosis in cancer patients admitted with sepsis in ICU.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused unprecedented pressure on healthcare system globally. Lack of high-quality evidence on the respiratory management of COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure (C-ARF) has resulted in wide variation in clinical practice. Methods Using a Delphi process, an international panel of 39 experts developed clinical practice statements on the respiratory management of C-ARF in areas where evidence is absent or limited. Agreement was defined as achieved when > 70% experts voted for a given option on the Likert scale statement or > 80% voted for a particular option in multiple-choice questions. Stability was assessed between the two concluding rounds for each statement, using the non-parametric Chi-square (χ2) test (p Results Agreement was achieved for 27 (73%) management strategies which were then used to develop expert clinical practice statements. Experts agreed that COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is clinically similar to other forms of ARDS. The Delphi process yielded strong suggestions for use of systemic corticosteroids for critical COVID-19; awake self-proning to improve oxygenation and high flow nasal oxygen to potentially reduce tracheal intubation; non-invasive ventilation for patients with mixed hypoxemic-hypercapnic respiratory failure; tracheal intubation for poor mentation, hemodynamic instability or severe hypoxemia; closed suction systems; lung protective ventilation; prone ventilation (for 16–24 h per day) to improve oxygenation; neuromuscular blocking agents for patient-ventilator dyssynchrony; avoiding delay in extubation for the risk of reintubation; and similar timing of tracheostomy as in non-COVID-19 patients. There was no agreement on positive end expiratory pressure titration or the choice of personal protective equipment. Conclusion Using a Delphi method, an agreement among experts was reached for 27 statements from which 20 expert clinical practice statements were derived on the respiratory management of C-ARF, addressing important decisions for patient management in areas where evidence is either absent or limited. Trial registration: The study was registered with Clinical trials.gov Identifier: NCT04534569.

With more than 23 million infections and more than 814,000 deaths worldwide, the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still far from over. Several classes of drugs including antivirals, antiretrovirals, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antibiotics have been tried with varying levels of success. Still, there is lack of any specific therapy to deal with this infection. Although less than 30% of these patients require intensive care unit admission, morbidity and mortality in this subgroup of patients remain high. Hence, it becomes imperative to have general principles to guide intensivists managing these patients. However, as the literature emerges, these recommendations may change and hence, frequent updates may be required. How to cite this article: Juneja D, Savio RD, Srinivasan S, Pandit RA, Ramasubban S, Reddy PK, et al. Basic Critical Care for Management of COVID-19 Patients: Position Paper of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, Part-I. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(Suppl 5):S244–S253.

Introduction: In the absence of high-quality evidence for Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), supportive care is advocated during this pandemic. We aim to develop a consensus statement from global experts for pharmacological management, based on the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Material and Methods: We used a modified Delphi methodology in three steps: 1) Formulation of the steering committee and questionnaire; 2) Delphi methodology and selection of experts; 3) Final meeting of the steering committee and analysis, discussion, preparation, and presentation of captured data. Results: 34 (73·9%) experts accepted the invitation for the study. We conducted two rounds of Delphi and consensus (>70% votes) was achieved on 11 out of 24 statements after the end of round two. Conclusion: This global consensus suggests that “Anti-viral therapy should be administered in the early infection phase of COVID-19 followed by low dose steroid therapy in pulmonary phase. Prophylactic dose anticoagulation should be used in hospitalized, mild to moderate COVID-19 patients. We make no suggestions for the use of immune modulation therapy”.

Background and purpose Short-term central venous catheterization (CVC) is one of the commonly used invasive interventions in ICU and other patient-care areas. Practice and management of CVC is not standardized, varies widely, and need appropriate guidance. Purpose of this document is to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based and up-to-date, one document source for practice and management of central venous catheterization. These recommendations are intended to be used by critical care physicians and allied professionals involved in care of patients with central venous lines. Methods This position statement for central venous catheterization is framed by expert committee members under the aegis of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine (ISCCM). Experts group exchanged and reviewed the relevant literature. During the final meeting of the experts held at the ISCCM Head Office, a consensus on all the topics was made and the recommendations for final document draft were prepared. The final document was reviewed and accepted by all expert committee members and after a process of peer-review this document is finally accepted as an official ISCCM position paper.Modified grade system was utilized to classify the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. The draft document thus formulated was reviewed by all committee members; further comments and suggestions were incorporated after discussion, and a final document was prepared. Results This document makes recommendations about various aspects of resource preparation, infection control, prevention of mechanical complication and surveillance related to short-term central venous catheterization. This document also provides four appendices for ready reference and use at institutional level. Conclusion In this document, committee is able to make 54 different recommendations for various aspects of care, out of which 40 are strong and 14 weak recommendations. Among all of them, 42 recommendations are backed by any level of evidence, however due to paucity of data on 12 clinical questions, a consensus was reached by working committee and practice recommendations given on these topics are based on vast clinical experience of the members of this committee, which makes a useful practice point. Committee recognizes the fact that in event of new emerging evidences this document will require update, and that shall be provided in due time. Abbreviations list ABHR: Alcohol-based hand rub; AICD: Automated implantable cardioverter defibrillator; BSI: Blood stream infection; C/SS: CHG/silver sulfadiazine; Cath Lab: Catheterization laboratory (Cardiac Cath Lab); CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CFU: Colony forming unit; CHG: Chlorhexidine gluconate; CL: Central line; COMBUX: Comparison of Bedside Ultrasound with Chest X-ray (COMBUX study); CQI: Continuous quality improvement; CRBSI: Catheter-related blood stream infection; CUS: Chest ultrasonography; CVC: Central Venous Catheter; CXR: Chest X-ray; DTTP: Differential time to positivity; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis; ECG: Electrocardiography; ELVIS: Ethanol lock and risk of hemodialysis catheter infection in critically ill patients; ER: Emergency room; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; FV: Femoral vein; GWE: Guidewire exchange; HD catheter: Hemodialysis catheter; HTS: Hypertonic saline; ICP: Intracranial pressure; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; IDSA: Infectious Disease Society of America; IJV: Internal jugular vein; IPC: Indian penal code; IRR: Incidence rate ratio; ISCCM: Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine; IV: Intravenous; LCBI: Laboratory confirmed blood stream infection; M/R: Minocycline/rifampicin; MBI-LCBI: Mucosal barrier injury laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; NHS: National Health Service (UK); NHSN: National Healthcare Safety Network (USA); OT: Operation Theater; PICC: Peripherally-inserted central catheter; PIV: Peripheral intravenous line; PL: Peripheral line; PVI: Povidone-iodine; RA: Right atrium; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; RR: Relative risk; SCV/SV: Subclavian vein; ScVO2: Central venous oxygen saturation; Sn: Sensitivity; SOP: Standard operating procedure; SVC: Superior vena cava; TEE: Transesophageal echocardiography; UPP: Useful Practice Points; USG: Ultrasonography; WHO: World Health Organization. How to cite this article Javeri Y, Jagathkar G, Dixit S, Chaudhary D, Zirpe KG, Mehta Y, et al. Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine Position Statement for Central Venous Catheterization and Management 2020. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(Suppl 1):S6-S30.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an x-linked recessive genetic disorder with mutation in the G6PD gene. Defect in the enzyme G6PD causes red blood cells (RBCs) to breakdown prematurely causing hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia is also a known hematological complication associated with viral hepatitis. In such patients, hemolysis may be more severe if there is any secondary injury to RBC in the form of membrane defect, oxidative stress, or enzyme deficiency like in G6PD deficiency. Here, we present a case of an adult, not previously diagnosed with G6PD deficiency, who presented with viral hepatitis, severe hemolysis, and multiorgan failure.

Objective: Chikungunya is generally a mild disease, rarely requiring Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. However, certain populations may develop organ dysfunction necessitating ICU admission. The purpose of the study was to assess the clinical profile and course of chikungunya patients admitted to the ICU, and to ascertain factors linked with poor outcome. Methods: All patients with chikungunya admitted to ICU were included in the study. Admission Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score were calculated. Primary outcome measured was 28-day mortality and secondary outcomes measured were length of hospital and ICU stay and the need for vasopressor support, renal replacement therapy (RRT), and mechanical ventilation (MV). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors predicting mortality. Results: The most common complaints were fever (96.67%) and altered sensorium (56.67%). Mean admission APACHE II and SOFA scores were 17.28 ± 7.9 and 7.15 ± 4.2, respectively. Fifty-one patients had underlying comorbidities. Vasopressors were required by 46.76%; RRT by 26.67%, and MV by 58.33%, respectively. The 28-day mortality was 36.67%. High APACHE II score (odds ratio: 1.535; 95% confidence interval: 1.053–2.237; P = 0.026) and need for dialysis (odds ratio: 833.221; 95% confidence interval: 1.853–374,664.825; P = 0.031) could independently predict mortality. Conclusions: Patients with chikungunya fever may require ICU admission for organ failure. They are generally elderly patients with underlying comorbidities. Despite aggressive resuscitation and organ support, these patients are at high risk of death. Admission APACHE II score and need for dialysis may predict patients at higher risk of death.

Pulmonary tuberculosis can have a wide variety of presentations including hematological manifestations. We report a case of a young male patient who presented with complaints of generalized petechiae, gum bleeding, systemic lymphadenopathy, and severe thrombocytopenia. His bone marrow revealed normal megakaryocytes, and in the absence of hepatosplenomegaly, a diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was made. The thrombocytopenia responded to course of intravenous immune globulin. The smear made from fine-needle aspiration of cervical lymph nodes showed acid-fast bacilli. This case highlights the rare association of extrapulmonary tuberculosis with ITP.

Background: Convalescent plasma (CP) is being used as a treatment option in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Till date, there is conflicting evidence on efficacy of CP in reducing COVID-19 related mortality.Objective: to evaluate the effect of CP on 28-day mortality reduction in patients with COVID-19. Methods: We did a multi-center, retrospective case control observational study from 1st May 2020 to 31st August 2020. A total of 1079 adult patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 requiring oxygen, were reviewed. Of these, 694 patients were admitted to ICU. Out of these, 333 were given CP along with best supportive care and remaining 361 received best supportive care only. Results: In the overall group of 1079 patients, mortality in plasma vs no plasma group was statistically not significant (22.4% vs 18.5%; p = 0.125). However, in patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU, mortality was significantly lower in plasma group (25.5% vs 33.2%; p = 0.026). This benefit of reduced mortality was most seen in age group 60 to 74 years (26.7% vs 43.0%; p = 0.004), driven mostly by females of this age group (23.1% vs 53.5%; p = 0.013). Significant difference in mortality was observed in patients with one comorbidity (22.3% vs 36.5%; p = 0.004). Moreover, patients on ventilator had significantly lower mortality in the plasma arm (37.2% vs 49.3%; p = 0.009); particularly so for patients on invasive mechanical ventilation (63.9% vs 82.9%; p = 0.014). Conclusion: The use of CP reduced mortality in COVID-19 elderly patients admitted in ICU, above 60 years of age, particularly females, those with comorbidities and especially those who required some form of ventilation. Funding Statement: None to declare. Declaration of Interests: None to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: The manuscript has ethical clearance and approval from the ethics committee of the institute . A copy of the approval letter is attached. (Reference number is RS/MSSH/GMRCHS/IEC/IM/20-16).

A case of lithium toxicity is described. The patient presented with an altered mental status and decreased oral intake since last 2 days. On neurological assessment, patient was anxious, disoriented to time and place, resting tremors, tone and deep reflexes were increased. An initial diagnosis was made on the basis of presenting symptoms. However, upon detailed evaluation, patient’s previous medication history included lithium for manic depressive psychosis. The patient lithium levels were checked and found to be high. Patient was initially managed with hemodialysis. The patient neurological status started showing improvement and subsequent evaluated by psychiatrist. The patient was discontinued from lithium treatment and was started on alternative antipsychotics as per the psychiatrist with regular follow-up.

Background Convalescent plasma (CP) is being used as a treatment option in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Till date, there is conflicting evidence on efficacy of CP in reducing COVID-19 related mortality. Objective To evaluate the effect of CP on 28-day mortality reduction in patients with COVID-19. Methods We did a multi-centre, retrospective case control observational study from 1st May 2020 to 31st August 2020. A total of 1079 adult patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 requiring oxygen, were reviewed. Of these, 694 patients were admitted to ICU. Out of these, 333 were given CP along with best supportive care and remaining 361 received best supportive care only. Results In the overall group of 1079 patients, mortality in plasma vs no plasma group was statistically not significant (22.4% vs 18.5%; p = 0.125; OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.94‐–1.72). However, in patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU, mortality was significantly lower in plasma group (25.5% vs 33.2%; p = 0.026; OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.50–0.96). This benefit of reduced mortality was most seen in age group 60 to 74 years (26.7% vs 43.0%; p = 0.004; OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.29–0.80), driven mostly by females of this age group (23.1% vs 53.5%; p = 0.013; OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.09–0.78). Significant difference in mortality was observed in patients with one comorbidity (22.3% vs 36.5%; p = 0.004; OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31–0.80). Moreover, patients on ventilator had significantly lower mortality in the plasma arm (37.2% vs 49.3%; p = 0.009; OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42–0.89); particularly so for patients on invasive mechanical ventilation (63.9% vs 82.9%; p = 0.014; OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16–0.83). Conclusion The use of CP was associated with reduced mortality in COVID-19 elderly patients admitted in ICU, above 60 years of age, particularly females, those with comorbidities and especially those who required some form of ventilation.