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The use of organomineral fertilizers in agriculture instead of mineral fertilizers is a way to add organic compounds to the soil, potentially improving its properties and crop production. Our objective was to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of an organomineral fertilizer manufactured from poultry litter and mineral fertilizers. The experiment was carried out in a Humic Cambisol in the subtropical region of Brazil, with high organic matter content, low phosphorus content, and very high potassium content. The study consisted of six treatments: mineral fertilizer (monoammonium phosphate, KCl, and urea), at rates of 100 and 150% of the technical recommendation; organic fertilizer (poultry litter), at 100% rate; organomineral fertilizer (poultry litter + monoammonium phosphate), at rates of 100 and 150%; and control treatment (without fertilization). Between 2015 and 2017, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) were sequentially cultivated. Before performing the experiment and at the end of the fourth crop, chemical properties of the soil were analyzed in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers. The use of fertilizers increased crop yield, but there was no difference between the three fertilizer sources or between the 100 and 150% rates of the technical recommendation. Chemical properties of the soil were altered in a similar manner with fertilization, regardless of the fertilizer source used. According to the results, the organomineral fertilizer can replace mineral fertilizers with equivalent performance. Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-30T09:11:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 agj2.20238.pdf: 936699 bytes, checksum: 45a558de3df39ab1ad459de0d9df92d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Soil ecosystem disturbances promoted by the biological invasion can promote soil food web degradation by disrupting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structure. We aimed to compare the benefit of native tree plantings (e.g., Araucaria angustifolia, Ilex paraguariensis, and Mimosa scabrella) in a 5-year agroforestry system to overcome the soil disturbance due to invasion by Pine trees on AMF community composition in the Southern Brazil to natural restoration (unassisted forest ecosystem). We used morphological AMF identification and the natural forest as reference ecosystem. AMF diversity and dominance in the native tree species and unassisted forest ecosystem were similar, but these environments showed higher values when compared to the natural ecosystem. The PCA analysis showed soil pH, microbial biomass carbon, AMF richness, and the presence of Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Dentiscutata cerradensis, Gigaspora species, and Glomus sp. as the main factors contributing to the variance of the samples. In general, the most abundant AMF species presented in all studied ecosystems was Funneliformis mosseae. Differences in AMF community structure and soil properties were associated with (1) ecosystem disturbance, (2) changes in soil properties such as soil pH, (3) rootability by fine root production, and (4) rhizodeposition by soil microbial carbon as observed into the PCA analysis. These results contribute to a deeper view of the AMF communities in agroforestry systems and open new perspective for the management of degraded lands by biological invasion involving AMF species and native tree species in the Southern Brazil.

The organomineral fertilizers can release organic compounds during their solubilization, and those compounds can affect the plant growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial development of wheat, nutrient accumulation in the plant and soil chemical changes, with the use of organic, mineral and organomineral fertilizers. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using an Acrisol cultivated with wheat (Triticum aestivum). Six treatments were tested: 100% of the nutrient recommendation in organomineral form (OMF 100); broiler litter in the same amount present in the OMF 100 (BL 10); mineral fertilizer in the same quantity present in the OMF 100 (MF 90); 100% of the nutrient recommendation in the form of broiler litter (BL 100); 100% of the nutrient recommendation in mineral form (MF 100); and a control without fertilization (CONT). The treatments were evaluated at six sampling times: 2, 4, 8, 15, 30 and 80 days after implantation. No significant differences were observed between fertilizers in dry matter yield. In the soil, there was a decrease in availability of N, P and K over time. By equivalence, all the sources tested can be used in the supply of nutrients to the wheat crop.Key words:biofertilizer; broiler litter; fertilization; Triticum aestivu Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-04T00:37:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArtigoAgraria1.pdf: 8023587 bytes, checksum: be8771e7b1bb433648803757ab44eaf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the different phosphorus fractions in soils contribute to plant uptake, based on the combination between the sequential P fractionation developed by Hedley and path analysis. Successive crops were grown on soil samples with different P legacies, taken from the 0.00–0.10 m layer of an untilled Latossolo Vermelho (Rhodic Hapludox). The experimental treatments consisted of three annual P rates (0 kg P ha−1–P0; 157 kg P ha−1–P157; 314 kg P ha−1–P314). In a greenhouse, 15 successive crops of millet, black oat, corn, soybean, crotalaria and rye were grown in pots, with six replications. Phosphorus fractions in the soil were evaluated before the first crop and after the third and 15th crop. At the beginning of cultivation, the labile P fractions were buffered by the less labile P fractions in soils fertilized with the highest P rate (P314). After the 15 crop cycles, labile P was buffered, mainly by labile and non-labile organic P fractions. In soils without previous P fertilization and intermediate fertilizer rates, there was a significant contribution of organic P fractions to the moderately plant-available inorganic P pool. The organic P fraction only contributed to plant nutrition in soils fertilized with high P rates after depletion of the inorganic P pool. The conclusion was drawn that all soil P fractions can potentially provide plants with P, whereas the contribution of these P fractions depends on the P fertilization history.

Potassium (K) increase in the soil can affect grape must yield and quality; and consequently, the quality of wine; however, studies in this field approaching altitude soil in Southern Brazil (used for viniculture) are scarce. The aim of the present study is to evaluate yield, critical K level in the leaves and their association with grape must composition in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vines subjected to K application in high altitude soil in Southern Brazil. The experiment was performed in a ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyard subjected to the application of different K doses (0, 30 and 60 kg K2O ha-1) in three seasons. Potassium (K) availability in soil and leaves, as well as total soluble solids (TSS), pH, total titratable acidity (TA) content in grape must were evaluated. Potassium fertilizer applications increased K availability in the soil, but its concentration only increased in leaves collected at full bloom in the 2013/2014 season. Potassium applications in the soil did not affect yield, but K concentration increase in the leaves led to increased TSS and pH values in grape must, as well as to TA and tartaric acid decrease, a factor that can impair the quality of wine.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phosphorus (P) extraction ability of the methods Mehlich 1 (M-1), Mehlich 3 (M-3), anion exchange resin in strips (AER-ST), and anion exchange resin in spheres (AER-SP), as a function of clay content, P rates, and incubation time. Experimental units were built with 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of clay and five different phosphorus rates as follows: 0, 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg P kg−1, with subsequent incubation for 0, 30, and 90 days. After that, the samples were subjected to the analysis of extractable P using the M-1, M-3, AER-ST, and AER-SP extractors. All P extraction methods evaluated were sensitive to clay content and to the amount of added P. The input of P increased the recovery of this nutrient by all extractors, but this was less effective when the clay content of the soil was increased. In general, the ability of phosphorus extraction from the soil followed the order: M-1 > AER-SP > M-3 > AER-ST. The longer contact time of P with the soil, lower is the extracted P content, regardless of the extraction method, this being more evident in clayey soils. All extraction methods tested are sensitive to clay content, incubation time, and to the P concentration applied.

The aim of this study was to quantify the contents and stocks of exchangeable and nonexchangeable fractions of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) after one and three successive Pinus taeda crops without fertilization and to predict the soil supply for further cultivations. The soil was analyzed in layers up to 80 cm in two Pinus forests, one at the end of the first cultivation and other at the end of the third successive crop, in a subtropical region in southern Brazil. Stocks of exchangeable and semi-total fractions of K, Ca, and Mg in the soil were calculated, and the potential number of crop rotations of Pinus without fertilization was estimated. After three Pinus crops, there was an average reduction of 46.9, 90.8, and 45.5% of exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg fractions respectively. Semi-total Ca content reduced in all depths, and semi-total K contents, in turn, only decreased until 20 cm of depth. The semi-total Mg contents have not been modified over the cultivations. Considering crop management with the export of plant twigs and needles and relying just on the availability of exchangeable Ca, the stocks of these nutrients in the soil would be sufficient for only one more Pinus cultivation, even when considering the absorption of nutrients on an 80-cm soil depth profile. The management adopted in the region must be modified, replacing the nutrients exported via harvesting, especially Ca. Thus, the establishment of new cultivation of Pinus without fertilization may have its yield impaired, especially by the Ca availability.

Purpose: The role of soil biotic and abiotic factors in crucial ecosystem services such as primary production, organic matter dynamics, nutrient cycling, and soil biota community structure in the Araucaria ecosystem remains poorly quantified. We aimed to understand how the site quality affects the development of organic horizons, root growth, soil chemical properties, and the entire soil biota community in even aged and monospecific Araucaria angustifolia plantations. Methods: We collected soil monoliths to describe layers of organic matter and the complex soil food web into these layers. We determined soil pH, soil moisture, total nitrogen, available P, and total organic carbon into each layer (litter, F-layer, H-layer, and A horizon), the biomass of fine roots, the community structure of soil biota, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and nematodes, as well as the microbial biomass carbon. Results: In the high-quality site, there was significantly higher organic matter formation, nutrient cycling (N and P), root growth, soil moisture, soil biota diversity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, nematodes, and microbial activity evaluated by the microbial biomass carbon compared to the low-quality site. Conclusions: High-quality sites promote the development of organic horizons, root growth on superficial layers that provide plant nutrient release, the A horizon nutrient contents, and the entire soil biota community in monospecific Araucaria angustifolia plantations located on humid subtropical Cambisols. This creates a positive plant-soil feedback that maintains soil quality and increases primary production, nutrient cycling, and habitat and food for the soil food web.

Purpose The role of soil biotic and abiotic factors in crucial ecosystem services such as primary production, organic matter dynamics, nutrient cycling, and soil biota community structure in the Araucaria ecosystem remains poorly quantified. We aimed to quantify the role of site quality on the development of organic horizons, root growth, soil chemical properties, and the entire soil biota community in even-aged and monospecific Araucaria angustifolia plantations. Methods We collected and dissected soil monoliths to describe layers of organic matter and the complex soil food web into these layers. We determined soil pH, soil moisture, total nitrogen, available P, and total organic carbon into each layer (litter, F-layer, H-layer, and A horizon), the biomass of fine roots, the community structure of soil biota, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and nematodes, as well as the microbial biomass carbon. Results In the high-productivity site, there was significantly higher organic matter formation, nutrient cycling (N and P), root growth, soil moisture, soil biota diversity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, nematodes, and microbial activity evaluated by the microbial biomass carbon compared to the low-productivity site. Conclusions High-productivity sites promote the development of organic horizons, root growth on superficial layers that provide plant nutrient release, the A horizon nutrient contents, and the entire soil biota community in monospecific Araucaria angustifolia plantations located on humid subtropical Cambisols. This creates a positive plant-soil feedback that maintains soil quality and increases primary production, nutrient cycling, and habitat and food for the soil food web.

This study evaluated P pools after nine years of successive application of either pig slurry (PS) or deep pig litter (DL) in a no-till Ultisol from southern Brazil. The experiment was established in Dec 2002 with the treatments control, application of 90 and 180 kg N ha−1 N as PS and as DL. In Mar 2010, soil samples were taken at six layers up to 30 cm deep. Total organic and inorganic P were assessed by the ignition method, and P compounds classes were evaluated by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Total soil P increased proportionally with the P amount applied via DL and PS. Only DL application increased soil organic P, mainly at the highest dose and in the uppermost soil layers. The application of high doses of manure to these soils under no-till to meet crop N demands significantly increased P accumulation at the soil surface, especially with DL. This, in turn, increases the risk of contamination of water bodies due to P transfer from soil to rivers via runoff. The ignition method overestimates organic P compared to P-NMR. The highest proportion of organic P estimated by the ignition and P-NMR methods, at surface layers in the control suggests that inorganic P is added to the plots treated, increasing inorganic P and decreasing organic P. Moreover, with no P additions to the control, inorganic soil P is removed by plants, causing an apparent increase in the organic P proportion.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of winter cover crops on the agronomic performance of maize during five crop seasons in a clayey Inceptisol with reduced mineral nitrogen (N) inputs. The treatments were seven single cover crops: white oats (Avena sativa L.), black oats (Avena strigose Schreb.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L. and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.); a mix (black oats + vetch and a fallow. During summer, in succession to the cover crops, maize was grown under no-tillage. The attributes were evaluated in two stages of maize development: flowering (morphological components and physiological maturation (yield components). Differences in morphologica and yield variables were observed in all crop seasons, with emphasis on grain yield, number of grains per row (NGR and ear length (EL). The use of vetch showed greater contribution to the development of maize in relation to the other cover crops used, promoting an increase in stem diameter (SD), E and NGR in all crop season and directly reflecting in higher grain yield. On the other hand, when maize was grown under cover crops commonly used in southern Brazil, such as ryegras and white oats, the yield was similar to fallow. The results showed that vetch promoted higher maize yields, probably by N mineralization and reinforce the hypothesis that cover crops in the off-season can aggregate benefits to crops in succession, especially in terms of nutrition.

Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural areas to waterbodies is a worldwide concern. However, the effect of soil source and transport factors, such as clay (C) content and slope (S), on the magnitude of the P transport in Brazilian subtropical soils is still understudied. The objectives of this study were i) to quantify the loss of P fractions by runoff in areas receiving pig slurry application and with variations in S and C content; ii) propose an environmental critical limit model of P (P-threshold) for Brazilian subtropical soils. Thus, two series of experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018, one under a Nitisol with 642 g kg−1 of C and another under a Cambisol with 225 g kg−1 of C. The treatments were four P rates (0, 56, 112 and 224 kg P ha−1 year−1) superficially applied as pig slurry, on Tifton (Cynodon sp) pasture, and three S (10, 20 and 30% in the Nitisol and 15, 25 and 35% in Cambisol). P losses increased in both soils as the S and P rates rose. The Nitisol showed P losses three times higher than the Cambisol. Soil S above 25% promotes P losses at a rate three times higher than in soil below this limit. Therefore, we propose a P-threshold model for Mehlich-1 extractable P levels for Brazilian subtropical soils as: “P-threshold = (42.287 + C) − (0.230 S + 0.0123 C S)” in soils with a S ≤ 25% and “P-threshold = (42.287 + C) − (−0.437 S + 0.039 C S)” in soils with a S >25%, where both C and S are shown in percentage. The soil clay content and slope are aggravating factors to the P transfer process, thus must be considered in suitable models to predict the P losses risk.

Grinding soil for analysis causes the destruction of aggregates and may expose adsorption sites that would not be available for adsorption in the soil with preserved structure. The study ai...

Application of phosphate fertilizers beyond plants needs favors phosphorus (P) accumulation in soils, which may alter its reactivity and chemical speciation. The objective of this study was to assess the changes in P speciation in a Brazilian oxisol that received consecutive applications of varying rates of pig slurry (PS) over 11 years. The soils were treated with PS at rates of 50, 100 and 200 m3 ha−1 year−1, whereas a control plot received P and potassium (K) to replenish the amounts removed by harvest. The soils were sampled and characterized for its P sorption capacity (PSC) as determined by Langmuir sorption isotherms, P partitioning by sequential chemical fractionation (SCF), P chemical speciation via P K-edge XANES and iron (Fe) mineralogy via Fe K-edge EXAFS spectroscopies. Increases in applied PS rates were accompanied by increases in PSC at the 0 to 2.5 and 0 to 10 cm soil layers. P accumulation was observed to be restricted up to the depth of 20 cm, regardless of the PS rate applied. The P K-edge XANES analysis indicated that P accumulation in the topmost soil layers, occurred predominantly associated with Fe-(hydr)oxide minerals. In this soil layer (0 to 2.5 cm), the organic P pool was of particular importance likely due to no-tillage. A dramatic change in Fe mineralogy in the topmost soil layer was observed across the studied soils, with the predominance of hematite in the reference soil and in the control plot, whereas the occurrence of goethite and ferrihydrite was followed by the application of PS.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield and must composition of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines subjected to phosphorus applications to a soil from a high-altitude region of Southern Brazil, during three crop seasons. Experiments 1 and 2 were carried out in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' commercial vineyards, respectively, in the municipality of Água Doce, located in the Midwestern region of the state of Santa Catarina. The soil from the two vineyards was classified as a Typic Humicryept. The used source of P was triple superphosphate (45% P2O5). From 2011 to 2013, at flowering, a total of 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kg ha-1 P2O5 were applied in the crown projection area, to the soil surface, without incorporation, in both vineyards. Soil and leaf P concentration, yield parameters, and must quality were evaluated. The increase in P availability decreased total titratable acidity and tartaric acid in the must of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevine in the 2013/2014 crop season and increased pH and total soluble solids in the must of the 'Chardonnay' grapevine in the 2011/2012 crop season. Phosphorus application to the soil increases the levels of available phosphorus, but does not result in higher yields for 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a composição do mosto de videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay' submetidas a aplicações de fósforo em solo de região de altitude no Sul do Brasil, durante três safras. Os experimentos 1 e 2 foram realizados em vinhedos comerciais de 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e de 'Chardonnay', respectivamente, no município de Água Doce, na região Meio-Oeste do estado de Santa Catarina. O solo dos dois vinhedos foi classificado como Cambissolo Húmico. A fonte de P utilizada foi o superfosfato triplo (45% de P2O5). De 2011 a 2013, no florescimento, foram aplicados 0, 10, 20, 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na projeção da copa, na superfície do solo, sem incorporação, em ambos os vinhedos. Avaliaram-se concentração de P no solo e na folha, variáveis de produção e qualidade do mosto. O incremento na disponibilidade de P diminuiu os valores de acidez total titulável e de ácido tartárico no mosto da videira 'Cabernet Sauvignon' na safra de 2013/2014 e aumentou os valores de pH e sólidos solúveis totais no mosto da videira 'Chardonnay' na safra de 2011/2012. A aplicação de fósforo no solo aumenta os níveis de fósforo disponível, mas não resulta em maiores produtividades das videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay'.

A exigência nutricional na cultura da framboeseira difere entre a fase de estabelecimento e a fase produtiva, principalmente para as cultivares não reflorescentes que apenas apresentam crescimento vegetativo no primeiro ano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta à aplicação de nitrogênio na framboeseira Tulameen quanto ao desenvolvimento inicial das plantas. O experimento foi realizado no ano de 2012 na área experimental do Campus da Universidade de Caxias do Sul localizado em Vacaria, RS, sobre um Latossolo Bruno. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação de seis doses de N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg ha-1), aplicados em dez parcelas ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: índice de área foliar (IAF), número e diâmetro médio de hastes e a concentração de nutrientes em tecido foliar. A adubação nitrogenada não influenciou o número e nem o diâmetro médio das hastes, mas aumentou o IAF da cultura. As concentrações de nutrientes em tecido foliar da framboeseira não foram influenciadas pela aplicação de nitrogênio, exceto para os teores de cálcio e cobre.

Strongly weathered soils (such as Oxisols), are inherently phosphorus (P) limiting and highly P-sorptive thus requiring continued P inputs for productive agriculture. Constant P inputs result in accumulation of soil P with increasing risk of eutrophication of waterways. The state of Santa Catarina is the largest pork producer in Brazil. Production is concentrated in confined systems, with large generation of nutrient rich waste, commonly utilised as fertiliser. The objective of this work was to investigate and quantify the impact of long-term P inputs in pig slurry to a high P-sorbing Oxisol under cropping in southern Brazil. Fifteen years of pig-slurry addition resulted in P accumulation and vertical movement down the soil profile in proportion to application rates, but significant effects were confined to the 0–20 cm soil layer. Phosphorus accumulated mainly in inorganic forms. Slurry input rates of 25, 50, 100, and 200 m3 ha−1 y−1 resulted in accumulations of 25, 57, 106, and 159 kg P ha−1 y−1 (0–40 cm), of which only 8, 10, 23, and 28 kg P ha−1 y−1 were organic P forms. Mass balance showed that between 62 and 94% of the P inputs in slurry were accounted for in grain exports (7–35%), soil storage (58–83%), minimal amounts were estimated in crop residues (

The present study aimed to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of Cu and Zn fractions in the profile of an Inceptisol by application of fungicides with a previous history of apple cultivation in southern Brazil. Stratified soil samples (0.0 ? 0.025 m, 0.025 ?0.050 m, 0.05 ? 0.10 m, 0.10 ? 0.15 m, 0.15 ? 0.20 m and 0.20 ? 0.40 m depth) were collected in two apple orchards (8 years old and 18 years old), and in a native pasture area adjacent to the orchards. The soil was subjected to analysis of physical and chemical properties and to chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn. The fractions of soluble, exchangeable, organic, residual and total Cu and Zn accumulated in the topsoil (0.0 ? 0.025 m) of the orchards, being higher in the orchard cultivated for 18 years. Most Cu, especially in the topsoil of the 18 years old orchard, accumulated in the less stable organic fraction, which can potentiate toxicity to plants and transfer Cu e Zn to ground water. In deeper layers, Cu was also distributed in the residual and mineral fractions, which are more stable. Most Zn in the soil of the apple orchards was distributed in the mineral and residual fractions, which have low mobility and low potential toxicity to plants. Key words: Malus domestica, trace elements, toxicity, environmental contamination. Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-09T23:53:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CopperandzincfractionsintheprofileofanInceptisolcultivatedwithappleinsouthernBrazil.pdf: 762212 bytes, checksum: ba6dd873716aadbf6ceef43f07f4ab2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-09

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Cu and Zn migration and fractions in sandy soil of vineyards. In Urussanga (SC), Brazil, soil samples were collected from a 4-year-old and 15-yearold vineyard, and from a forested area. In the soils, the chemical characteristics of Cu and Zn were analyzed by the EDTA method, which determines the fraction available in soil; 3050B method of the USEPA for total concentrations, which represents the pseudosoil contents in the soil; and chemical fractionation, which estimates soluble fraction, exchangeable fraction, fraction associated with clay minerals, fraction associated with organic matter and residual fraction. The results show that there is accumulation of Cu and Zn in sandy soils cultivated with grapevines and with frequent fungicide applications. These higher levels were found in soils with longer cultivation time (15 years old), but were restricted to the superficial layers of the soil. Most of the Cu was extracted by EDTA method, and it may be considered as available to plants. The EDTA also extracted a small part of Zn. Most of the Cu in the vineyard soils can be characterized by low geochemical mobility, but in the uppermost soil layers of the oldest vineyard, there was an increase in Cu content associated with soil organic matter. Most of the Zn in the vineyard soil was associated with minerals, which indicates low mobility and also low potential for toxicity to plants and microorganisms. Key words: availability, chemical fractionation, toxicity, environmental contamination, Vitisvinifera. Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-09T23:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Copperandzincaccumulationfractionation.pdf: 618556 bytes, checksum: 35756820009ffff730b38562c1ef7af3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-09

O fósforo (P) contido na biomassa microbiana do solo (Pm) é considerado um compartimento de P-Lábil, contudo escassas são as informações sobre a contribuição direta deste à nutrição de plantas. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a contribuição direta do Pm para a nutrição de plantas de trigo. Um Nitossolo Bruno com baixo teor de P foi coletado na profundidade de 0,00 a 0,20 m e preparado, e parte do solo foi submetida à aplicação de biocida (mistura de fungicidas e bactericidas). Assim, os tratamentos consistiram de sem e com aplicação de biocida e quatro épocas de coleta (0, um, três e sete dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos). O Pm não foi influênciado pela aplicação de biocida, variando de 8,7 a 49,4 mg kg-1 na média dos tratamentos em função do tempo. O maior acúmulo de P pelas plantas de trigo submetidas à aplicação de biocida, principalmente aos sete dias após a coleta, não pode ser atribuído ao Pm.

The yield and quality of grapes and by-products are dependent on the soil fertility and nutritional status. Thus, in acid soils and with low natural fertility, applications of acidity correctives and fertilizers are required. But, for example, fertilizer doses should be applied considering results of prediction criteria, as soil and tissue analysis, yield expectation, plant growth, and also the results of univariate methods (critical level and sufficiency range) or bivariate methods (diagnosis and recommendation integrated system and compositional nutrient diagnosis). In addition, fertilizers should be applied at the most appropriate times and modes, to avoid symptoms of deficiency or excess nutrients and soil contamination. Thus, in this chapter, we will focus on the main grapevine cultivars. We will also address the origin of excess and deficiency symptoms of nutrients, the criteria for fertilization, lime and gypsum application, and possible alternative methods to better estimate plant nutritional status. Lastly, we will report on the main management practices used to increase nutrient use in grapevines, thus reducing soil contamination of vineyards and surrounding areas.

espanolRESUMEN Los vinedos ubicados en regiones altas poseen suelos con alto contenido de materia organica. Sin embargo, debido a la baja temperatura se espera menor mineralizacion de la materia organica. De esta forma, los suelos pueden proporcionar menos cantidad de nitrogeno (N) mineral, respecto a los requerimientos de la vid. Por eso, es necesaria la aplicacion de nitrogeno que puede afectar la productividad de la vid y la composicion de la uva. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la productividad y la composicion del mosto de la vid sometido a la aplicacion de N en suelos con alto contenido de materia organica y la relacion con la temperatura y la pluviometria. El estudio fue realizado durante las campanas de los anos 2011/12, 2012/13 y 2013/14, en un vinedo ubicado en el municipio de Agua Doce, Santa Catarina, region sur de Brasil. Los tratamientos fueron diferentes dosis de N (0, 20, 40, 80 e 120 kg N ha-1), suministrados con urea. La dosis de maxima eficiencia tecnica en la vid Cabernet Sauvignon fue alcanzada con 46 kg N ha-1 ano-1 en suelos con alto contenido de materia organica. El contenido de nitrogeno en las hojas fue un parametro sensible a la aplicacion de dosis de N en el suelo es sensible a la distribucion de las lluvias. El N reduce el contenido de solidos solubles totales en el mosto. Con base en los principales componentes analizados, los resultados indican una correlacion entre el contenido de nitrogeno total en las hojas y la precipitacion acumulada, asi como entre los rendimientos y la temperatura. EnglishABSTRACT It is common for vineyards in regions of high altitude to have high organic matter content in soil. Furthermore, reduced miner alization of organic matter and decomposing residues is expected because of the low temperatures. Thus, soils may not provide enough mineral nitrogen (N) to meet the needs of the grapevines and so the application of N sources is necessary, but may affect yield and must composition. The study aimed to evaluate yield and must composition of grapevines subjected to N application in soil with high organic matter content and the relationship with temperature and rainfall. The study was conducted in crops sea sons 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 in a vineyard located in the city of Agua Doce, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. The treatments consisted of N doses (0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1) supplied via urea. Leaves opposite to the cluster were collected at full flowering and at veraison. Afterwards, the leaves were dried, ground and submitted to N analysis. Parameters of yield and must composition were evaluated. The dose of maximum technical efficiency in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines was reached with 46 kg N ha-1 year-1 in crop season 2012/13. Leaf N content was a sensitive parameter to the application of N doses in the soil and underwent seasonal variation in relation to rainfall distribution. The N doses reduced total soluble solids (TSS) contents in the must. Based on principal component analysis, we found a correlation between total N content in leaf and accumulated rainfall, as well as between yield and temperature.

This study was developed to provide initial information on the chemical distribution of P into the different soil P pools after a soil sample underwent P sorption using 17 soil samples from the United States (13) and Brazil (4). During the sorption phase, soil samples were equilibrated with solutions containing increasing P concentrations (0–75 mg P L–¹) following standard procedures. Following the sorption phase, the soil samples were allowed to air dry for 72 h and underwent a chemical fractionation (in water, anionic resin, 0.5M NaHCO₃, 0.1M NaOH, and 1.0M HCl). A wide range of sorption strength ranging from 0.043 to 0.289 L kg–¹ and a maximum sorption ranging from 189 to 789 mg kg–¹ were observed. More than 59% of the sorbed P was found in the water + resin fraction, which is considered the most labile pools where the binding energy is assumed to be low. In contrast, less than 25% of the sorbed P was found in the nonlabile pools where the binding energy is assumed to be the greatest. Although less than 25% of the sorbed P was found in the non-labile pools, the NaOH+HCl fraction contributed 2 to 61% of the overall sorption strength estimated for the soils studied. The results of this study suggest that sorption strength calculated from sorption studies are heavily skewed toward the nonlabile fraction, which was found to constitute a very small portion of the binding sites occupied during sorption studies.

The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in phosphorus fractions in a Humic Cambisol cultivated with vineyards, after 62 years of additional fertilization with poultry litter. Soil samples were collected from two vineyards (V1 and V2) and a forested area adjacent to them. A total of 1,365 and 910 kg ha-1 P were applied to V1 and V2, respectively, throughout the past 62 years. Samples were collected at 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40-cm soil depths for the analysis of soil physicochemical properties. The addition of poultry litter to the soil of the vineyards increased the contents of inorganic P (Pi) in all fractions, except in the residual fraction (residual-P), mainly at the 0-10-cm soil depth, in comparison with the forested area. The addition of poultry litter as fertilizer does not affect the organic P (Po) stock in the Humic Cambisol, it only increases the Pi contents of the soil. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as modificações de frações de fósforo em um Cambissolo Húmico cultivado com vinhedos, após 62 anos de fertilização adicional com cama-de-aves. Amostras de solo foram coletadas de dois vinhedos (V1 e V2) e de uma área de floresta (F) adjacente a eles. Foram aplicados 1.362 e 910 kg ha-1 de P ao V1 e ao V2, respectivamente, durante os últimos 62 anos de cultivo. Amostras de solo foram coletadas a 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm de profundidade, para análises das propriedades físico-químicas do solo. A adição de cama-de-aves ao solo dos vinhedos aumentou os teores de P inorgânico (Pi) em todas as frações, exceto na fração residual, principalmente à profundidade de 0-10 cm, em comparação à área de floresta. A adição de cama-de-aves como fertilizante não afeta os estoques de P orgânico (Po) do Cambissolo Húmico, apenas aumenta os teores de Pi do solo.

The application of nitrogen fertilizers, both organic and mineral, can cause nitrate losses by leaching. To minimize this effect, enzyme inhibitors are used. However, the effects on microbial biomass, which is the most sensitive and dynamic compartment of nutrients in the soil, as well as its effect on nutrients such as phosphorus (P) are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the enzyme inhibitor (EI) on soil microbial phosphorus (Pm) when mineral fertilizer (NPK) or liquid swine manure (LSM) was applied in corn cultivation. The experiment was installed in a Humic Cambisol in Lages – SC, Brazil (27° 47’ 08” S; 50° 18’ 09” W) in the 2012/2013 season. The treatments consisted of: i) NPK; ii) NPK + EI; iii) LSM; iv) LSM + EI, applied before sowing of corn, and v) control (without application of fertilizer and enzyme inhibitor) arranged in a randomized block design, under no-tillage system. Soil samples were collected from the 0-0.10 m layer at 0, 10, 25, 58, 90, 135 and 202 days after application of the treatments. The Pm content was not affected by the enzyme inhibitor application but was influenced throughout the crop cycle in response to water balance and corn cultivation. RESUMO A aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados, tanto orgânicos quanto minerais, pode ocasionar perdas de nitrato por lixiviação. Para minimizar este efeito, inibidores enzimáticos são utilizados. Entretanto, são desconhecidos seus efeitos sobre o acúmulo de nutrientes, como o fósforo (P) da biomassa microbiana, que é o mais sensível e dinâmico compartimento de nutrientes do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da aplicação de inibidor enzimático (IE) sobre o teor de fósforo da biomassa microbiana do solo (Pm), quando aplicado adubo mineral (NPK) ou dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS) no cultivo de milho. O experimento foi instalado em um Cambissolo Húmico em Lages – SC (27° 47’ 08” S 50° 18’ 09” O) na safra de 2012/2013. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de: i) NPK; ii) NPK + IE; iii) DLS; iv) DLS + IE, aplicados antecedendo a semeadura do milho e v) controle (sem aplicação de fertilização e de inibidor enzimático) dispostos em delineamento de blocos casualizados com 4 repetições, em sistema de plantio direto. Amostras de solo foram coletadas da camada 0-0,10 m de profundidade aos 0, 10, 25, 58, 90, 135 e 202 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. O teor de Pm não foi afetado pela aplicação de inibidores enzimáticos mas sofreu influência ao longo do ciclo da cultura em resposta ao balanço hídrico e cultivo do milho.

portuguesO estudo objetivou comparar dois metodos de avaliacao de acidez potencial (H+Al) e de estimativa da necessidade de calagem (NC) para solos da regiao Oeste de Santa Catarina (SC). Quatorze solos foram incubados com 7 doses de calcario durante 120 dias, obtendo-se ao final os valores reais de H+Al a pH 7,0 e a NC dos solos. Esses valores serviram de referencia para avaliar a exatidao dos metodos de estimativa do H+Al: tampao SMP e acetato de calcio a pH 7,0 e a exatidao dos metodos de estimativa da NC: indice SMP e saturacao por bases (V%). Em media, o H+Al foi subestimado em 6 e 40% pelos metodos SMP e acetato de calcio, respectivamente, sendo mais problematico nos solos de maior tamponamento. Ja a NC foi subestimada em 20 e 30% pelo Indice SMP e V%, respectivamente. O indice SMP estimou melhor a NC que o metodo V%, principalmente em solos de maior tamponamento. Palavras-chave: SMP; acetato de calcio; saturacao por bases; calagem EnglishThe objective of this study was to compare two methods of evaluation of potencial acidity (H+Al) and two methods to estimate liming requirement (LR) for soils from the west region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Fourteen soils were incubated with 7 lime rates for 120 days, obtaining the real values of H+Al at pH 7.0 and LR. These values were used as reference to evaluate the accuracy of two H+Al estimating methods: SMP buffer and calcium acetate at pH 7.0, and to evaluate the accuracy of two LR methods: base saturation (BS) and SMP index. On average, H+Al was underestimated in 6 and 40% by SMP and calcium acetate methods, respectively, especially in soils with high buffer capacity. The LR was underestimated in 20 and 30% by SMP index and BS, respectively. The SMP Index showed a better LR estimative than BS, especially in soils with high buffer capacity. Key words: SMP; calcium acetate; base saturation; liming

O cultivo da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) apresenta grande importância econômica na região Sul do Brasil. Contudo, a necessidade de fertilização no estabelecimento de plantios de erva-mate ainda é pouco conhecida. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a adubação sulfatada no crescimento inicial de dois clones de erva-mate em um Cambissolo Húmico. O experimento foi implantado em Itaiópolis – SC, testando quatro doses de enxofre (S) (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 kg de S-SO4 ha-1)em dois clones femininos de erva-mate (F1 e F2). Avaliou-se a massa verde e a exportação de nutrientes pelas folhas, galhos finos (≤ 7mm), galhos grossos (> 7mm) e erva-mate comercial (folhas + galhos finos) e massa total. O S-SO4 foi avaliado na camada de 0-20 cm do solo 24 meses após a aplicação dos tratamentos e plantio das mudas. A produtividade de galho fino e a massa total foram influenciadas pela dose de S, independentemente do clone, indicando a exigência do nutriente para aumentar o rendimento de massa verde. Ainda, o clone F2 apresentou maior produção de galho grosso em função da dose de S. Assim, sugere-se o teor mínimo de 10 mg dm-3 S-SO4 no solo para um adequado estabelecimento de clones de erva-mate.

The volatilization of ammonia (NH3) and nitrate leaching (NH3-) are the main processes of nitrogen (N) loss in the soil. The objective of the study was to evaluate N losses by NH3 volatilization and mineral N transformations in the soil with urea coated with poultry litter (urea + litter) compared with other sources of N, under two moisture conditions. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement with four replicates, five N sources (urea, SuperN®, Kimcoat®, urea + litter and control without fertilizer) and two moisture contents [80 and 100% of field capacity (FC)]. The total volatilized NH3 did not differ between the sources, regardless of the soil moisture condition, ranging from 10.8 to 13.2% of the total N applied. The transformation of NH4+ into NH3- did not vary between the sources, except for the control, but it differed between soil moisture contents, with equilibrium estimated at 31 and 38 days, in the treatments with 80 and 100% FC, respectively. The urea + litter has N losses by NH3 volatilization and speed of transformation of the soil mineral N similar to those of the other sources, and can be used to substitute them. RESUMO A volatilização de amônia (NH3) e lixiviação de nitrato (NH3-) são os principais processos de perda de nitrogênio (N) no solo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar perdas de N por volatilização de NH3 e as transformações do N mineral no solo com ureia recoberta com cama de aviário (ureia + cama) comparativamente a outras fontes de N, em duas condições de umidade. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente controlado com arranjo fatorial 5 x 2 com quatro repetições sendo cinco fontes de N (ureia, SuperN®, Kimcoat®, ureia + cama e testemunha sem fertilizante) e dois teores de umidade [80 e 100% da capacidade de campo (CC)]. O total de NH3 volatilizada não diferiu entre as fontes independente da condição de umidade do solo variando de 10,8 a 13,2% do total de N aplicado. A transformação do NH4+ em NH3- não variou entre as fontes, exceto a testemunha mas diferiu entre as umidades do solo com equilíbrio estimado aos 31 e 38 dias, nos tratamentos com 80 e 100% CC, respectivamente. A ureia + cama apresenta perdas de N por volatilização de NH3 e velocidade de transformação do N mineral do solo semelhante às demais fontes podendo ser utilizada em substituição a essas.

Sequential fractionation has helped improving our understanding of the lability and bioavailability of P in soil. Nevertheless, there have been no reports on how manipulation of the different fractions prior to analyses affects the total P (TP) concentrations measured. This study investigated the effects of sample digestion, filtration and acidification on the TP concentrations determined by ICP-OES in 20 soil samples. Total P in extracts were either determined without digestion by ICP-OES, or ICP-OES following block digestion, or autoclave digestion. The effects of sample filtration and acidification on undigested alkaline extracts prior to ICP-OES were also evaluated. Results showed that, TP concentrations were greatest in the block-digested extracts, though the variability introduced by the block-digestion was the highest. Acidification of NaHCO3 extracts resulted in lower TP concentrations, while acidification of NaOH randomly increased or decreased TP concentrations. The precision observed with ICP-OES of undigested extracts suggests this should be the preferred method for TP determination in sequentially extracted samples. Thus, observations reported in this work would be helpful in appropriate sample handling for P determination, thereby improving the precision of P determination. The results are also useful for literature data comparison and discussion when there are differences in sample treatments.

The State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, has agricultural and livestock activities, such as pig farming, that are responsible for adding large amounts of phosphorus (P) to soils. However, a method is required to evaluate the environmental risk of these high soil P levels. One possible method for evaluating the environmental risk of P fertilization, whether organic or mineral, is to establish threshold levels of soil available P, measured by Mehlich-1 extractions, below which there is not a high risk of P transfer from the soil to surface waters. However, the Mehlich-1 extractant is sensitive to soil clay content, and that factor should be considered when establishing such P-thresholds. The objective of this study was to determine P-thresholds using the Mehlich-1 extractant for soils with different clay contents in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Soil from the B-horizon of an Oxisol with 800 g kg-1 clay was mixed with different amounts of sand to prepare artificial soils with 200, 400, 600, and 800 g kg-1 clay. The artificial soils were incubated for 30 days with moisture content at 80 % of field capacity to stabilize their physicochemical properties, followed by additional incubation for 30 days after liming to raise the pH(H2O) to 6.0. Soil P sorption curves were produced, and the maximum sorption (Pmax) was determined using the Langmuir model for each soil texture evaluated. Based on the Pmax values, seven rates of P were added to four replicates of each soil, and incubated for 20 days more. Following incubation, available P contents (P-Mehlich-1) and P dissolved in the soil solution (P-water) were determined. A change-point value (the P-Mehlich-1 value above which P-water starts increasing sharply) was calculated through the use of segmented equations. The maximum level of P that a soil might safely adsorb (P-threshold) was defined as 80 % of the change-point value to maintain a margin for environmental safety. The P-threshold value, in mg dm-3, was dependent on the soil clay content according to the model P-threshold = 40 + Clay, where the soil clay content is expressed as a percentage. The model was tested in 82 diverse soil samples from the State of Santa Catarina and was able to distinguish samples with high and low environmental risk. O Estado de Santa Catarina tem algumas atividades agropecuárias, como a suinocultura, que são responsáveis pela adição de grandes quantidades fósforo (P) nos solos; porém, o Estado necessita de um método para avaliar o risco ambiental desses solos com elevado teor de P. Uma maneira de avaliar o risco ambiental da adubação fosfatada, orgânica ou mineral é determinar o teor máximo de P disponível por Mehlich-1 que um solo pode apresentar sem que haja alto risco de transferência de P do solo para as águas superficiais, chamado Limite Crítico Ambiental de P (LCA-P). Contudo, o extrator Mehlich-1 é sensível ao teor de argila do solo, devendo esse fator ser considerado no estabelecimento do LCA-P. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o LCA-P pelo extrator Mehlich-1 para solos com diferentes teores de argila do Estado de Santa Catarina. Usou-se solo do horizonte B de um Latossolo Bruno com 800 g kg-1 de argila, que foi misturado com areia em quantidades para se obterem solos artificiais com 200, 400, 600 e 800 g kg-1 de argila. Esses solos artificiais foram incubados por 30 dias com umidade de 80 % da capacidade de campo para estabilização das propriedades físico-químicas e posteriormente incubados novamente por mais 30 dias com calcário para elevar o pH(H2O) até 6,0. Nos solos, foram realizadas curvas de adsorção de P e determinadas a adsorção máxima de P (Pmax) pelo modelo de Langmuir para cada textura avaliada. Com base nos valores de Pmax, foram adicionadas aos solos sete doses de P incubados novamente por 20 dias, com quatro repetições. Após a incubação, foram definidos os teores de P disponível (P-Mehlich-1) e P dissolvido em água (P-água). O teor de P por Mehlich-1 a partir do qual o P-água passa a aumentar drasticamente foi obtido por equações segmentadas e, para manter-se uma margem de segurança ambiental, consideraram-se 80 % desse valor como o LCA-P. O LCA-P foi dependente do teor de argila do solo; pelos dados, obteve-se o modelo LCA-P (mg dm-3) = 40 + Argila, em que a argila do solo é expressa em porcentagem. O modelo foi testado em 82 amostras diversificadas de solos do Estado de Santa Catarina e foi capaz de separar amostras com alto e baixo risco ambiental.

Tifton pastures ( Cynodon spp.) are widely used in tropical regions of Brazil, but are relatively recent in sub-tropical soils of southern Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the Tifton response to liming and fertilization with copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in the pasture establishment in the state of Santa Catarina. The experi­ment was installed in a Rhodic Ferralsol, in a randomized block design with subdivided plots. The treatments consisted of limestone doses in the main plots and application or non-application of Cu, Zn and B in the subplots. The doses tested were 4.25 t ha -1 limestone (half the recommended dose to raise the pH (H 2 O) to 5.5); 8.5 t ha -1 (dose to raise the pH (H 2 O) to 5.5); 11.9 t ha -1 (dose to raise the pH (H 2 O) to 6.0) and 15.7 t ha -1 (dose to raise the pH (H 2 O) to 6.5), in addition to a treatment without limestone application (control). Micronutrients Cu (CuSO 4 ), Zn (ZnSO 4 ) and B (borax) were applied, respectively, at the doses of 2.0, 2.0 and 1.0 kg ha -1 . In the Tifton establish­ment, limestone application decreased the values of Al and Cu and increased the values of Ca, Mg, pH and soil base saturation. The limestone application in the soil increased the dry matter production of Tifton up to the dose of 8.5 t ha -1 , regardless of the application of micronutrients.