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Analysis of fish behaviour is an effective way to indirectly identify the presence of environmental pollutants that negatively affect fish life, its production and quality. Monitoring individual and collective behaviours produces large amounts of non-linear data that require tailor-suited computational methods to interpret and manage the information. Fractal dimension (FD) and entropy are two groups of such non-linear analysing methods that serve as indicators of the complexity (FD) and predictability (entropy) of the behaviours. Since behavioural complexity and predictability may be modulated by contaminants, the changes in its FD and entropy values have a clear potential to be embedded in a biological early warning system (BEWS), which may be particularly useful in Precision Fish Farming settings and to monitor wild populations. This work presents a review of the effects of a wide range of environmental contaminants, including toxic compounds, cleaning and disinfecting agents, stimulant (caffeine), anaesthetics and antibiotics, heavy metals (lead, cupper, and mercury), selenium, pesticides and persistent environmental pollutants, on the FD and entropy values of collective and individual behavioural responses of different fish species. All the revised studies demonstrate the usefulness of both FD and entropy to indicate the presence of pollutants and underline the need to consider early changes in the trend of the evolution of their values prior to them becoming significantly different from the control values, i.e., while it is still possible to identify the contaminant and preserve the health and integrity of the fish.

In a non-linear system, such as a biological system, the change of the output (e.g., behaviour) is not proportional to the change of the input (e.g., exposure to stressors). In addition, biological systems also change over time, i.e., they are dynamic. Non-linear dynamical analyses of biological systems have revealed hidden structures and patterns of behaviour that are not discernible by classical methods. Entropy analyses can quantify their degree of predictability and the directionality of individual interactions, while fractal dimension (FD) analyses can expose patterns of behaviour within apparently random ones. The incorporation of these techniques into the architecture of precision fish farming (PFF) and intelligent aquaculture (IA) is becoming increasingly necessary to understand and predict the evolution of the status of farmed fish. This review summarizes recent works on the application of entropy and FD techniques to selected individual and collective fish behaviours influenced by the number of fish, tagging, pain, preying/feed search, fear/anxiety (and its modulation) and positive emotional contagion (the social contagion of positive emotions). Furthermore, it presents an investigation of collective and individual interactions in shoals, an exposure of the dynamics of inter-individual relationships and hierarchies, and the identification of individuals in groups. While most of the works have been carried out using model species, we believe that they have clear applications in PFF. The review ends by describing some of the major challenges in the field, two of which are, unsurprisingly, the acquisition of high-quality, reliable raw data and the construction of large, reliable databases of non-linear behavioural data for different species and farming conditions.

Global warming and acidification of the global ocean are two important manifestations of the ongoing climate change. To characterize their joint impact on Vibrio adaptation and fitness, we analyzed the temperature-dependent adaptation of Vibrio harveyi at different pHs (7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.3 and 8.5) that mimic the pH of the world ocean in the past, present and future. Comparison of V. harveyi growth at 20, 25 and 30 °C show that higher temperature per se facilitates the logarithmic growth of V. harveyi in nutrient-rich environments in a pH-dependent manner. Further survival tests carried out in artificial seawater for 35 days revealed that cell culturability declined significantly upon incubation at 25 °C and 30 °C but not at 20 °C. Moreover, although acidification displayed a negative impact on cell culturability at 25 °C, it appeared to play a minor role at 30 °C, suggesting that elevated temperature, rather than pH, was the key player in the observed reduction of cell culturability. In addition, analyses of the stressed cell morphology and size distribution by epifluorescent microscopy indicates that V. harveyi likely exploits different adaptation strategies (e.g., acquisition of coccoid-like morphology) whose roles might differ depending on the temperature–pH combination.

Objective: Three-dimensional printing has become a leading manufacturing technique in healthcare in recent years. Doubts in published studies regarding the methodological rigor and cost-effectiveness and stricter regulations have stopped the transfer of this technology in many healthcare organizations. The aim of this study was the evaluation and implementation of a 3D printing technology service in a radiology department. Methods: This work describes a methodology to implement a 3D printing service in a radiology department of a Spanish public hospital, considering leadership, training, workflow, clinical integration, quality processes and usability. Results: The results correspond to a 6-year period, during which we performed up to 352 cases, requested by 85 different clinicians. The training, quality control and processes required for the scaled implementation of an in-house 3D printing service are also reported. Conclusions: Despite the maturity of the technology and its impact on the clinic, it is necessary to establish new workflows to correctly implement them into the strategy of the health organization, adjusting it to the needs of clinicians and to their specific resources. Significance: This work allows hospitals to bridge the gap between research and 3D printing, setting up its transfer to clinical practice and using implementation methodology for decision support.

[EN] Since countless xenobiotic compounds are being found in the environment, ecotoxicology faces an astounding challenge in identifying toxicants. The combination of high-throughput in vivo/in vitro bioassays with high-resolution chemical analysis is an effective way to elucidate the cause-effect relationship. However, these combined strategies imply an enormous workload that can hinder their implementation in routine analysis. The purpose of this study was to develop a new high throughput screening method that could be used as a predictive expert system that automatically quantifies the size increase and malformation of the larvae and, thus, eases the application of the sea urchin embryo test in complex toxicant identification pipelines such as effect-directed analysis. For this task, a training set of 242 images was used to calibrate the size-increase and malformation level of the larvae. Two classification models based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were built and compared. Moreover, Hierarchical PLS-DA shows a high proficiency in classifying the larvae, achieving a prediction accuracy of 84 % in validation. The scripts built along the work were compiled in a user-friendly standalone app (SETApp) freely accessible at https://github.com/UPV-EHU-IBeA/SETApp. The SETApp was tested in a real case scenario to fulfill the tedious requirements of a WWTP effect-directed analysis.

[EN] Feeding 3.9 and 6.7 mg Hg/kg (Se/Hg molar ratios of 0.8 and 0.4, respectively) for 14 days negatively affected Dicentrarchus labrax growth and total DNTB- and thioredoxin-reductase (TrxR) activities and the transcription of four redox genes (txn1, gpx1, txnrd3, and txnrd2) in the liver, but a diet with 0.5 mg Hg/kg (Se/Hg molar ratio 6.6) slightly increased both reductase activities and the transcription of txn1, gpx1, and txnrd2. Feeding 6.7 mg Hg/kg for 53 days downregulated the genes of the thioredoxin system (txn1, txnrd3, and txnrd2) but upregulated gpx1, confirming the previously proposed complementarity among the antioxidant systems. Substitution of 20% of the feed by thawed white fish (hake) slightly counteracted the negative effects of Hg. The effects were not statistically significant and were dependent, in a non-linear manner, on the Se/Hg molar ratio of the feed but not on its Hg concentration. These results stress the need to consider the Se/Hg molar ratio of the feed/ food when evaluating the toxicity of Hg.

Currently maritime transport is growing due to globalization and economic growth, and it transports approximately the 90% of the world’s goods. World maritime transport fleet is increasing in amount and in size of vessels and, accordingly, marine fuel oil consumption is also increasing. The marine fuel oil consumption represents the 50% of the operational costs of a vessel and it has a huge environmental impact (ocean acidification, pollution, greenhouse effect, climate change…). Consequently, IMO (International Maritime Organization) created a specific environmental regulation and divided the ocean in different ECA zones (Emission Control Areas). The present work analyses the best strategy, a shipowner should adopt, to comply with ECA regulations, in three different panoramas: i) using an active vessel, placing a scrubber or consuming low sulphur marine fuel oil; ii) constructing a new vessel, choosing between marine dual engine or marine diesel mengine in both cases with or without scrubber; and iii) in case new ECA zones are created, which affects directly the vessel’s operational area.; Gaur egun, itsas garraioak munduko ondasunen % 90 mugitzen du. Ekonomiaren hazkundea eta globalizazioa direla-eta, garraio mota hori goraka doa. Munduko garraioontzi flotaren kopurua haziz doan neurrian, fuel-olioaren kontsumoa ere hazten ari da. Fuel-olioaren kostua garraio-ontzi baten kostu operazionalen % 50 baino gehiago da, eta erregai horren erabilerak eragin nabarmena du ingurumenean (azidifikazioa, kutsadura, berotegi-efektua…); hori kontuan izanik, ECA direlako guneetan (Emission Control Areas) banatu ditu munduko itsasoak IMOk (International Maritime Organization), ingurumen-legedi berezi baten pean. Artikulu honetan, aztergai da zer estrategia jarraitu behar duen armadore batek (itsasontzi baten ustiatzaileak) lege sorta horietara egokitzeko, honako hiru aldagai hauek kontutan izanda: i) eraikita dagoen itsasontzi bat ustiatzen badu, sufre gutxiagoko fuelak erabiltzea

Informazio kantitate handiak transmititzeko duten gaitasuna dela eta, irudiek izugarrizko garrantzia dute zientzia zein hezkuntza munduan. Teknologia berrien garapenarekin urtetik urtera handituz doa grafikoek, diagramek, argazkiek edota maketek gaur egungo gizartean duten garrantzia. Ondorioz, ikusmen arazoak dituzten pertsonek informazioa eskuratzeko geroz eta arazo gehiago dituzte. Lan honetan metodologia bat garatu da non histologiako 5 irudi aztertu, prozesatu eta 3D inprimaketarako artxibo gisa moldatuko diren., Las imágenes siempre han sido importantes en el ámbito científico-educativo, por su capacidad para transmitir grandes cantidades de información. Cada año se incrementa el peso de los gráficos, diagramas, fotografías o maquetas en este campo. Por lo tanto, las personas con alguna discapacidad visual tienen cada vez más problemas para acceder a dicha información. En este trabajo se desarrolla una metodología para analizar, procesar y crear 5 archivos de impresión 3D correspondientes a 5 imagenes del ámbito de la histologia., Due to their ability to transmit large amount of information, images have always been important in the scientific-educational field. The use of graphics, diagrams, photographs or models in these fields is increasing. Therefore, people with visual impairment have more problems while accessing this kind of information. In this work, a methodology for analyze, process and create a 3D printing archive from 5 histology images is carried out.

Ante el problema de que existen pacientes a los que las máscaras respiratorias no se les ajustan a la perfección y, por tanto, no reciben el aire suficiente, nace la necesidad de crear una unión personalizada entre las máscaras respiratorias y las caras de los pacientes. La solución propuesta es crear un adaptador entre la máscara y la zona de interés de la cara que podrá ser imprimida en 3D y que, gracias a la tecnología de escaneado, podrá adecuarse a cada caso. Para ello, se harán escaneos de las caras de tres personas con rasgos faciales diferentes. La propuesta para obtener los escaneos es un prototipo de fotogrametría que se encuentra en el Hospital de Cruces. Se obtendrán diez escaneos de cada sujeto y, más adelante, se elegirá uno de entre esos diez. Para comprobar la fiabilidad de la elección se hará una comparación entre los diez escaneos para asegurarse que el elegido es ciertamente fiel a la realidad. Además, se hará el mismo estudio con un escáner industrial llamado GO y se compararán los resultados. Para el posterior procesamiento y comparación de esos escaneos se utilizará un software gratuito, GOM. También se utilizará para finalmente realizar la ingeniería inversa y conseguir una superficie que servirá como base del adaptador., Arnasa-maskara behar duten pazienteen artean ohikoa da maskarak gaizki egokitzea. Ondorioz, pazienteek ez dute aire nahikoa jasotzen. Arazo honi irtenbidea emateko asmoz, arnasa-maskaren eta gaixoen aurpegien arteko egokitzaile pertsonalizatuta egitearen ideia sortzen da.Proposatutako konponbidea, maskararen eta aurpegiko interes-zonaren arteko egokitzailea, 3D imprimagailu baten bidez eratu ahalko da. Eskaner teknologiari esker aurpegi bakoitzari egokitzeko ahalmena izango du. Horretarako, hiru pertsonen aurpegiak aztertuko dira, Gurutzetako Ospitalean dagoen fotogrametria prototipo bat erabiliz. Hamar eskaneo lortuko dira pertsona bakoitzeko. Hamar horietatik bat aukeratuko da eta aukeraren fidagarritasuna egiaztatzeko, hamar eskaneoen arteko konparazioa egingo da. Horrez gain, prozesu bera jarraituko da GO izeneko industria eskanerrarekin eta emaitza berri hauek aurrekoekin alderatuko dira. Eskaneohorien prozesamendua eta konparazioa egiteko, GOM software librea erabiliko da. Azkenik, egokitzailearen oinarria izango den gainazala lortzeko alderantzizko ingeniaritza erabiliko da., Given the problem that there are some patients whose respiratory masks do not fit perfectly and therefore do not receive enough air, the need arose to create a personalized union between the respiratory masks and the faces of the patients.The proposedsolution is to create an adaptor between the mask and the areaof interest of the face. This adaptor couldbe printed in 3Din the future andthanks to the scanning technology used, it can be fittedto each case.To do this, scans of the faces of three people with different facial features will be made. The proposal to obtain this scans is a prototype of photogrammetry that is currently in the Hospital de Cruces. Ten scans of each subject will be obtained and later one of those ten will be chosen. To verify the reliability of the choice, a comparison between the ten scans will be made to ensure that the chosen one is true to reality. In addition, the same study will be done with an industrial scanner called GO and the results will be compared.For the subsequent processing and comparison of these scans, a free software, GOM, will be used. It will also be used to finally reverse engineer and get a surface that willserve as the base of the adaptor

El objetivo de este trabajo es crear un prototipo de un adaptador para dos máscaras de oxígeno distintas mediante escaneado 3D e ingeniería inversa. La motivación para esta investigación es principalmente la necesidad de proporcionar una solución a ciertos casos clínicos en los que las máscaras que se comercializan no se adaptan correctamente a los rasgos del paciente. Por ello, el Hospital de Cruces y el Laboratorio de Diseño del Producto de la Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao colaboran para investigar una solución. El proceso incluye una primera fase de escaneado que incluye el uso de 3 escáneres diferentes: GO!SCAN, HandySCAN y ATOS. La imagen obtenida se procesará con su software correspondiente: VX Elements para los dos primeros escáneres y GOM Inspect para el último, con el objeto de preparar dicha imagen para la segunda fase del proyecto, que consiste en analizar y comparar los resultados obtenidos para encontrar la mejor opción para este proyecto. Una vez se ha decidido la mejor opción, se crean ambos adaptadores con VXElements. Finalmente, se imprimen en silicona y se prueban sobre la máscara correspondiente., The purpose of this work is to create a prototype of an adaptor for two different commercial medical-breathing masks by means of 3D scanning and reverse engineering. The motivation for this investigation is the need to provide a solution to certain clinical cases in which the standard breathing masks commercialized do not adjust correctly to the patient’s features. The Hospital of Cruces and the Product Design Laboratory of the Engineering School of Bilbao are collaborating to investigate on a solution for it. The process includes a first phase of scanning involving 3 different 3D scanners: GO!SCAN, Handy REVSCAN and ATOS Compact Scan. The obtained images shall be processed using their corresponding software: VX Elements for the two former scanners and GOM Inspect for the latter, in order to prepare them for the second phase which consists of an analysis and comparison of the different scans and scanners to find out the best option to perform this work. Once the best option has been selected, an adaptor shall be created by means of VXElements. This adaptor is finally printed in silicon and tested on the corresponding breathing mask., Lan honen helburua, bi oxigeno maskara desberdinentzat baliagarria den egokitzaile baten prototipoa sortzea da. Horretarako, 3D eskaneatua eta alderantzizko ingeniaritza erabili dira. Ikerketa honen motibazioa, merkaturatzen diren maskarak pazienteen ezaugarri fisikoetara egokitzen diren kasu klinikoetatik abiatzen da. Hori dela eta, egoera honi aurre egiteko asmoz, ebazpen bat bilatu nahi da. Horretarako, Gurutzetako Unibertsitate Ospitaleak eta Bilboko Ingeniaritza Eskolaren Produktuaren Diseinuaren Laborategiak bate egin dute arazo honi aurre egiteko. Prozesu hau bi fasetan banatzen da. Lehenengo fasean, eskaneatua 3 eskaner desberdinen bitartez egiten da: GO!Scan, Handy REVScan eta ATOS. Jarraian, hauetatik lortutako irudia, eskaner bakoitzari dagokion softwarearekin prozesatzen da. Zehatz-mehatz, aipatutako lehenengo bi eskanerrak VXElements softwarearekin prozesatzen dira eta aipatutako azken eskanerra, berriz, GOM Inspect-ekin. Hauen helburua, irudia 2. Faseko prestatzea da; izan ere, 2. Fase honetan, lortutako emaitzak aztertu eta alderatu nahi direlako, proiektuari hobeto egokitzen zaion aukera hautatzeko asmoz. Ondoren, kasuaren beharretara hobeto egokitzen den aukera erabakitzen da eta VXElements bitartez egokitzailea sortzen da. Azkenik, silikonan inprimatu eta dagokion maskaran egiaztatzen da.

Con la colaboración del hospital de Cruces se está desarrollando un prototipo para realizar escáneres faciales basados en fotogrametría. El prototipo realizado mediante Raspberry Pi y sus cámaras crea un objeto virtual del sujeto con distintas fotos. Para ello, se necesita diseñar una estructura lo más ligera posible que contenga todo el hardware integrado. Con el fin de disminuir en tiempo, material, y coste tanto en el proceso del diseño como en el de fabricación, se hace uso del diseño generativo, la nueva herramienta incorporada en el software Solid Edge. De esta forma se obtienen varias posibles soluciones para las distintas piezas de la estructura. Estas piezas son equivalentes a nivel funcional a las diseñadas originalmente pero experimentan una reducción de material considerada., Aurpegiko eskanerrak egiteko fotogrametrian oinarritutako prototipo bat garatzen ari da, Gurutzetako Ospitalearen laguntzaz. Raspberry Pi-k lortutako argazki batzuen bitartez aurpegiaren eredu birtual bat lortzen da. Horretarako, hardware guztia bere barnean inplementatuta duen egitura arin bat diseinatu behar da. Diseinatzeko eta fabrikatzeko behar den denbora, materiala eta dirua murrizteko Solid Edge softwarean aurkitu daitekeen herraminta berria “diseinu sortzailea” izenekoa, erabiliko da. Teknika honen bitartez lortzen diren pieza berriak, jatorrizko piezekin konparatuz funtzionalki baliokideak dira eta haien arteko desberdintasuna materialaren murrizpena izango da., A prototype to perform facial scans based on photogrammetry is being developed with the collaboration of the Cruces hospital. With the Raspberry Pi and its camera, the prototype makes different photographs and creates a virtual object of the subject. For this reason, it is necessary to design a structure,as light as possible, which contains all the hardware integrated. In order to decrease in time, material and cost duringthe design and manufacturing process, the generative design is used, a new tool incorporated in Solid Edge software. Using this tool, several possible solutions of the different parts of the structure are obtained. These pieces are functionally equivalentto those originally designed but experience a considered reduction in material.

Statement of problem. Obtaining reliable digital scans of edentulous patients is challenging because of the absence of anatomic landmarks/geometric variations along the dental arch. Whether adding an auxiliary geometric device (AGD) will improve scanning is unclear. Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the accuracy of complete-arch digital scans of completely edentulous arches by placing a consumable AGD. Material and methods. A stainless-steel model of the maxilla of a completely edentulous arch with 4 implants was built. The model was scanned using a reference industrial scanner as the control and using 3 intraoral scanners (True Definition [3M ESPE], TRIOS 3 [3Shape A/S], and iTero [Align Technology, Inc]). Each intraoral scanner was used 10 times without the AGD in place and 10 more times with the AGD fixed on the model. Accuracy in terms of trueness and precision was established by comparing 5 reference distances with or without the AGD in place. A software program for analyzing 3D data was used to measure these 5 distances, and a data analysis software program was used for statistical and measurements analysis (a=.05). Results. Significant differences (P<.05) were found in all reference distances for trueness and in 4 of the 5 reference distances for precision depending on whether the AGD had been used or not. Without the AGD in place, trueness ranged from 21 ±16 mm in the shortest reference distance to 125 ±80 mm in the largest reference distance. With the AGD in place, trueness ranged from 11 ±8 mm in the shortest reference distance to 64 ±51 mm in the largest reference distance. Precision ranged from 18 ±14 mm in the shortest reference distance to 84 ±74 mm in the largest reference distance without the AGD and from 7 ±7 mm in the shortest to 63 ±46 mm in the largest with it. Conclusions. Complete-arch digital scans of edentulous jaws are more accurate when an AGD is used to resolve the lack of anatomic landmarks. An additional advantag

Existen estudios que avalan el análisis de muestras de la frecuencia cardíaca como método para diagnosticar varios tipos de patologías, tales como las enfermedades cardiovasculares. De estas muestras se puede obtener una de las señales fisiológicas más ricas e interesantes como es la señal pletismográfica. El proyecto desarrollado como TFG da continuación a un trabajo iniciado en el marco del Convenio del Programa de Inmersión de Ingenieros firmado entre el Hospital de Cruces y la EUITI de Bilbao (hoy día EIB). Dicho trabajo consistió en el desarrollo de una pulsera para el muestreo de la señal pletismográfica y su envío vía Bluetooth. En este proyecto se tomó ese dispositivo para obtener las muestras. Una vez tomadas, se parsean en una aplicación móvil y se visualizan en una gráfica dinámica que las dibuja en tiempo real. Al finalizar este proceso, se guarda un registro de la muestra en la nube para su posterior análisis con el fin de encontrar patrones que sirvan como indicativos para diagnosticar las patologías de cada paciente., Bihotz-maiztasunaren laginen azterketa, gaixotasun ezberdinak aurkitzeko metodo bezala erabil daizteke, horrela bermatzen dute hainbat ikerketek. Lagin hauetatik, seinale fisiologiko oso interesgarria lor daiteke, seinale pletismografikoa hain zuzen. GrAL bezala garatu den proiektu hau, beste proiektu baten jarraipena da. Proiektu horrek, IITUE (Industria Ingenieritza Teknikoko Unibertsitate Eskola, gaur egun BIE –Bilboko Ingenieritza Eskola-) eta Gurutzeta Ospitalaren artean sinatutako Ingenieri Txertatze Programaren barnean sortu zen. Bere helburua, seinale pletismografikoaren laginak lortzea eta Bluetooth bidez bildaltzen zituen eskumuturreko baten garapena izan zen. Proiektu honetan, garatu zen eskumuturreko hori erabiliko da laginak lortzeko. Eta behin hauek lortu direla, aplikazio mugikor batean parseatu eta denbora errealean marrazten dira grafika dinamiko baten bidez. Prozesu hau bukatzean, parseatutako erregistro bat hodeira igotzen da. Ondoren, erregistro honen azterketa egingo da, gaixotasun ezberdinen adierazleak aurkitzeko helburuarekin., There are studies that support the analysis of samples of the heart rate as a method to diagnose several types of pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases. From these samples it is possible to obtain one of the most rich and interesting physiological signals as it is the plethysmography signal. The proposal developed as a Degree Final Project is based on a previous work that was initiated within the framework of the course of "Engineer Immersion Program Agreement" signed between the EUITI (nowadays EIB) and the Cruces Hospital. This work consisted in the development of a wristband for the sampling of the plethysmography signal and its transfer via Bluetooth. In this project, that device was used for obtaining the samples. Once taken, they are parsed in a mobile application and displayed in a real time graph. When this process is finished, a record of the sample is uploaded to the cloud for its later analysis with the purpose of searching patterns that serve as indicatives for diagnosing the pathologies of each patient.

The present study aims at identifying the lowest number of fish (European seabass) that could be used for monitoring and/or experimental purposes in small-scale fish facilities by quantifying the effect that the number of individuals has on the Shannon entropy (SE) of the trajectory followed by the shoal's centroid. Two different experiments were performed: (i) one starting with 50 fish and decreasing to 25, 13, and 1 fish, and (ii) a second experiment starting with one fish, adding one new fish per day during 5 days, ending up with five fish in the tank. The fish were recorded for 1h daily, during which time a stochastic event (a hit in the tank) was introduced. The SE values were calculated from the images corresponding to three arbitrary basal (shoaling) periods of 3.5 min prior to the event, and to the 3.5 min period immediately after the event (schooling response). Taking both experiments together, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the SE among measurements was largest for one fish systems (CV 37.12 and 17.94% for the daily average basal and response SE, respectively) and decreased concomitantly with the number of fish (CV 8.6-10% for the basal SE of 2 to 5 fish systems and 5.86, 2.69, and 2.31% for the basal SE of 13, 25, and 50 fish, respectively). The SE of the systems kept a power relationship with the number of fish (basal: R-2 = 0.93 and response: R-2 = 0.92). Thus, 5-13 individuals should be the lowest number for a compromise between acceptable variability (< 10%) in the data and reduction in the number of fish. We believe this to be the first scientific work made to estimate the minimum number of individuals to be used in subsequent experimental (including behavioral) studies using shoaling fish species that reaches a compromise between the reduction in number demanded by animal welfare guidelines and a low variability in the fish system's response.

Gaur egun, IoT (Gauzen Internet-a) kontzeptuak geroz eta indar handiagoa hartzen hari den teknologia bat da, non, eguneroko objektuak Internet-era konektatzea ahalbidetzen duen. Gai hau hain zabala izan arren, Gradu Amaierako Lan (GrAL) honetan garatuko den proiektua, datu meteorologikoen prozesaketan jarduten duen behatoki batean oinarrituko da. Zehatzagoak izanda, proiektu honen helburua, aurretik garatutako hodeira konektatutako eguraldi behatoki baten prototipoaren PCB-en diseinuak egitea izango da. Non, helburu hauen betetzearen helmuga, prototipoari ikerkuntza proiektu batean erabili ahal izateko egitura egokia bat ematea izango den, beti hasieratik ezarritako hardware askearen kontzeptua errespetatuz. Gainera, elikaduraren aldetik, guztiz autonomoa den behatoki bat izatean, bateriaren kargaren eta sistema osoaren kontsumoaren monitorizazioa ahalbidetuko duen modulu bat inplementatuko da. Honela, bateriaren maila ezagutzeaz gain, deskarga edo karga prozesuan dagoen jakinaraziz., Actualmente, el concepto IoT (Internet de las cosas), es una de las tecnologías que más fuerza está adquiriendo, ya que posibilita la conexión a Internet de cualquier objeto cotidiano. Pese a estar ante un tema tan amplio, el proyecto que se desarrollará en este Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG), se basará en un observatorio que únicamente se dedica al procesamiento de datos meteorológicos. Siendo más concretos, el objetivo de este proyecto tratará del diseño de las PCB del prototipo de un observatorio meteorológico conectado a la nube ya desarrollado. Donde, la meta de este objetivo, será proporcionar al prototipo una estructura adecuada para habilitar su uso en un proyecto de investigación. Además, desde el punto de vista de la alimentación, al encontrarnos con un observatorio totalmente autónomo, se implementará un módulo que facilite la monitorización de la carga de la batería, al igual que el consumo del sistema completo. De este modo, además de conocer el nivel de batería, podrá conocerse si este está en proceso de carga o descarga., Currently, the IoT (Internet of Things) concept is one of the technologies that is gaining most strength, since it makes possible the connection to the Internet of any everyday object. Despite being such a broad subject, the project that will be developed in this Final Degree Project (FDP), will be based on an observatory that is solely dedicated to the processing of meteorological data. Being more specific, the objective of this project will be the design of the PCBs of an already developed prototype of a meteorological observatory connected to the cloud. Where the goal of this objective will be to provide the prototype with an adequate structure to enable its use in a research project. In addition, from the point of view of the supply, being a fully autonomous observatory, a module will be implemented to facilitate the monitoring of the battery charge, as well as the consumption of the complete system. This way, in addition to knowing the battery level, the process of loading or unloading can be known.

En el presente trabajo se ha llevado a cabo un estudio acerca del tracking de un objeto en movimiento en un entorno tridimensional. El objetivo del estudio es la búsqueda de un método simple y eficaz de realizar el seguimiento del objeto. El estudio se realizará mediante el procedimiento de visión estereoscópica y para ello se grabará mediante dos cámaras el movimiento del objeto. El resultado de este trabajo permitirá la posibilidad de generar la trayectoria de cualquier objeto en movimiento con un coste computacional mínimo., Lan honetan tridimentsionala den ingurune batean higiduretan dagoen objektu baten tracking-ari buruzko ikerketa egin da. Ikerketaren helburua da aipaturiko jarraipena egiteko modu sinple eta eraginkorra bilatzea. Ikerketa ikusmen estereoskopikoko prozeduaren bitartez egingo da eta hartarako objektuaren mugimendua bi kamararen bitartez grabatuko da. Lan honen emaitzak higiduraz dagoen edozein objekturen ibilbidearen aukera ahalbidetuko du, kostu konputazionalik txikienarekin., In the present work a study was carried out about the tracking of a moving object in a three-dimensional environment. The objective of the study is the search for a simple and effective method of conducting such tracking. The study will be carried out through the stereoscopic vision procedure and the movement of the object will be recorded by two cameras. The result of this work will allow the possibility of generating the trajectory of any moving object with a minimum computational cost.

The present study investigates the suitability of a machine vision-based method to detect deviations in the Shannon entropy (SE) of a European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) biological system fed with different selenium: mercury (Se:Hg) molar ratios. Four groups of fish were fed during 14 days with commercial feed (control) and with the same feed spiked with 0.5, 5 and 10 mg of MeHg per kg, giving Se: Hg molar ratios of 29.5 (control-C-1); 6.6, 0.8 and 0.4 (C-2, C-3 and C-4). The basal SE of C-1 and C-2 (Se:Hg > 1) tended to increase during the experimental period, while that of C-3 and C-4 (Se:Hg < 1) tended to decrease. In addition, the differences in the SE of the four systems in response to a stochastic event minus that of the respective basal states were less pronounced in the systems fed with Se: Hg molar ratios lower than one (C-3 and C-4). These results indicate that the SE may be a suitable indicator for the prediction of seafood safety and fish health (i.e., the Se: Hg molar ratio and not the Hg concentration alone) prior to the displaying of pathological symptoms. We hope that this work can serve as a first step for further investigations to confirm and validate the present results prior to their potential implementation in practical settings.

Structural colour is a phenomenon found in nature, which provides plants and animals with vibrant optical properties. The production of this colour is based on the interaction of incident light with the hierarchical organisation of submicron- and micron-sized layered structures. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are anisotropic building units formed by acid hydrolysis of native cellulose microfibers, which can disperse in aqueous media to form a photonic liquid crystal. One fascinating example of the appearance of biomimetic colour is the supramolecular assembly of CNCs into iridescent layered structures that rotate along a helical screw to yield a long-range chiral nematic order. A quick, simple and engaging experiment that allows the establishment of a direct relation between the structural colour and underlying mechanism of the light interaction with these hierarchically structured materials is reported. The obtained colour changes are explained within the theoretical framework provided by Bragg's law and may provide an easy way to observe the macroscopic manifestation of this often abstract concept.

Siemens, uno de los grandes fabricantes de PLCs industriales, ha sacado al mercado una familia de módulos, llamada IoT2000 que, integrándose dentro del ecosistema creado por la marca, posibilita el intercambio de datos con otros sistemas electrónicos de control de bajo coste y/o código abierto, facilitando así, el aporte de soluciones por parte de terceros. En el caso que nos ocupa, debemos proporcionar una solución discreta a un proceso de llenado de tanques de liquido, que ya dispone de un sistema de control basado en PLCs de la marca Siemens, con la mínima intervención posible sobre el sistema ya en funcionamiento. Como planteamiento inicial se le ha propuesto al cliente la adquisición de un módulo IoT2020 y un módulo Arduino como sistema externo de registro de datos y control, obteniéndose así un sistema que lea, procese y envíe automáticamente la información de los datos de un proceso a un servidor remoto a través del uso de protocolos de comunicación y la conexión a Internet, para facilitar la actualización de cualquier planta a la Industria 4.0 mediante el Internet de las Cosas., Siemens, one of the largest manufacturers of industrial PLCs, has brought to the market a family of modules, called IoT2000 that, integrating within the ecosystem created by the brand, enables the exchange of data with other electronic control systems of low cost and/or open source, thus facilitating the contribution of solutions by third parties. In our case, we must provide a discreet solution to a liquid tank filling process, which already has a control system based on PLCs from the Siemens brand, with the minimum possible intervention on the system already in operation. As an initial approach, the client has been proposed to purchase an IoT2020 module and an Arduino module as an external data and control system, thus obtaining a system that automatically reads, processes and sends the data information of a process to a remote server through the use of communication protocols and Internet connection, to facilitate the upgrade of any plant to Industry 4.0 through the Internet of Things., Gaur egungo PLC fabrikatzaile handienetariko bat Siemens da. Gainera, IoT2000 deitzen den modulu-familia bat merkaturatu du. Honek, kostu txikiko eta/edo iturburu irekia duten beste sistema elektroniko batzuekin datuak elkar trukatzeko aukera ematen du. Kasu honetan, konponbide diskretu bat eskaini behar diogu likido depositu bat betetzeko prozesuari. Depositu horrek jada badu PLCn oinarritutako Siemens markako kontrol sistema bat. Konponbide honek ahalik eta gutxien eragin behar du martxan dagoen sistemarengan. Erabiltzaileari IoT2020 bat erabiltzea proposatu zaio eta Arduino modulo bat kanpo sistema bezala erabiltzeko. Horrela, informazioa irakurtzen eta bidaltzen duen sistema bat lortzen da. Informazioa kanpoko zerbitzaile bati bidaltzen zaio komunikazio protokolo eta Internet konexio batetik.

El objetivo principal de este proyecto consiste en el diseño y fabricación de una estructura de balanceo con forma de cuadricóptero para su posterior uso en docencia donde se configura todo el sistema electrónico de este. Para ello se trabajará con el programa de CAD Solid Edge para diseñar y analizar distintas alternativas y ver cual se ajusta mejor a los objetivos necesarios. Además será necesario modelizar la estructura basándose en los futuros componentes electrónicos a implementar por lo que debe existir contacto directo con el sector encargado de la sección de control para poder ajustarse a sus necesidades. Se realizará un análisis de las limitaciones del estudio y se añadirá un presupuesto para conocer los costes del proyecto para, finalmente, concluir creando el archivo .stl del documento para su posterior envío a impresión., Proiektu honetan kuadrikoptero modelu baten diseinua eta fabrikazioa azaltzen da. Horretarako, erabiliko diren elementu elektroikoen analisia beharrezkoa izango da; eta, horrekin, proiektua osatzeko behar den diseinu egokiena aztertuko dugu. Ondoren, Solid Edge softwerrarekin, egitura osatzen duten pieza guztiak sortuko dira proiektuaren amaieran hauek imprimatzeko. Gero, ekoizpen-kostuetako eta egitura limitazioen analisiak egingo dira. Azkenik, proiektuaren ideaia nabarienak seinalatuko dira., The main goal of this project is to design the structure of a new stability control system which will allow us to perform all the necessary tests of a drone flight system in a cheaper and safer way. To do so, CAD program Solid Edge will be used to compare and contrast the different alternatives and decide which one is better to solve the problem. Furthermore, there must be a direct contact with the control section to select and study the electronic devices that are going to be used in the structure. Additionally, subsequent analysis about production cost and limitations of the study will be done.Finally, most highlighted conclusions about this project will be pointed out.

Dibal, es una empresa que ofrece soluciones de pesaje y etiquetado para los sectores del comercio y la industria. Entre sus productos más vendidos se encuentran las balanzas de uso comercial, utilizadas en la gran mayoría de supermercados. Dichas balanzas requieren comunicarse con ciertos servicios del supermercado con el objetivo de tener un control de ventas, cargar nuevos artículos, cargar un nuevo firmware, configurar balanzas en modo maestro o esclavo, etc. Esta comunicación se logra insertando una tarjeta de red inalámbrica en el interior de cada balanza, configurada para que se conecte al punto de acceso del supermercado. Hasta ahora, Dibal ha buscado, comprado y adaptado tarjetas de red de terceros, lo cual ha acarreado diversos problemas relacionados con la adaptabilidad de la tarjeta a la balanza. En el marco de la realización de unas prácticas en cooperación educativa en Dibal, la Dirección Técnica de la empresa propuso al autor de este trabajo la realización de un Trabajo Fin de Grado (TFG) que tuviera por objeto el diseño de una tarjeta de comunicaciones inalámbricas adecuada a las necesidades de las balanzas de Dibal para superar los problemas derivados de la dependencia de tarjetas de terceros. Como resultado de la realización de este TFG, hay que destacar dos aspectos: a) el diseño de una solución abierta y modular que facilita la actualización de los componentes de la tarjeta y la migración del software incluido en ella, y b) el desarrollo integral de una tarjeta de red que responde totalmente a los requisitos hardware planteados. Sin embargo, los requisitos software han sido cubiertos parcialmente: se ha configurado el sistema operativo OpenWRT de la tarjeta de acuerdo a las necesidades de operación en red (es decir, la tarjeta es totalmente funcional), pero no ha sido posible personalizar su interfaz de configuración tal y como se pretendía, debido a la complejidad que esconde el sistema de plantillas LuCI utilizado en OpenWRT., Dibalekin hezkuntza praktikak errealizatzeko esparruan, moldatze arazoak kentzeko asmoz, arlo teknikoko zuzendariak Dibalen eskakizunak betetzen dituen sare txartel bat diseinatzea proposatu zion lan honen egileari gradu amaierako lan (GrAL) moduan. GrAL honen emaitza moduan hurrengo bi atal hauek nabarmentzen dira: a) Osagaien eguneratzea eta software migrazioa errazten duen soluzio ireki eta modular baten diseinua egitea, eta b) Planteaturiko hardware eskakizunak guztiz betetzen dituen sare txartel bat garatzea. Ordea, software eskakizunak partzialki bete dira: OpenWRT sistema konfigura tu da sarearen beharrizanak betetzen (hau da, guztiz funtzionala da), baina LuCi-aren txantiloi sistema konplexua dela eta, ez da izan posible hasieran planteatu genuen bezala konfigurazio interfazea pertsonalizatzea., Dibal is a Company that offers weighing and labelling solutions for the commerce and industry sectors. Among their most sold products are the scales for commercial use, used in the vast majority of supermarkets. This scale require communication with certain supermarket services such as sales control, load new products, load new firmware, configure scales in master or slave modes, etc. This communication is achieved by introducing a wireless network card inside each scale configured to connect to the supermarket access point. Until now, Dibas has searched, bought and adapted third-party network cards, which has led to several problems related to the adaptability of the card to the scale. In the framework of the realization of practice s in educational cooperation in Dibal, the technical manager of the company proposed to the author of this work the completion of the Final Degree Project (FDP) that had the purpose to solve the problems arising from the dependence of third-party cards. As a result of the realization of this FDP, two aspects must be highlighted: a) the design of an open and modular solution that facilitates the updating of the components of the card and the migration of the software included in it, and b) the integral develo pment of a network card that fully meets the hardware requirements. However, the software requirements have been partially covered: The OpenWRT operating system of the card has been configured according to the needs of network operation (the card is fully functional), but it has not been possible to customize the configuration interface as it was intended due to the complexity hidden by LuCi template system used in OpenWRT.

Euskaraz: Azken urteetan ikertzaileek naturan aurkitutako emaitzek konponbide iraunkorrak eskaini dituzte teknologia eta diseinu berrien sorkuntzan biomimetika izeneko praktikari ongi etorria emanez. Lan honetan naturatik lortutako zortzi muskuilu oskol bikote aztertu dira hauen analisirako erabilgarria izango den metodologia bat garatzeko. Oskol hauei 3D bidezko eskaneatzea eta lortutako puntu-hodeien prozesaketa egiteko metodo egokiena bilatu da, lortu den prozeduraren metodologia argia zehaztuz, etorkizuneko lanetan erabilgarria izango dena. Lan honetan lortu diren emaitzak, hala nola oskolen landmark-ak, etorkizuneko biomimetika eta morfologia geometrikoko azterketak bideratzeko baliagarriak izango dira., Gazteleraz: En los últimos años los resultados obtenidos de la naturaleza por los investigadores han ofrecido soluciones sostenibles para nuevas tecnologías y para nuevos diseños dando la bienvenida a la práctica conocida como la Biomimética. En este trabajo se han analizado ocho parejas de cascarones de moluscos ofreciendo una metodología válida para su análisis. Se centra en la búsqueda del método más eficaz para el escaneado 3D y procesamiento de nube de puntos, determinando una clara metodología del procedimiento utilizado, siendo esta útil en futuros trabajos. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo, así como los landmarks de los cascarones, servirán para guiar estudios de biomimética y morfología geométrica en un futuro., Ingelesez: In recent years results obtained in nature by researchers have offered sustainable solutions to new technologies and designs, welcoming the practice known as Biomimetics. Eight pair of mollusc shells have been analysed in this work, offering a valid methodology for their analysis. It is focused on the research of the most effective method for 3D scanning and point cloud processing, prompting a clear methodology of the procedure used, being useful in future works. The results obtained in this work, as well as the landmarks of the shells, will be used to guide future studies of biomimetics and geometrical morphology.

Euskaraz: Lan honetan Gradu Amaierako Lana burutzeko emandako pausuak azaltzen dira. Ingeniaritza proiektu hau, balantzin sistema baten egituraren ordenagailuz lagundutako diseinuan eta 3D (hiru dimentsio) inprimaketan datza, jarraian maldaren kontrol sistema bat ezarriko zaiona. Hasteko, 3D diseinu eta inprimaketaren nondik norakoak eta proiektu honen antzeko lan bat ezagutarazi dira. Ondoren, diseinatu behar den piezak bete behar dituen eskakizunak azaldu dira, baita hauek asebetetzen dituen soluzioa izango den azken diseinuaren garapena ere. Jarraian, 3D inprimagailu batetara bidaltzeko beharrezkoa den prozesaketa burutu da. Amaitzeko, sortutako piezari azken azterketa bat egin zaio eta hainbat ondorio atera dira., Castellano: En este trabajo se exponen los pasos dados para llevar a cabo el Trabajo de Fin de Grado. Este proyecto de ingeniería trata del diseño asistido por ordenador e impresión 3D (tres dimensiones) de la estructura de un sistema de balancín al que después se le implantará un control de inclinación. Para empezar, se ha dado a conocer la naturaleza del diseño e imprimación 3D, así como el de un trabajo similar al que se va a realizar. A continuación, se han especificado las demandas que deberá cumplir la pieza a diseñar, seguido por el diseño que les dará solución. Así, se ejecutará el procesamiento necesario para enviar el modelo a una impresora 3D. Para terminar, se le ha realizado un último examen a la estructura y se han sacado algunas conclusiones., English: This work determines the steps that have been taken in order to accomplish this Undergraduate Final Degree Project. The main objective of this engineering project is the computer-aided design and 3D printing of the structure of a seesaw system, in which an inclination control system is implanted. Firstly, general information about 3D design and printing is granted, along with another similar project’s result. Hereafter, the established requirements for fulfilling the project are explained, followed by the development of the solution’s design. The following process requires preparing the model before sending it to a 3D printer. Finally, the achieved part is inspected and some conclusions are drawn at the end of the paper.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental contaminant of increasing relevance as a seafood safety hazard that affects the health and welfare of fish. Non-invasive, on-line methodologies to monitor and evaluate the behavior of a fish system in aquaculture may make the identification of altered systems feasible-for example, due to the presence of agents that compromise their welfare and wholesomeness-and find a place in the implementation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points and Fish Welfare Assurance Systems. The Shannon entropy (SE) of a European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) system has been shown to differentiate MeHg-treated from non-treated fish, the former displaying a lower SE value than the latter. However, little is known about the initial evolution of the system after removal of the toxicant. To help to cover this gap, the present work aims at providing information about the evolution of the SE of a European seabass system during a recuperation period of 11 days following a two-week treatment with 4 mu g center dot MeHg/L. The results indicate that the SE of the system did not show a recovery trend during the examined period, displaying erratic responses with daily fluctuations and lacking a tendency to reach the initial SE values.

161 p., Etorkizun hurbilera begira gizakion kopurua ez ezik (Gerland et al., 2014; United Nations, 2014), itsas elikagaien ekoizpenaren eta kontsumoaren hazkundea espero da. Azken honen hazkundeak, batipat, akuikulturak bideratuko du (German Advisory Council on Global Change - WBGU, 2013). Akuikultura, ekoizpena handiagotzeko helburuagaz, itsas organismoen hazkunde kontrolatua da. Bertatik lortzen diren produktuak era askotakoak izan daitezke: arrainak, moluskuak, krustazeoak, algak eta itsas landareak dira ezagunenak. Baina kokodriloak, dortokak eta beste motatako zenbait animalia urlehortarrak ere ekoizten dira. Era berean, akuikultura instalazioek kokapen desberdinak euki ditzakete: itsas kostaldean zein itsasadarretan baina lur barnean zein ibai edo lakuen ondoan ere aurkitu daitezke.Beste edozein ekoizpen prozesu bezala, sortzen diren produktuen kalitatea erronka garrantzitsuenetariko bat da. Eta kalitatea, kontuan izanda sortzen diren produktuak gizakion kontsumorako direla, ekoiztutako animalien osasungarritasunarekin bat doa. Kezkarik garrantzitsuenetarikoa itsas elikagaien ekoizpenean ur ingurugiroan dauden kutsatzatzaileek ekoiztutako produktuetan duten efektua da. Kutsatzaileak gero eta kantitate haundiagoetan azaltzen dira eta gainera, gero eta kutsatzaile berri gehiago agertzen dira (Bevan et al., 2012; Roose et al., 2011). Kutsatzaileak ez dira bakarrik uretara izurtzen, animaliei emoten zaien elikagaiak ere kutsatuta egon daitezke (Dahle et al., 2010; Dobson et al., 2008; Sharma and Paradakar, 2010). Hoierariko kutsatzaile askok ere, animalien ongizatean efektu negatiboak izaten dituzte eta galera ekonomiko haundiak sortarazten dituzte. Gaur egun, kutsatzaileak antzemateko metodo ez-inbasiboen galera dago. Hare eta gehiago, kutsatzaile berriak detektatzeko metodorik ez dago, antzemate metodoak kutsatzaile bakoitzeko ezpezifikoki diseinatsen direlako eta gero eta kutsatzaile berri gehiago detektatzen direlako, adibidez gizakion kontsumorako uran (Dahle et al.