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The current study aimed to investigate the longitudinal predictors of perceived importance of climate change and personal worry among Italian youths. Specifically, we used machine learning techniques to examine the predictive importance of a wide range of socio-demographic factors, political perceptions, attitudes on a national and European level (identity, attitudes, tolerance, support for democracy, authoritarianism, nationalism, political trust), efficacy beliefs, social well-being, political interest, and different forms of participation on perceived importance of climate change and personal worry. In this longitudinal study, we collected data using a questionnaire in two waves at a one-year interval—in 2016 and 2017. Participants were 1288 Italian young adults (61.3% were female; 38.7% were male) whose mean age was 19.18 (SD = 3.29) ranging between 15 and 30 years. Breiman’s random forest algorithm performed better than Friedman’s gradient boosting machines algorithm. The random forest algorithm revealed that age, tolerance toward migrants, and tolerance toward refugees were the most important predictors of perceived importance of climate change and personal worry. Other important predictors were national/European identity, political interest, internal political efficacy, nationalism, social well-being, self-efficacy, authoritarianism, anti-democratic attitudes, EU warmth, and online and civic participation.

This chapter addresses critical consciousness (CC) in educational and community psychology interventions with young people. We first introduce the conceptualisation of CC and its components, the main research findings on the links between CC and some individual and contextual variables, and its association with positive developmental outcomes. Then, we focus on interventions aimed to foster CC development in adolescents and young adults, presenting two case studies. The first case study is based on Youth- led Participatory Action Research (Y- PAR). The main goal was to promote critical active European citizenship, involving students at an Italian high school in a practical experience of PAR on social issues at local and European level. The second case study is based on the implementation of the service- learning (SL) methodology to promote CC and civic and cultural competences in Italian university students. Here the focus is on analysing the reflexive process in SL as a “tool” to critically understand and address social and cultural issues. Finally, the implications of CC for a future Community Psychology praxis are discussed.

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the processes of a Youth-led Participatory Action Research (YPAR) citizenship education project by examining a 2-year intervention that involved 43 Italian high school students. We collected qualitative data (focus groups with students and interviews with teachers) to capture participants’ perspectives, as well as longitudinal quantitative data to monitor the process over time (assessing school climate, perceived quality of participation, and group participation norms). The results revealed that YPAR was successful in reducing hierarchy, facilitating group activities, and recognizing youth voice, thus changing students’ perception of their school environment and views on participation and active citizenship. The intervention also changed teachers’ perceptions of students. YPAR proved to be a suitable option for citizenship education in school.

Prior studies revealed that low levels of youth political activity are not necessarily indicative of complete disengagement from societal affairs but could be accompanied by interest and latent involvement stemming from a standby or monitorial attitude. However, no prior study has investigated patterns of citizenship orientations including both manifest and latent engagement defined by one’s position towards institutional politics, according to different forms of participation. A questionnaire was filled out by 1,732 late adolescents and young adults in Italy (15–30 years old, M = 19.73, 60.7% female). Cluster analysis identified six profiles of citizenship orientations across different types of participatory activities (political, activist, political online and civic): active trustful, active distrustful, standby trustful, standby distrustful, unengaged trustful and unengaged distrustful. The results showed that each level of engagement—active, standby and unengaged—could be further differentiated between trustful and distrustful based on their attitude towards institutions and the electoral process.

Youth-led participatory action research (YPAR) is a theoretical–methodological approach that has been designed to promote positive development (e.g., well-being and health, social–emotional and cognitive development, academic or career advancement) and civic engagement among young people. Although YPAR holds particular promise, there has been little systematic assessment of its effects. Moreover, no study has investigated the role of YPAR in the promotion of active citizenship. We report on an effectiveness evaluation of a YPAR project designed to promote European active citizenship (i.e., identification and attitudes toward a political entity, institutional trust, participation, and political alienation) and social well-being among adolescents. Our sample included 69 Italian high school students (35 in the intervention group; 34 in the control group). We evaluated the impact of YPAR using a pretest–posttest control group design and fitting the generalized estimating equations procedure. The results showed that participants in the intervention group reported increased scores on social well-being, institutional trust, and participation and decreased scores on political alienation compared with the control group. We found no significant effects for identification as European and attitudes toward a political entity. Findings support the benefits of YPAR in terms of social well-being and active citizenship.

School sense of community has been associated with students’ well-being. However, this finding is based on cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies are required to confirm this association. We hypothesized that school sense of community is longitudinally associated with students’ well-being. We recruited 106 Italian students attending a public high school. We measured school sense of community and students’ well-being at the beginning of the school year (Time 1) and students’ well-being at the end of the school year (Time 2). Results from Bayesian linear regression analysis revealed that school sense of community at Time 1 significantly predicts students’ well-being at Time 2. In addition, school sense of community at Time 1 was a statistically significant predictor of students’ well-being at Time 2, even after controlling for students’ well-being at Time 1, age, and gender. Results of this study support the theory that school sense of community increases well-being.

Background Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use is associated with less disease activity, flares, damage and improved survival in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). However, its effect on patient reported health outcomes (PROs) such as quality of life (QOL) is not known. Methods International data from Study on Outcomes of Lupus (SOUL) from 2,161 SLE patients were compared by HCQ use. Disease activity and damage were assessed using SELENA-SLEDAI and SLICC-ACR/SDI. QOL was evaluated using LupusPRO and Lupus Impact Tracker (LIT). Linear regression analyses were performed with LupusPRO summary scores health related HRQOL, non-health related NHRQOL and LIT as dependent and HCQ use as independent variable. Analyses were undertaken to test mediation of effects of HCQ use on QOL through disease activity. Results Mean age was 40.5 ± 12.8 years, 93% were women. Sixty-three (1363/2161) percent were on HCQ. On univariate analysis, HCQ use was associated with (a) better QOL (LupusPRO-HRQOL: β 6.19, 95% CI 4.15, 8.24, P ≤ 0.001, LupusPRO NHRQOL: β 5.83, 95% CI 4.02, 7.64, P ≤ 0.001) and less impact on daily life (LIT: β −9.37, 95% CI −12.24, −6.50, P ≤ 0.001). On multivariate and mediational analyses, the effects of HCQ on QOL were indirectly and completely mediated through disease activity. Conclusions HCQ use in SLE is associated with better patient reported health outcomes (LupusPRO-HRQOL and NHRQOL and impact on daily life), and the effects are mediated through disease activity. This information can facilitate patients and physician’s communication with decision-making regarding the use of HCQ for SLE management.

The growing changes that have taken place globally over the last decades have revealed how humanity is strongly interconnected and how responsible actions and cooperation between “citizens of the world” are needed to face emerging challenges. The principal aim of this study was to test a model of a process leading from international friendship relationships and mobility experiences through awareness about global issues and interdependency to a sense of global citizenship. Sense of global citizenship has been conceptualized as encompassing identification as a global citizen, sense of global community, and sense of global social responsibility. Data were collected from a sample of 216 Italian students through a self-report questionnaire. Results showed that international friendship relationships (but not international mobility experiences) were associated with global awareness. In turn, global awareness was related to global citizenship identification, sense of global community, and sense of global social responsibility. Our theory-based structural equation model highlighted a complex process leading from international friendship relationships through awareness about global issues and interdependency to a sense of global citizenship.

Studies on youth participation tend to characterize youth as either active “good citizens” or as passive and alienated. It has been argued, however, that low levels of youth political activity are not necessarily indicative of complete disengagement from societal affairs but could be accompanied by interest and latent involvement stemming from a standby/monitorial attitude or from an attitude of distrust and need of critical supervising. A series of research, using a person-centered approach, will be presented with the aim to examine patterns of citizenship orientations among youth identified by manifest participation (civic and political activity), latent engagement (political interest) and one’s position toward institutional politics (institutional trust and external political efficacy). All analyzed data was collected through a two-wave questionnaire within the European-funded H2020 research project CATCH-EyoU. The proposed classification was analyzed in a sample of 1732 late adolescents and young adults (15–30 years old) from Italy, as well as in a cross-national longitudinal sample of 1943 upper secondary school students (15–19 years old) from Italy, Germany, Sweden, Greece and the Czech Republic. The results identify profiles of different levels of engagement, each characterized by either satisfied or dissatisfied attitude towards political institutions. The findings highlight the prevalence of latent engagement and the different faces political distrust may assume, including in different forms of participation (political, civic, online and activist). Moreover, the results explore how membership in the groups can be longitudinally influenced by socio-demographic characteristics and perceived contextual features related to school, neighbourhood, family and peers. Family background, democratic school climate, school participation and critical reflection at school were found to determine differences in the likelihood of adopting specific citizenship orientations among youth.

In this research, we examine the complex ways in which young people of different ethnic background construct their representation of citizenship in Italy. Based on a psychosocial perspective the paper will show that the representations of citizenship shared by young people are informed by personal and collective experiences and that the notion of citizenship, is not straight forward, but influenced by location within a broader social, cultural, political, economic and historical context. Therefore, this article is concerned with understanding how young people of different (Italian, Moroccan, and Albanian) ethnic background define their representations of citizenship in Italy and how these representations are anchored in their experiences of participation and everyday life. For young people, and adolescents, in particular, recognition takes place in very local circumstances (bound by home, school and neighbourhood) that can be the training grounds for the practice of citizenship. Participants The total sample includes 85 participants (40 males, 45 females) 28 were Italians, 28 were Albanians and 29 Moroccans. The mean age of the sample was 19.50 (S.D. = 2. 67; min 14 years old, max 26 years old). A total of thirteen focus groups were conducted: two involved Italian young adults (n = 14; mixed by gender) and two involved Italian adolescents (n = 13; mixed by gender). Italians were all students. Two involved Albanian young adults (n = 15; mixed by gender) and two involved Albanian adolescents (n = 14; mixed by gender). Recruitment Although the sampling was purposive, we still used a convenience sample, which means that the data is drawn from a self-selected group. Instruments The focus group included questions concerning: understanding of citizenship and of human right issues, perceptions of young people participation, opportunities and resources, perception of young people voice, perceptions of young people information and of themselves as citizens, sources of information on political and social issues and their influence, personal and group experiences of participation. We did not ask for definitions of citizenship, but we gathered them from the discussions of related themes. All the focus groups were conducted in Italian language; participants with an immigrant background were fluent even for most of them if Italian was their second language. The data were analysed following the steps of thematic content analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Results The analytic process allowed us to progress from the description of participatory experiences to the identification of specific patterns of participation that were contributing to build young people’s views on citizenship. Those specific patterns allowed us to identify five dimensions that articulate young people’s discourses on citizenship and participation: legal or admittance dimension, that refers to rights and duties that are recognized to citizen; the instrumental dimension, where citizenship is seen more in terms of overcoming practical obstacles and consequent freedom, the belonging dimension, the everyday performing dimension, the participatory dimension. Practical implications of our findings will be discussed.

This qualitative study examines how young people of Moroccan descent in Italy construct their social identities and make sense of acculturation experiences. Twenty nine Moroccan young people, fourteen males and fifteen females (16–23 years old) took part in five focus groups. Thematic analyses of data indicated that participants have to navigate different identity categories in the host country, including Muslim, Moroccan, and migrant, which are often used to construct them as not belonging. They use different strategies to negotiate experiences of prejudice and exclusion including; “Italy is not my home… it is other people’s home”: Accommodating an outsider status, turning critically towards one’s community, claiming an insider status: Feeling Italian, Creating activist identities: Becoming bridge builders. In the absence of legal status, participants conceived citizenship as respecting Italian laws and norms, accommodating their status and position, but making claims based on being and feeling as belonging – cultural citizenship. By using a liberation orientation, our analysis shows the political nature of acculturative integration in a context that denies citizenship as a legal status. These political aspects include deconstructing exclusionary dominant group narratives and forming identities of resistance that are important to their claims for recognition and belonging. We discuss the findings with reference to ways in which researchers and activists can support the activities of young people of immigrant background.

Cross-border mobility has long been seen as a mechanism to promote a collective political identity; however, the results of empirical studies on young people have been inconsistent. The present work extends previous research on the effect of cross-border mobility by considering the effect of cross-border friendships drawing on the intergroup contact theory of Allport as well as the common ingroup identity model of Gaertner and Dovidio. This longitudinal study examines the role of cross-border friendships in the development of a sense of transnational political community that transcends national boundaries, i.e. the European Union. The results rely on a two-wave sample of 1294 Italian adolescents and young adults. Cross-border friendships significantly predicted identification as European, attitudes toward the European Union, political beliefs about the European Union, trust in the European Union, (negatively) political alienation, and political participation at the European level and intention to vote at the next European Parliament elections, even after including baseline levels of outcomes as well as relevant socio-demographic factors (i.e. gender, age, majority/minority status, educational qualification, parents’ education level, family income, and socioeconomic status) in the model.

A substantial amount of literature has revealed gender gaps in political participation. However, little is known about such gaps when using more comprehensive measures of civic and political participation including online participation. In the present study, we recruited a sample (n = 1792) of young people living in Italy. Controlling for age, majority/minority status, socioeconomic status, respondents’ educational attainment, and parents’ educational attainment, we found that female participants reported higher scores on online and civic participation, while male participants were more likely to report political and activist participation. The effect size for these gender differences was small. In addition, we did not find any gender differences in voting behavior in the last European parliamentary elections, national parliamentary elections, and local elections. These findings highlight the need to move toward a more comprehensive and detailed picture of gender gaps in political engagement and participation including different types of participation.

Previous research on sense of community (SOC) has predominantly assumed that this construct plays a role in predicting well-being (WB). However, it is only recently that a bidirectional relationship between SOC and WB has been hypothesised and tested. Moreover, no study investigated the longitudinal relationships between psychological WB and SOC among early adolescents. The present research followed a sample of middle school students from six-grade through nine-grade to investigate the reciprocal relationships between SOC and WB. Participants were 576 Italian students. In the present article, we utilised latent change score modelling based on longitudinal data collected in three waves across 3 years. Using bivariate dual change score modelling, dynamic reciprocal relationships were observed between SOC and WB. The revealed bidirectional relationship between SOC and WB contribute to the extant literature by illuminating more nuanced interplays between these constructs among early adolescents.

This study examined the social representations of SARS-CoV-2 virus in Italy. We used the technique of free word association involving 1572 adults living in Italy. An open coding procedure and content analysis lead to the identification of 13 key topics representing the categorisation of concepts that emerged from the elicited words. The most common categories were spread of the virus, negative feelings, life during quarantine, and health consequences of the virus. Multidimensional scaling of co-occurrences of categories revealed these categories were grouped into four thematic areas. In addition, we found that the frequency of the categories of words was associated with gender, age, well-being, and mental health symptoms. By revealing complex and differentiated social representations, results from the present study provide a comprehensive insight on Italian people’s perception of COVID-19 outbreak in the Spring of 2020. This early study of social representations forms a useful basis for later studies, in order to understand how collective understandings and framings of risk have evolved across the duration of the pandemic.

It has been widely argued that effective citizenship education should focus on more than mere teaching of civic knowledge, but should provide a wider range of opportunities for the experience of participation and development of skills, efficacy and interest instrumental to active citizenship. Opportunities for critical reflection such as open classroom discussions, fairness at school, institutional efficacy and student participation at school activities have been linked to the development of civic and political attitudes. The capacity of school education to provide opportunities for critical reflection on students’ participative experiences, however, has not been explored empirically sufficiently. This paper aims to identify the contribution of different school characteristics to the development of civic and political attitudes and their impact on students’ level of participation in civic activities through a mixed methods study. Questionnaire data collected in two waves with 685 adolescents from Italy were analyzed through structural equation modeling to test the effects of school characteristics at Time 1 (democratic climate, student participation and critical reflection) on civic participation at Time 2, mediated by institutional trust, civic efficacy and political interest. In order to explore the quantitative findings and examine further students’ perceptions of the school aspects that support their civic involvement, focus group discussions were conducted with students from secondary schools with different tracks.The results highlight the importance of opportunities for active involvement in school and critical reflection in fostering political interest, efficacy and civic participation. Democratic school climate was found to impact institutional trust and civic efficacy, but not participation. Students’ accounts of schools’ citizenship education activities highlight further the need for a participative environment that rises above information transmission by inviting critical reflection and giving value to students’ active involvement in the institution.

Psychological sense of community among early adolescents has been investigated using instruments developed for adolescents/adults or ad hoc scales. The aim was to contribute to the validation of a scale of Sense of Community in Early Adolescents (SoC-EA) using a 3-year longitudinal study. Participants were 576 Italian students attending middle schools. Participants filled out a questionnaire 3 times, in the second term of their first, second, and third middle school years. Results provided support for a five-factor model and both bifactor and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) models had excellent fit. The SoC-EA can be scored according to each subscale or a total score. In addition, the SoC-EA demonstrated (a) longitudinal measurement invariance across the middle school years; (b) good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and test-retest correlation across the 3 years; and (c) adequate construct validity. Findings support the use of the SoC-EA to measure sense of community in early adolescence.

Objective Quality of life (QOL) and quality of care (QOC) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains poor. Satisfaction with care (SC), a QOC surrogate, correlates with health behaviors and outcomes. This study aimed to determine correlates of SC in SLE. Methods A total of 1262 patients with SLE were recruited from various countries. Demographics, disease activity (modified Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index for the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus: National Assessment trial [SELENA-SLEDAI]), and QOL (LupusPRO version 1.7) were collected. SC was collected using LupusPRO version 1.7. Regression analyses were conducted using demographic, disease (duration, disease activity, damage, and medications), geographic (eg, China vs United States), and QOL factors as independent predictors. Results The mean (SD) age was 41.7 (13.5) years; 93% of patients were women. On the univariate analysis, age, ethnicity, current steroid use, disease activity, and QOL (social support, coping) were associated with SC. On the multivariate analysis, Asian participants had worse SC, whereas African American and Hispanic patients had better SC. Greater disease activity, better coping, and social support remained independent correlates of better SC. Compared with US patients, patients from China and Canada had worse SC on the univariate analysis. In the multivariate models, Asian ethnicity remained independently associated with worse SC, even after we adjusted for geographic background (China). No associations between African American or Hispanic ethnicity and SC were retained when geographic location (Canada) was added to the multivariate model. Canadian patients had worse SC when compared with US patients. Higher disease activity, better social support, and coping remained associated with better SC. Conclusion Greater social support, coping, and, paradoxically, SLE disease activity are associated with better SC. Social support and coping are modifiable factors that should be addressed by the provider, especially in the Asian population. Therefore, evaluation of a patient's external and internal resources using a biopsychosocial model is recommended. Higher disease activity correlated with better SC, suggesting that the latter may not be a good surrogate for QOC or health outcomes.

Tolerance toward migrants currently represents a key issue in many Western democracies and studying the factors that can foster it has become increasingly more important for the social sciences. This chapter starts by providing a definition of ‘tolerance’, illustrating the ambivalent qualities that are attributed to this concept in the literature. Recognizing some limits of this concept, our reasoning develops from the assumption that, with specific reference to migration, tolerance represents a basic democratic principle. It can be defined as the belief, based on equalitarian principles and a political conviction, that migrants and non-migrants should be treated equally. We proceed to report the findings from two recent studies we conducted in Italy and illustrate some key paths through which tolerance can develop during different developmental stages. The results from our studies showed that younger participants had lower levels of tolerance toward refugees and migrants. Different forms of politically committed youth participation (online and offline, more and less conventional) were positively associated with tolerance; in particular, civic participation represents a ‘school for democracy’ in which young people learn a range of civic skills also enhanced tolerance toward migrants. Finally, we present an overview of some of the main approaches (global citizenship education, education to intercultural dialogue and community-based approaches) that professionals across the world have at their disposal to promote a tolerant attitude at different stages of the developmental process. The chapter closes by illustrating some implications for future research and interventions to promote tolerance toward migrants.

One of the challenges faced by contemporary societies concerns building a more inclusive society. This objective is particularly compelling in the current historical period characterized by growing social and cultural heterogeneity in European countries and an increase of prejudice and discrimination to-ward immigrants. Global citizenship (GC) can support inclusive attitudes and immigrants’ acceptance. The aim of the study was to test the role of different forms of associative experiences and civic and po-litical participation in promoting GC in the younger generations. Data were collected between October 2016 and January 2017 using paper and online questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,732 partici-pants (60.7% females; Mage = 19.73). The questionnaire measured demographics, mobility experiences, membership in organizations, latent and manifest political participation. Based on UNESCO conceptual model (2015), GC was operationalized as follows: openness and tolerance toward migrants and refu-gees, trust in people, democratic and civic values, knowledge and political awareness, personal and collective capacity to act politically. Results showed that members of volunteer organizations scored higher in all the dimensions of GC included in the study, compared to nonmembers, while the impact of other kinds of organizational membership and participation on GC was limited. Volunteer organiza-tions proved to be a very important context for the development of GC in young generations

A substantial amount of literature has revealed gender gaps in political participation. However, little is known about such gaps when using more comprehensive measures of civic and political participation including online participation. In the present study, we recruited a sample (n = 1792) of young people living in Italy. Controlling for age, majority/minority status, socioeconomic status, respondents’ educational attainment, and parents’ educational attainment, we found that female participants reported higher scores on online and civic participation, while male participants were more likely to report political and activist participation. The effect size for these gender differences was small. In addition, we did not find any gender differences in voting behavior in the last European parliamentary elections, national parliamentary elections, and local elections. These findings highlight the need to move toward a more comprehensive and detailed picture of gender gaps in political engagement and participation including different types of participation.

L'attivazione di partnership è da tempo riconosciuta come una componente centrale degli interventi di promozione della salute. Una questione ancora aperta riguarda come valutare la qualità del lavoro di partnership e i processi che lo rendono efficace. L'obiettivo di questo con-tributo consiste nell'esplorare se il tipo di ruolo e di contributo dato dai/alle partecipanti all'interno del programma "Guadagnare salute nei contesti di comunità" della regione Emilia Romagna (2014-2016) influisca sull'efficacia del lavoro di partnership. È stato somministrato un questionario a un campione di 238 persone (65,4% donne, età media = 51,13 anni). I risultati evidenziano che i ruoli assunti e le tipologie di contributo offerto dai/alle partecipanti influi-scono sull'efficacia della collaborazione; in particolare, sulla qualità percepita del lavoro di partnership, il senso di comunità e l'empowerment.

Community coalitions or intersectoral partnerships have long been advocated for the promotion of population health. In the present study, we assessed the quality of the functioning of health promotion partnerships created within a large community health promotion program implemented by the Emilia-Romagna region located in the north-east of Italy (2014-2016). In particular, we aimed to test the effectiveness of partnership working in strengthening participants' empowerment, sense of community and ultimately, the outcomes of a well-functioning partnership, conceptualized as including perceived effectiveness of health promotion interventions developed by the partnership, trust in their implementation and personal commitment in health promotion in the future. Participants were 238 stakeholders (e.g., health professionals, representatives of local administrations, teachers, representative of community and volunteer organizations, and citizens) formally included in six partnerships lead by six major local health services. Using Bayesian structural equation modeling, we found that a higher perceived quality of collaboration within the partnership enhances the outcomes of a well-functioning partnership, by strengthening their sense of a health-promoting community and empowerment. Sense of community responsibility did not predict future commitment in health promotion. The study findings suggest that community members' ownership and feeling of responsibility, as well as empowerment constitute positive partnership processes.

Understanding the multiple motivations for joining youth organisations can help civic and political organisers to to give voice and provide opportunities for action on social issues relevant for youth as emphasised from a critical perspective on active citizenship (Johnson & Morris,2010). Previous quantitative studies on prosocial participation (Vecina et al.,2013, Marta et al., 2006) and on civic and political participation have studied motivations to join and remain in civic organisations as linked to the dispositional and organisational variables that support youth identification with the organisation. Self- and other-oriented motivations (Omoto & Snyder, 1995) have been analysed considering the first as favouring sustained involvement while the second as related to initiation of civic engagement, thus affirming the importance of multiple motivations (Kiviniemi et al., 2002) related to participation. Studies on community participation (Cicognani & Zani, 2015, Chavis & Wandersman, 1990) further highlighted the motivations that can lead adolescents and young adults to experience belonging to an organisation, such as integrating needs and interests, having trustful relationship with peers and sharing emotions by joining community organisations. The emphasis on participation at local and community level and the construction of a peer community within the organisation is considered a first step to develop a sense of global citizenship (Arnett, 2002, Reysen & Katzarska- Miller, 2013). Building on these studies and using ethnographic cases as data, this chapter analyses the motivations of adolescents and young adults who sustain their involvement in civic organisations. 24 original narrative interviews from three different Italian youth organisations are considered as life stories of adolescents’ and young adults’ engagement. Qualitative results show that motivations for involvement are related to close peer relationships while motivations for remaining in the organisations are linked to positive emotions experienced in different phases of organisational life. Moreover, peer relationships can be considered an important factor that create new opportunities to act citizenship and to support civic and political development of youth, as highlithed in chapter 3. The construction of peer and friends network within the organisation, strengthen positive emotions and motivations to countinue to be involved in organisations, as stressed in chapter 6. Finally, the ethnographic method allows to give an in-depth lens to explore the relations among motivations of adolescents’ and young adults’ participation.

Negli ultimi decenni, la ricerca psicologica si e avvalsa sempre di piu di strumenti informatici per la statistica testuale. T-LAB rappresenta un esempio di software modulare, costituito da un insieme di strumenti linguistici, statistici e grafici per l’analisi dei testi. Il software include un cospicuo numero di funzioni e negli ultimi anni e diventato piu popolare in diverse discipline scientifiche. Tuttavia, ad oggi non esistono delle indicazioni stringenti e specifiche rispetto al suo possibile impiego in psicologia della salute, poiche esso dipende principalmente dalla domanda di ricerca, dal modello teorico di riferimento e dal tipo di materiale utilizzato. Obiettivo del presente studio era quello di indagare le prassi di applicazione del software nel campo della psicologia della salute. Tramite una rassegna degli articoli pubblicati dal 2004 al 2016 in importanti riviste di questo settore (Psicologia della Salute, Journal of Health Psychology, Psychology Health & Medicine, Health Psychology Open), sono stati individuati 17 articoli (full-text) che si sono avvalsi del software T-LAB. I risultati mostrano una tipologia molto varia di materiali testuali analizzati. Molte delle ricerche in esame avevano un obiettivo di carattere esplorativo (coerente con un approccio qualitativo) e si e avvalsa di un numero limitato di funzioni rispetto a quelli disponibili in T-LAB. La discussione dei risultati fornisce alcune utili indicazioni sul valore aggiunto derivante dall’utilizzo di strumenti per l’analisi automatica dei testi e suggerimenti per gli sviluppi futuri.

Collective action is typically studied in social protest contexts and predicted by different motivations (i.e., ingroup identification and efficacy beliefs, and outgroup-directed anger). Assuming that voting to some extent reflects a form of collective action, we tested whether these three different motivations predicted voting in Dutch, Israeli, and Italian national election contexts. Based on previous meta-analyses on voting and collective action, we hypothesized that identification with and efficacy beliefs regarding this party would motivate voting across the different elections (i.e., context-independent effects). As for anger, we predicted more context-dependent effects, depending on whether the anger is targeting the previous government or at the political system at large. Results were largely in line with predictions, showing the relatively context-independent motivational power of party identification and efficacy beliefs, and clearly context-dependent effects for anger. Specifically, we found little support for a similar motivational power of anger targeting previous government policies, but anger targeting politics in general demotivated Dutch and Israeli participants to vote (interpreted as an expression of political cynicism), while curiously motivating Italian participants to vote (interpreted as a desire for system change from “old” to “new” politics). We discuss these findings in the context of voting in national elections, and recommend further integration of the voting and social protest literatures.

Previous studies have demonstrated the role of students' school sense of community (i.e., emotional connection and bonds with other students at school and sense of belonging to the school as a community) in predicting well-being (presence of positive feelings and positive functioning in life). Specifically, these studies have found that individual sense of community in the school is associated with well-being. However, individual sense of community in the school does not constitute a school-level characteristic, and the influence of sense of community at the school level on students' well-being was not investigated. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a study investigating the influence of sense of community at the school level on students' well-being, using multilevel analysis. Our sample comprised 1,800 students (age ranged from 11 to 20 years) from public lower and upper secondary schools in Italy. Results showed that higher sense of community scores at the school level were associated with higher well-being scores, while controlling for individual sense of community, gender, and age. These results provide support for a school-level theory of school sense of community (i.e., moving school sense of community theory from the individual to the school level).

Cross-border mobility is one of the most important factors that are assumed to strengthen young people’s commitment as European citizens. However, the existing empirical evidence does not provide consistent support. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that cross-border mobility is associated with a stronger European identification, more positive attitudes toward the EU, and with specific visions of the EU, and that these factors, in turn, have a positive effect on engagement at EU level. Data were collected as part of the multinational research project CATCH-EyoU. Analyses were performed controlling for gender, income, country, and migrant status. Results mostly confirmed the hypotheses among both adolescents and young adults, and for both short-term and long-term mobility. EU level participation and EU voting intentions appeared to be influenced by partly different factors. The implications of the findings, both at theoretical level and for the development of international mobility programs, are discussed.

Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects women. Clinical phenotype and outcomes in SLE may vary by sex and are further complicated by unique concerns that are dependent upon sex-defined roles. We aimed to describe sex differences in disease-specific quality of life (QoL) assessment scores using the Lupus Patient-Reported Outcome (LupusPRO) tool in a large international study. Methods Cross-sectional data from 1,803 patients with SLE on demographics, self-identified sex status, LupusPRO, and disease activity were analyzed. The LupusPRO tool has 2 constructs: health-related QoL (HRQoL) and non-HRQoL. Disease activity and damage were evaluated using the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index, respectively. Nonparametric tests were used to compare QoL and disease activity by sex. Results A total of 122 men and 1,681 women with SLE participated. The mean age was similar by sex, but the damage scores were greater among men. Men fared worse on the non-HRQoL social support domain than women (P = 0.02). When comparing disease and QoL among men and women ages ≤45 years, men were found to have greater damage and worse social support than women. However, women fared significantly worse on lupus symptoms, cognition, and procreation domains with trends for worse functioning on physical health and pain-vitality domains. Conclusion In the largest study of a diverse group of SLE patients, utilizing a disease-specific QoL tool, sex differences in QoL were observed on both HRQoL and non-HRQoL constructs. Although men performed worse in the social support domain, women (especially those in the reproductive age group) fared worse in other domains. These observations may assist physicians in appropriately addressing QoL issues in a sex-focused manner.

European Union countries are participatory and representative democracies. Therefore, active citizenship in the EU and trust in EU institutions are paramount for the continuation and the strengthening of the EU project. Young Europeans who hold the future in their hands need to be actively engaged not only in the social and political life within their national communities, but also in the wider European community. The papers in this special issue examine whether and how European youth identify with the EU, trust EU institutions and engage in EU issues, and which societal and proximal-level contexts and/or individual-level attributes promote or hinder young people’s active citizenship in European context. They are based on results from the Horizon 2020 CATCH-EyoU project, standing for Constructing AcTive CitizensHip with European Youth: Policies, Practices, Challenges and Solutions. Scientists represent different disciplines (Psychology, Political Science, Sociology, Media and Communications, Education) and from eight European countries (Sweden, Estonia, U.K., Germany, Czech Republic, Greece, Portugal, Italy). Together, the papers contribute to the development of a new, cutting-edge conceptualization of youth active citizenship in the EU, and to a better understanding of the factors promoting or inhibiting young EU citizens’ engagement, participation and active citizenship at the European level.

This deliverable of the H2020 CATCH-EyoU project sets out to address open questions concerning factors associated with youth’s active EU citizenship. In particular, assumed (directions of) influences of relevant factors and their joint workings will be examined among adolescents and young adults in various situations of life, across different EU countries representing variations in, e.g., economic situation/crisis, political conditions, and history as an EU member state. At the core is a longitudinal assessment using a two-wave questionnaire including a large sample of young people from all countries of the consortium. The present report summarizes the results of the first wave of data collection. The aim of this technical report is to provide an overview over sample characteristics and psychometric properties of measures based on the revisions after the pilot assessment. It includes descriptive and inferential findings of each national data set. All teams collected data from a quite diverse sample of young people from their respective country. We achieved the targeted sample sizes due to our improved recruitment strategies (based on our experiences from the pilot assessment). More precisely, we could attract more than 10,400 young people to participate in our study (concrete numbers depend on sample selection). Since we initially set out to reach at least 6,400 young people, we were quite successful in our recruitment. Paper-and pencil as well as online modes of assessment proved to be equally effective.